Value of therapeutic drug monitoring in epilepsy

References

• Buchthal F, Sensmark O. Aspects of the pharmacology of phenytoin (dilantin) and phenobarbital relevant to their dosage in the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsia1, 373–384 (1960).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodbury DM, Penry JK, Schmidt RP. Antiepileptic Drugs. Raven Press, NY, USA (1972).
   Google Scholar
• Johannessen SI, Morselli PL, Pippenger CE, Richens A, Schmidt D, Meinardi H. Antiepileptic Therapy: Advances in Drug Monitoring. Raven Press, NY, USA (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Johannessen SI. Plasma drug concentration monitoring of anticonvulsants. Practical guidelines. CNS Drugs7, 349–365 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Johannessen SI, Tomson T. General principles: laboratory monitoring of antiepileptic drugs. In: Antiepileptic Drugs (5th Edition). Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, Perucca E (Eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA, 103–111 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Tomson T, Dahl M, Kimland E. Therapeutic monitoring of antiepileptic drugs for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.1, CD002216 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Patsalos PN, Berry DJ, Bourgeois BFD et al. Antiepileptic drugs – best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring: a position paper by the Subcommision on therapeutic drug monitoring, ILAE Commission on therapeutic strategies. Epilepsia (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Perucca E. Is there a role for therapeutic drug monitoring of new anticonvulsants? Clin. Pharmacokinet.38, 191–204 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaida FJE, Aicardi J. Reassessment of the concept of a therapeutic range of anticonvulsant plasma levels. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol.25, 660–671 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turnbull DM, Rawlins MD, Weightman D, Chadwick DW. “Therapeutic” serum concentration of phenytoin: the influence of seizure type. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry47, 231–234 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt D, Einicke I, Haenel FT. The influence of seizure type on the efficacy of plasma concentrations of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine. Arch. Neurol.43, 263–265 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund L. Anticonvulsant effect of diphenylhydantoin relative to plasma levels. Arch. Neurol.31, 289–294 (1974).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shorvon SD, Galbraith AW, Laundy M, Vydelingum L, Reynolds EH. Monotherapy for epilepsy. In: Antiepileptic Therapy: Advances in Drug Monitoring. Johannessen SI, Morselli PL, Pippenger CE, Richens A, Schmidt D, Meinardi H (Eds). Raven press, NY, USA, 213–219 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Strandjord RE, Johannessen SI. Carbamazepine as the only drug in patients with epilepsy: serum levels and clinical effect. In: Antiepileptic therapy: advances in drug monitoring. Johannessen SI, Morselli PL, Pippenger CE, Richens A, Schmidt D, Meinardi H (Eds). Raven Press, NY, USA, 229–235 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Johannessen SI, Battino D, Berry DJ et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Ther. Drug Monit.25, 347–363 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen SI, Tomson T. Pharmacokinetic variability of newer antiepileptic drugs: when is monitoring needed? Clin. Pharmacokinet.45, 1061–1075 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen SI, Patsalos PN, Tomson T, Perucca E. Therapeutic drug monitoring. In: Epilepsy. A Comprehensive Textbook (2nd Edition). Engel J Jr, Pedley TA (Eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA, 1171–1183 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• May TW, Rambeck B, Neb R, Jürgens U. Serum concentrations of pregabalin in patients with epilepsy: the influence of dose, age, and comedication. Ther. Drug Monit.29(6), 789–794 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen SI, Gerna M, Bakke J, Strandjord RE, Morselli PL. CSF concentrations and serum protein binding of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in epileptic patients. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.3, 575–582 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellington K, Goa KL. Oxcarbazepine – an update of its efficacy in the management of epilepsy. CNS Drugs15, 137–163 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenn NJ, Robertson M. Clinical utility of unbound antiepileptic drug blood levels in the management of epilepsy. Neurology42, 988–990 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacifici GM, Viani A. Methods of determining plasma and tissue binding of drugs. Pharmacokinetic consequences. Clin. Pharmacokinet.23, 449–468 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen SI, Tomson T. Antiepileptic drugs and breast feeding. In: Epilepsies and Women of all Ages. Panayiotopoulos CP (Ed.). Medicinae, Oxford, UK (In press).
   Google Scholar
• Wilson JF, Tsanaclis LM, Williams J, Tedstone JE, Richens A. Evaluation of assay techniques for the measurement of antiepileptic drugs in serum: a study based on external quality assurance measurements. Ther. Drug Monit.11, 185–195 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson JF, Tsanaclis LM, Perrett JE, Williams J, Wicks JFC, Richens A. Performance of techniques for measurement of therapeutic drugs in serum. A comparison based on external quality assessment data. Ther. Drug Monit.14, 98–106 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams J, Bialer M, Johannessen SI et al. Interlaboratory variability in the quantification of new generation antiepileptic drugs based on external quality assessment data. Epilepsia44, 40–45 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perucca E, Albani F, Capovilla G, Bernardina BD, Michelucci R, Zaccara G. Recommendations of the Italian League against Epilepsy working group on generic products of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia47(Suppl. 5), 16–20 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bialer M. Generic products of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs): is it an issue? Epilepsia48(10), 1825–1832 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patsalos PN, Perucca E. Clinically important drug interactions in epilepsy: general features and interactions between antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol.2, 347–356 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patsalos PN, Perucca E. Clinically important drug interactions in epilepsy: interactions between antiepileptic drugs and other drugs. Lancet Neurol.2, 473–481 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besag FMC, Berry D. Interactions between antiepileptic and antipsychotic drugs. Drug Safety29(2), 95–118 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen Landmark C, Johannessen SI. Modifications of antiepileptic drugs for improved tolerability and efficacy. Perspect. Med. Chem.2, 21–39 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johannessen Landmark C. Relations between mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in non-epilepsy conditions. CNS Drugs22, 27–47 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabers A, Öhman I, Christensen J, Tomson T. Oral contraceptives reduce lamotrigine plasma levels. Neurology61, 570–571 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contin M, Albani F, Ambrosetto G et al. Variation in lamotrigine plasma concentrations with hormonal contraceptive monthly cycles in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia47(9), 1573–1575 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galimberti CA, Mazzucchelli I, Arbasini C, Canevini MP, Fattore C, Perucca E. Increased apparent oral clearance of valproic acid during intake of combined contraceptive steroids in women with epilepsy. Epilepsia47, 1569–1572 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimers A, Helde G, Brodtkorb E. Ethinyl estradiol, not progestogens, reduces lamotrigine serum concentrations. Epilepsia46(9), 1414–1417 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels N, Finkelstein Y, Singer SR, Oberbaum M. Herbal medicine and epilepsy: proconvulsive effects and interactions with antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia49(3), 373–380 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skalli S, Zaid A, Soulaymani R. Drug interactions with herbal medicines. Ther. Drug Monit.2, 679–686 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Johannessen Landmark C, Patsalos PN. Interactions between antiepileptic drugs and herbal medicines. BLACPMA7(2), 108–118 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Perucca E. Clinical pharmacokinetics of new generation antiepileptic drugs at the extremes of age. Clin. Pharmacokinet.45, 351–363 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjiloizou SM, Bourgeois BF. Antiepileptic drug treatment in children. Expert Rev. Neuother.7(2), 179–193 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dulac O. General principles: use of antiepileptic drugs in children. In: Antiepileptic Drugs (5th Edition). Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, Perucca E (Eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins PA, USA, 119–131 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Ferrari AR, Guerrini R, Gatti G, Alessandrì MG, Bonanni P, Perucca E. Influence of dosage, age, and co-medication on plasma topiramate concentrations in children and adults with severe epilepsy and preliminary observations on correlations with clinical response. Ther. Drug Monit.25(6), 700–708. (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatti G, Ferrari AR, Guerrini R, Bonanni P, Bonomi I, Perucca E. Plasma gabapentin concentrations in children with epilepsy: influence of age, relationship with dosage, and preliminary observations on correlation with clinical response. Ther. Drug Monit.25(1), 54–60 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miura H. Zonisamide monotherapy with once-daily dosing in children with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsies: clinical effects and pharmacokinetic studies. Seizure13(Suppl. 1), S17–S23 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey E, Bulteau C, Motte J et al. Oxcarbazepine pharmacokinetics and tolerability in children with inadequately controlled epilepsy. Clin. Pharmacol.44(11), 1290–1300 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Glauser TA, Mitchell WG, Weinstock A et al. Pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in infants and young children with epilepsy. Epilepsia48(6), 1117–1122 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimers A, Skogvoll E, Sund JK, Spigset O. Lamotrigine in children and adolescents; the impact of age on its serum concentrations and on the extent of drug interactions. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.63, 687–692 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perucca E, Cloyd J, Critchley D, Fuseau E. Rufinamide: clinical pharmacokinetics and concentration-response relationships in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Pennell PB. Antiepileptic drug pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and lactation. Neurology61(Suppl. 2), S35–S42 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodtkorb E, Reimers A. Seizure control and pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in pregnant women with epilepsy. Seizure17, 160–165 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomson T, Battino D. Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring of newer antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and the puerperium. Clin. Pharmacokinet.46, 209–219 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabers A, Petrenaite V. Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol.1, 129–136 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomson T, Lindbom U, Ekqvist B, Sundqvist A. Epilepsy and pregnancy: a prospective study of seizure control in relation to free and total plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and phenytoin. Epilepsia35, 122–130 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran TA, Leppik IE, Blesi K, Sathananda ST, Remmel R. Lamotrigine clearance during pregnancy. Neurology59, 251–255 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Haan G-J, Edelbroek P, Segers J et al. Gestation-induced in lamotrigine pharmacokinetics: a monotherapy study. Neurology63, 571–573 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrenaite V, Sabers A, Hansen-Schwartz J. Individual changes in lamotrigine plasma concentrations during pregnancy. Epilepsy Res.65, 185–188 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennell PB, Peng L, Newport DJ et al. Lamotrigine in pregnancy. Clearance, therapeutic drug monitoring, and seizure frequency. Neurology (2007) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Pennell PB, Gidal BE, Sabers A et al. Pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and lactation. Epilepsy Behav.11, 263–269 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomson T, Luef G, Sabers A, Pottschieler S, Öhman I. Valproate effects on kinetics of lamotrigine in pregnancy and treatment with oral contraceptives. Neurology37, 1297–1299 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Öhman I, Luef G, Tomson T. Effects of pregnancy and contraception on lamotrigine disposition: new insights through analysis of lamotrigine metabolites. Seizure17(2), 199–202 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Tomson T, Palm R, Källén K et al. Pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam during pregnancy, delivery, in the neonatal period, and lactation. Epilepsia48, 1111–1116 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westin AA, Reimers A, Helde G, Nakken KO, Brodtkorb E. Serum concentration/dose ratio of levetiracetam before, during and after pregnancy. Seizure17(2), 192–198 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen J, Sabers A, Sidenius P. Oxcarbazepine concentrations during pregnancy: a retrospective study in patients with epilepsy. Neurology67, 1497–1499 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eisenschenk S. Treatment with oxcarbazepine during pregnancy. Neurologist12, 249–254 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzucchelli I, Onat FY, Ozkara C et al. Changes in the disposition of oxcarbazepine and its metabolites during pregnancy and the puerperium. Epilepsia47, 504–509 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhman I, Vitols S, Luef G, Söderfeldt B, Tomson T. Topiramate kinetics during delivery, in the neonatal period, and lactation: preliminary observations. Epilepsia43, 1157–1160 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhman I, Vitols S, Tomson T. Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin during delivery, in the neonatal period, and lactation: does a fetal accumulation occur during pregnancy? Epilepsia46, 1621–1624 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawada K, Itoh S, Kusaka T, Isobe K, Ishii M. Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide in perinatal period. Brain Dev.4, 95–97 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Perucca E, Berlowitz D, Birnbaum A et al. Pharmacological and clinical aspects of antiepileptic drug use in the elderly. Epilepsy Res.68(Suppl. 1), S549–S563 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Perucca E, Grimaldi R, Gatti G, Pirracchio S, Crema F, Frigo GM. Pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in the elderly. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.17, 665–669 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perucca E, Aldenkamp A, Tallis R, Krämer G. Role of valproate across the ages. Treatment of epilepsy in the elderly. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl.184, 28–37 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Battino D, Croci D, Rossini A, Messina S, Mamoli D, Perucca E. Serum carbamazepine concentrations in elderly patients: a case-matched pharmacokinetic evaluation based on therapeutic drug monitoring data. Epilepsia44, 923–929 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowan AJ, Ramsay RE, Collins JF et al. VA Cooperative Study 428 Group. New onset geriatric epilepsy: a randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. Neurology64, 1868–1873 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch LJ, Arif H, Buchsbaum R et al. Effect of age and comedication on levetiracetam pharmacokinetics and tolerability. Epilepsia48(7), 1351–1359 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Punyawudho B, Ramsay RE, Macias FM et al. Population pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine in elderly patients. J. Clin. Pharmacol.48(4), 455–463 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar