Vaccination against measles: a neverending story

references

• Hinman A. Eradication of vaccine- preventable diseases. Ann. Rev Public Health 20, 211–229 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauh LW Schmidt R. Measles immunization with killed virus vaccine.Arn. I Dis. Child 109, 232–237 (1965).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fulginiti VA, Eller JJ, Downte AW, Kempe CH. Altered reactivity to measles virus. Atypical measles in children previously immunized with inactivated virus vaccines. JAMA 202, 101–106 (1967).
   Google Scholar
• Nossal GJ. Inactivated measles vaccine and the risk of adverse events. Bull. World Health Organ 78, 224–225 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nader PR, Horwitz MS, Rousseau J. Atypical exanthem following exposure to natural measles: eleven cases in children previously inoculated with killed vaccine. J. Pediati: 72, 22–28 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• Brodsky AL. Atypical measles. Severe illness in recipients of killed measles virus vaccine upon exposure to natural infection. JAMA 222, 1415–1416 (1972).
   Google Scholar
• Fulginiti VA, Helfer RE. Atypical measles in adolescent siblings 16 years after killed measles virus vaccine. JAIVIA 244, 804–806 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Merz DC, Scheid A, Choppin PW. Importance of antibodies to the fusion glycoprotein of paramyxoviruses in the prevention of spread of infection.' Exp. Med. 151, 275–288 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Polack FP, Auwaerter PG, Lee SH et al. Production of atypical measles in rhesus macaques: evidence for disease mediated by immune complex formation and eosinophils in the presence of fusion-inhibiting antibody. Nat. Med. 5, 629–634 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Enders JF, Katz SL, Milovanovic MV, Holloway A. Studies on an attenuated measles-virus vaccine I. Development and preparation of the vaccine: technics for assay of effects of vaccination. N Engl. J. Merl 263, 153–159 (1960).
   Google Scholar
• McNair TF, Bonanno DE. Reactions to live- measles-virus vaccine in children previously inoculated with killed-virus vaccine. N Engl. Med 5, 248–251 (1967).
   Google Scholar
• Clements CJ, Cutts FT The epidemiology of measles: thirty years of vaccination. Cum Top Mavbiol. Immunol 191, 13–33 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaby P Assumptions and contradictions in measles and measles immunization research: is measles good for something? Soc. Sc]. Merl 41, 673–686 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Shann F. Immunization-dramatic new evidence. RN G. Med. J. 43, 24–29 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Hartter HK, Oyedele 01, Dietz K et al. Placental transfer and decay of maternally acquired antimeasles antibodies in Nigerian children. Allah: Infect. DIs.J 19, 635–641 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Holt EA, Moulton LH, Siberry GK, Halsey NA. Differential mortality by measles vaccine titer and sex. J. Infect. Dis. 168, 1087–1096 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry S, Hernandez H, Kanashiro R et al. Comparison of high titer Edmonston-Zagreb, Biken-CAM and Schwarz measles vaccines in Peruvian infants. PediatE Infect. Dis. J11, 822–827 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garenne M, Leroy 0, Beau JP, Sene I. Child mortality after high-titre measles vaccines:prospective study in Senegal. Lancet 338, 903–907 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Aaby F Samb Simondon, B.F. et al. Sex- specific differences in mortality after high-titre measles immunization in rural Senegal. Buff. World Health Chgan 72, 761–770 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paunio M, Peltola H, Valle M et al Explosive school-based measles outbreak: intense exposure may have resulted in high risk, even among revaccinees. Arm J. Epidemiol 148, 1103–1110 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belyakov IM, Moss B, Strober W Berzofsky. JA. Mucosal vaccination overcomes the barrier to recombinant vaccinia immunization caused by preexisting poxvirus immunity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sc]. USA 96, 4512–4517 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Belyakov IM, Wyatt LS, Ahlers JD et al. Induction of a mucosal cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response by intrarectal immunization with a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus expressing human immunodeficiency virus 89.6 envelope protein. J. Virol. 72, 8264–8272 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Okuno Y, Ueda S, Hosai H et al. Studies on the combined use of killed and live measles vaccines. IL Advantages of the inhalation method. Biken. 8, 81–85 (1965).
   Google Scholar
• Ueda S, Hosai H, Minekawa Y, Okuno Y. Studies on the combined use of killed and live measles vaccines. 3. Conditions for the 'take' of live vaccine. Biken. 9, 97–101 (1966).
   Google Scholar
• Cutts FT, Clements CJ, Bennett JV. Alternative routes of measles immunization: a review. Biologicals 25, 323–338 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabin AB, Flores Arechiga A, Fernandez de Castro J et al Successful immunization of infants with and without maternal antibody by aerosolized measles vaccine. II. Vaccine comparisons and evidence for multiple antibody response. JAMA 251, 2363–2371 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Dilraj A, Cutts FT, Fernandez de Castro J et al Response to different measles vaccine strains given by aerosol and sc. routes to schoolchildren: a randomised trial. Lancet 355, 798–803 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiCalsi C, Christensen T, Bennett JV, Phillips E, Witham C. Dry powder inhalation as a potential delivery method for vaccines. Vaccine17, 1796–1803 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• LiCalsi C, Maniaci MJ, Christensen T et al A powder formulation of measles vaccine for aerosol delivery. Vaccine 19, 2629–2636 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nechaeva EA, Varaksin N, Ryabicheva T et al Approaches to development of microencapsulated form of the live measles vaccine. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 944, 180–186 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stittelaar KJ, De Swart RL, Vos HW et al. Enteric application of a live attenuated measles vaccine does not induce protective immunity in a macaque model. Vaccine in Press (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Falk LA, Ball LK. Current status and future trends in vaccine regulation - USA. Vaccine 19, 1567–1572 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewiesk S, Brinckmann U, Bankamp B et al Susceptibility to measles virus-induced encephalitis in mice correlates with impaired antigen presentation to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Vim'. 67, 75–81 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Brinckmann UG, Bankamp B, Reich A, Ter Meulen V, Liebert UG. Efficacy of individual measles virus structural proteins in the protection of rats from measles encephalitis. J. Gen. Vim'. 72, 2491–2500 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Thormar H, Mehta PD, Barshatzky MR, Brown HR Measles virus encephalitis in ferrets as a model for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Lab. Anim. Sci 35, 229–232 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson KP. Experimental subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in the hamster. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 134, 303–309 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huppes W, Smit V. Efficient replication of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 and measles virus in a human-to-mouse graft versus host disease model permits immunization research. J. Gen. Viral 76, 2707–2715 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Wyde PR, Ambrose MW, Voss TG, Meyer HL, Gilbert BE. Measles virus replication in lungs of hispid cotton rats after intranasal inoculation. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 201, 80–87 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Wyde PR, Moore-Poveda D, De Clercq E et al. Use of cotton rats to evaluate the efficacy of antivirals in treatment of measles virus infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 1146–1152 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Wyde PR, Moore-Poveda DK, Daley NJ, Oshitani H. Replication of clinical measles virus strains in hispid cotton rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 221, 53–62 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyde PR, Stittelaar KJ, Osterhaus A, Guzman E, Gilbert BE. Use of cotton rats for preclinical evaluation of measles vaccines. Vaccine 19, 42–53 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Niewiesk S. Studying experimental measles virus vaccines in the presence of maternal antibodies in the cotton rat model (Sigmodon hispidus). Vaccine 19, 2250–2253 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlereth B, Rose JK, Buonocore L, TerMeulen V, Niewiesk S. Successful vaccine-induced seroconversion by single-dose immunization in the presence of measles virus-specific maternal antibodies. J. Viral 74, 4652–4657 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Weidinger G, Ohlmann M, Schlereth B, Sutter G, Niewiesk S. Vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara protects against measles virus infection in the mouse and cotton rat model. Vaccine 19, 2764–2768 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Goldberger J and Anderson JE An experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 57, 476–478 (1911).
   Google Scholar
• Van Binnendijk RS, van der Heijden RWJ, Osterhaus ADME. Monkeys in measles research, In: Ter Meulen V, Billeter MA, editors. Measles virus. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 135–148 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Kobune F, Takahashi H, Terao K et al. Nonhuman primate models of measles. Lab. An/in. Li. 46, 315–320 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Van Binnendijk RS, van der Heijden RVVJ, Van Amerongen G, UytdeHaag FGCM, Osterhaus ADME. Viral replication and development of specific immunity in macaques after infection with different measles virus strains. J. Infect. Dis. 170, 443–448 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• McChesney MB, Miller CJ, Rota PA et al. Experimental measles I. Pathogenesis in the normal and the immunized host. Virology 233, 74–84 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Heath J, Collins J et al Experimental measles II. Infection and immunity in the rhesus macaque. Virology 233, 85–92 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Van Binnendijk RS, Poelen MCM, Van Amerongen G, De Vries P, Osterhaus ADME. Protective immunity in macaques vaccinated with live attenuated, recombinant and subunit measles vaccines in the presence of missively acquired antibodies. J. Infect. Dis. 175,524-534 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Zhu Y-D, Rota P, Wyatt LS et al. Evaluation of recombinant vaccinia virus - measles vaccines in infant rhesus macaques with preexisting measles antibody. Virology 276, 202–213 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Stittelaar KJ, Wyatt LS, De Swart RL et al. Protective immunity in macaques vaccinated with a Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-based measles vaccine in the presence of passively acquired antibodies. J. Viral 74, 4236–4243 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Stittelaar KJ, Kuiken T, De Swart RL et al. Safety of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (NIVA) in immune-suppressed macaques. Vaccine 19, 3700–3709 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Auwaerter PG, Rota PA, Elkins WR et al Measles virus infection in Rhesus Macaques: altered immune responses and comparison of the virulence of six different virus strains. J. Infect. Dis. 180, 950–958 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tishon A, LaFace DM, Lewicki H et al. Transgenic mice expressing human HLA and CD8 molecules generate HLA-restricted measles virus cytotoxic T-lymphocytes of the same specificity as humans with natural measles virus infection. Virology 275, 286–293 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nossal GJ. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization-a millennial challenge. Nat. Immunol 1,5–8 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaye A, Magnusen AF, Sadiq AD, Corrah T, Whittle HC. Ex vivo analysis of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to measles antigens during infection and after vaccination in Gambian children. J. Clin. Invest. 102, 1969–1977 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• York IA and Rock KL. Antigen processing and presentation by the class I major histocompatibility complex. Ann. Rev Immuno114, 369–396 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• El Kasmi KC, Muller CR New strategies for closing the gap of measles susceptibility in infants: towards vaccines compatible with current vaccination schedules. Vaccine 19, 2238–2244 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Kasmi KC, Theisen D, Brons NH et al. A hemagglutinin-derived peptide-vaccine ignored by virus-neutralizing passive antibodies, protects against murine measles encephalitis. Vaccine 17, 2436–2445 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist CA. Potential advantages and risks of nucleic acid vaccines for infant immunization. Vaccine 15, 798–800 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster DE, Cooney ML, Huang Z et al Successful boosting of a DNA measles immunization with an oral plant-derived measles virus vaccine. J. Viral. 76, 7910–7912 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goon P, Cohen B, Jin L,Watkins R,Tudor- Williams G. MMR vaccine in HIV-infected.
   Google Scholar
• Biellik R, Madema S, Taole A et al First 5 years of measles elimination in southern Africa: 1996–2000. Lancet 359, 1564–.
   Google Scholar
• Stittelaar KJ, Vos HW, Van Amerongen G •etal Longevity of neutralizing antibody levels in macaques vaccinated with Quil A -adjuvated measles vaccine candidates. Vaccine in press (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Stittelaar KJ and Osterhaus ADME. MVA: a cuckoo in the vaccine nest? Vaccine 19, v—vi (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Osterhaus ADME. Catastrophes after crossing species barriers. Philos. 7ians. R. Soc. Land. B356, 791–793 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Virtanen M, Peltola H, Paunio M, Heinonen OP Day-to-day reactogenicity and the healthy vaccinee effect of measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Pediatrics106, E62 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halsey NA, Boulos R, Mode R et al Response to measles vaccine in Haitian infants 6 to 12 months old. N Eng I Med. 313, 544–549 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko B, Roberts D, Begg N et al. Neutralising antibody responses to two doses of measles vaccine at 5 and 13 months of age in the United Kingdom. Commun. Dis. Public Health 2, 203–206 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Saraswathy TS, Sinniah M, Lee WS, Lee PC. The value of potency testing of poliomyelitis and measles vaccines as an integral part of cold chain surveillance. SoutheastAsianj 7i-op. Med. Public Health 24, 265–268 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Levine MM. Live-virus vaccines in pregnancy. Risks and recommendations. Lancet2, 34–38 (1974).
   Google Scholar
• Rota JS, Wang Z-D, Rota PA, Bellini WJ. Comparison of sequences of the H, F and N coding genes of measles virus vaccine strains. Vir u s Res. 31, 317–330 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Tsang SX, Switzer WM, Shanmugam V et al Evidence of avian leukosis virus subgroup E and endogenous avian virus in measles and mumps vaccines derived from chicken cells: investigation of transmission to vaccine recipients. J. Viral. 73, 5843–5851 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen IR, Mordhorst CH, Glikmann G, Magnus von H. Subclinical measles infection in vaccinated seropositive individuals in arctic Greenland. Vaccine 7, 345–348 (1989). Whittle HC, Aaby P, Samb B et al Effect of subclinical infection on maintaining immunity against measles in vaccinated children in West Africa. Lancet 353, 98 —102 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Cutts FT, Markowitz LE. Successes and failures in measles control. j Infect. Dis. 170 (Suppl. 1), S32—S41 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Stittelaar KJ, Hoogerhout P, Ovaa W et al •h7 vitro processing and presentation of a lipidated cytotoxic T-cell epitope derived from measles virus fusion protein. Vaccine 20, 249–261 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partidos CD, Vohra P, Steward MW Priming of measles virus-specific CTL responses after immunization with a CTL epitope linked to a fusogenic peptide. Virology215, 107–110 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathaway LJ, Partidos CD, Vohra P, Steward MW Induction of systemic immune responses to measles virus synthetic peptides administered intranasally. Vaccine 13, 1495–1500 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Kasmi KC, Fillon S, Theisen DM et al Neutralization of measles virus wild type isolates after immunization with a synthetic peptide vaccine which is not recognized by neutralizing passive antibodies. J. Gen. Viral. 81, 729–735 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stittelaar KJ, Boes J, Kersten GFA et al h7 viva antibody response and in vitro CTL activation induced by selected measles vaccine candidates, prepared with purified Quil A components. Vaccine 18, 2482–2493 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries P, Van Binnendijk RS, Van De Marel P et al Measles virus fusion protein presented in an immune-stimulating complex (iscom) induces haemolysis-inhibiting and fusion-inhibiting antibodies, virus-specific T-cells and protection in mice.j Gen Vim'. 69, 549–559 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamier F, Forquet F, Bertolino P, Gerlier D. Enhancement of in vivo and in vitro T-cell response against measles virus haemagglutinin after its incorporation into liposomes: effect of the phospholipid composition. Vaccine 9, 340–345 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stittelaar KJ, De Swart RL, Vos HW et al Priming of measles-specific humoral- and cellular immune responses in macaques by DNA vaccination. Vaccine 20, 2022–2026 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fooks AR, Sharpe SA, Shalkross JA, Clegg JC, Cranage MP. Induction of immunity using oral DNA vaccines expressing the measles virus nucleocapsid protein. Dev. Biol. alosel) 104, 65–71 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Polack FP, Lee SH, Permar S et al. Succesful DNA immunization against measles:neutralizing antibody against either the hemagglutinin or fusion glycoprotein protects rhesus macaques without evidence of atypical measles. Nat. Med. 6, 776–781 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlereth B, Germann P-G, TerMeulen V, Niewiesk S. DNA vaccination with both the haemagglutinin and fusion proteins but not the nudeocapsid protein protects against experimental measles virus infection. J. Gen. Vim'. 81, 1321–1325 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Torres CA, Yang K, Mustafa F, Robinson HL. DNA immunization: effect of secretion of DNA-expressed hemagglutinins on antibody responses. Vaccine 18, 805–814 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennelly GJ, Khan SA, Abadi MA, Wild TF, Bloom BR. Mucosal DNA vaccine immunization against measles with a highly attenuated Shigella flexneri vector. J. Immunol 162, 1603–1610 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Siegrist CA, Barrios C, Martinez X et al. Influence of maternal antibodies on vaccine responses: inhibition of antibody but not T-cell responses allows successful early prime-boost strategies in mice. Eur Immunol 28,4138-4148 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Hsu SC, Obeid OE, Collins M et al. Protective cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against paramyxoviruses induced by epitope-based DNA vaccines: involvement of IFN-gamma. Int. Immunol 10,1441–1447 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etchart N, Buckland R, Liu MA, Wild F, Kaiserlian D. Class I-restricted CTL induction by mucosal immunization with naked DNA encoding measles virus haemagglutinin. Gen. Virol. 78,1577–1580 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Yang K, Mustafa F, Valsamakis A et al Early studies on DNA-based immunizations for measles virus. Vaccine 15,888–891 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fooks AR, Jeevarajah D, Wames A, Wilkinson GW, Clegg JC. Immunization of mice with plasmid DNA expressing the measles virus nucleoprotein gene. Viral Immunol 9,65–71 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Martinez X, Brandt C, Saddallah F et al. DNA immunization circumvents deficient induction of T-helper Type 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in neonates and during early life. ffoc. Nati Acad. ScL USA 94,8726–8731 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Kovarik J, Gaillard M, Martinez X et al Induction of adult-like antibody, Thl and CTL responses to measles hemagglutinin by early life murine immunization with an attenuated vaccinia-derived NYVAC (K1L) viral vector. Vimlogy285,12–20 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skiadopoulos MH, Surman SR, Riggs JM, Collins PL, Murphy BR. A chimeric human-bovine parainfluenza virus Type 3 expressing measles virus hemagglutinin is attenuated for replication but is still immunogenic in rhesus monkeys. j Vim!. 75,10498–10504 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Wild TF, Bernard A, Spehner D, Drillien R. Construction of vaccinia virus recombinants expressing several measles virus proteins and analysis of their efficacy in vaccination of mice. J. Gen. Vim!. 73, 359–367 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drillien R, Spehner D, Kirn A et al Protection of mice from fatal measles encephalitis by vaccination with vaccinia virus recombinants encoding either the hemagglutinin or the fusion protein. Pmc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA 85,1252–1256 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankamp B, Brinckmann UG, Reich A et al. Measles virus nucleocapsid protein protects rats from encephalitis. j Vim!. 65, 1695–1700 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Durbin AP, Skiadopoulos MH, McAuliffe JM et al Human parainfluenza virus Type 3 (PIV3) expressing the hemagglutinin protein of measles virus provides a potential method for immunization against measles virus and PIV3 in early infancy. J. Viral 74, 6821–6831 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Fooks AR, Jeevarajah D, Lee J et al Oral or parenteral administration of replication-deficient adenoviruses expressing the measles virus haemagglutinin and fusion proteins: protective immune responses in rodents. J. Gen. Vim'. 79,1027–1031 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fooks AR, Schadeck E, Liebert UG et al. High-level expression of the measles virus nucleocapsid protein by using a replication-deficient adenovirus vector: induction of an MHC-1-restricted CTL response and protection in a murine model. Vimlogy 210,456–465 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe S, Fooks A, Lee J et al Single oral immunization with replication deficient recombinant adenovirus elicits long-lived transgene-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Virology 293,210 —216 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olszewska W, Erume J, Ripley J, Steward MW, Partidos CD. Immune responses and protection induced by mucosal and systemic immunisation with recombinant measles nucleoprotein in a mouse model of measles virus-induced encephalitis. Arch. Vim!. 146,293–302 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Maggi T, Oggioni MR, Medaglini D et al. Expression of measles virus antigens in Streptococcus gordonii. New Mcrobiol 23, 119–128 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spreng S, Gentschev I, Goebel W et al Salmonella vaccines secreting measles virus epitopes induce protective immune responses against measles virus encephalitis. Maybes. Infect. 2,1687–1692 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verjans GM, Janssen R, UytdeHaag FG, van Doomik CE, Tommassen J. Intracellular processing and presentation of T-cell epitopes, expressed by recombinant Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, to human T-cells. Eur Immunol 25,405–410 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Zhu YD, Fennelly G, Miller C et al Recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guerin expressing the measles virus nucleoprotein protects infant rhesus macaques from measles virus pneumonia. j Infect. Dis. 176,1445–1453 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Strategies for reducing global measles mortality. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 75, 411–416 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO. Measles: progress towards global control and regional elimination, 1990–1998. Wkly 44clerniol. Rec. 73,389-394 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Davey S. Measles eradication still a long way off. Bull WorIcl Health Chan. 79, 584–585 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar