807
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

The history of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine development: dose selection

, &
Pages 1379-1394 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization–WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 82(12), 93–104 (2007).
  • Mitchell TJ, Alexander JE, Morgan PJ, Andrew PW. Molecular analysis of virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Soc. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. Ser. 26, 62S–71S (1997).
  • Magee AD, Yother J. Requirement for capsule in colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 69(6), 3755–3761 (2001).
  • Nelson AL, Roche AM, Gould JM, Chim K, Ratner AJ, Weiser JN. Capsule enhances pneumococcal colonization by limiting mucus-mediated clearance. Infect. Immun. 75(1), 83–90 (2007).
  • Kim JO, Weiser JN. Association of intrastrain phase variation in quantity of capsular polysaccharide and teichoic acid with the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Infect. Dis. 177(2), 368–377 (1998).
  • Winkelstein JA, Bocchini JA Jr, Schiffman G. The role of the capsular polysaccharide in the activation of the alternative pathway by the pneumococcus. J. Immunol. 116(2), 367–370 (1976).
  • Melin M, Trzciński K, Meri S, Käyhty H, Väkeväinen M. The capsular serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae is more important than the genetic background for resistance to complement. Infect. Immun. 78(12), 5262–5270 (2010).
  • Hostetter MK. Serotypic variations among virulent pneumococci in deposition and degradation of covalently bound C3b: implications for phagocytosis and antibody production. J. Infect. Dis. 153(4), 682–693 (1986).
  • Melin M, Trzciński K, Antonio M et al. Serotype-related variation in susceptibility to complement deposition and opsonophagocytosis among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 78(12), 5252–5261 (2010).
  • Waite RD, Struthers JK, Dowson CG. Spontaneous sequence duplication within an open reading frame of the pneumococcal type 3 capsule locus causes high-frequency phase variation. Mol. Microbiol. 42(5), 1223–1232 (2001).
  • Hanage WP, Kaijalainen TH, Syrjänen RK et al. Invasiveness of serotypes and clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in Finland. Infect. Immun. 73(1), 431–435 (2005).
  • Sandgren A, Sjostrom K, Olsson-Liljequist B et al. Effect of clonal and serotype-specific properties on the invasive capacity of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Infect. Dis. 189(5), 785–796 (2004).
  • Brueggemann AB, Griffiths DT, Meats E, Peto T, Crook DW, Spratt BG. Clonal relationships between invasive and carriage Streptococcus pneumoniae and serotype- and clone-specific differences in invasive disease potential. J. Infect. Dis. 187(9), 1424–1432 (2003).
  • Harboe ZB, Thomsen RW, Riis A et al. Pneumococcal serotypes and mortality following invasive pneumococcal disease: a population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 6(5), e1000081 (2009).
  • Hyams C, Trzciński K, Camberlein E et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular serotype invasiveness correlates with the degree of factor H binding and opsonization with C3b/iC3b. Infect. Immun. 81(1), 354–363 (2013).
  • Weinberger DM, Trzciński K, Lu YJ et al. Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide structure predicts serotype prevalence. PLoS Pathog. 5(6), e1000476 (2009).
  • Kadioglu A, Weiser JN, Paton JC, Andrew PW. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6(4), 288–301 (2008).
  • Musher DM, Chapman AJ, Goree A, Jonsson S, Briles D, Baughn RE. Natural and vaccine-related immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Infect. Dis. 154(2), 245–256 (1986).
  • Simell B, Lahdenkari M, Reunanen A, Käyhty H, Väkeväinen M. Effects of ageing and gender on naturally acquired antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides and virulence-associated proteins. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15(9), 1391–1397 (2008).
  • Picard C, Puel A, Bustamante J, Ku CL, Casanova JL. Primary immunodeficiencies associated with pneumococcal disease. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 3(6), 451–459 (2003).
  • Moberley S, Holden J, Tatham DP, Andrews RM. Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1, CD000422 (2013).
  • WHO Publication. Pneumococcal vaccines WHO position paper - 2012 - Recommendations. Vaccine 30(32), 4717–4718 (2012).
  • Huss A, Scott P, Stuck AE, Trotter C, Egger M. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 180(1), 48–58 (2009).
  • Borgoño JM, McLean AA, Vella PP et al. Vaccination and revaccination with polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in adults and infants. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 157(1), 148–154 (1978).
  • Ambrosino DM, Sood SK, Lee MC et al. IgG1, IgG2 and IgM responses to two Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in young infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 11(10), 855–859 (1992).
  • Anttila M, Eskola J, Ahman H, Käyhty H. Avidity of IgG for Streptococcus pneumoniae type 6B and 23F polysaccharides in infants primed with pneumococcal conjugates and boosted with polysaccharide or conjugate vaccines. J. Infect. Dis. 177(6), 1614–1621 (1998).
  • Khatami A, Pollard AJ. The epidemiology of meningococcal disease and the impact of vaccines. Expert Rev. Vaccines 9(3), 285–298 (2010).
  • Peltola H. Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae type b disease at the beginning of the 21st century: global analysis of the disease burden 25 years after the use of the polysaccharide vaccine and a decade after the advent of conjugates. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13(2), 302–317 (2000).
  • Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 348(18), 1737–1746 (2003).
  • Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Arbogast PG, Martin SW, Edwards KM, Griffin MR. Decline in pneumonia admissions after routine childhood immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA: a time-series analysis. Lancet 369(9568), 1179–1186 (2007).
  • Griffin MR, Zhu Y, Moore MR, Whitney CG, Grijalva CG. U.S. hospitalizations for pneumonia after a decade of pneumococcal vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 369(2), 155–163 (2013).
  • Weinberger DM, Givon-Lavi N, Shemer-Avni Y et al. Influence of pneumococcal vaccines and respiratory syncytial virus on alveolar pneumonia, Israel. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19(7), 1084–1091 (2013).
  • Lagos R, Valenzuela MT, Levine OS et al. Economisation of vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b: a randomised trial of immunogenicity of fractional-dose and two-dose regimens. Lancet 351(9114), 1472–1476 (1998).
  • Anderson EL, Frey S, Geldmacher K et al. Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of low dose Haemophilus influenzae. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 21(4), 350–352 (2002).
  • Tamm E, Veronese A, Contorni M, Meriste S, Nacci P, Viviani S. Double-blind study comparing the immunogenicity of a licensed DTwPHib-CRM197 conjugate vaccine (Quattvaxem) with three investigational, liquid formulations using lower doses of Hib-CRM197 conjugate. Vaccine 23(14), 1715–1719 (2005).
  • Huebner RE, Nicol M, Mothupi R et al. Dose response of CRM197 and tetanus toxoid-conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines. Vaccine 23(6), 802–806 (2004).
  • Eby R, Koster M, Hogerman D, Malinoski F. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. In: Vaccines 1994. Modern Approaches to New Vaccines Including Prevention of AIDS. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA (1994).
  • McNeely TB, Liu X, Bringman T, Donnelly JJ. Effect of individual conjugate dose on immunogenicity of type 6B pneumococcal polysaccharide-N. meningitidis outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccines in infant rhesus monkeys. Vaccine 18(25), 2808–2816 (2000).
  • Dagan R, Poolman J, Siegrist CA. Glycoconjugate vaccines and immune interference: a review. Vaccine 28(34), 5513–5523 (2010).
  • WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization: fifty-fourth report. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Chiavolini D, Pozzi G, Ricci S. Animal models of Streptococcus pneumoniae disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 21(4), 666–685 (2008).
  • Ahman H, Käyhty H, Lehtonen H, Leroy O, Froeschle J, Eskola J. Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in early infancy and able to induce immunologic memory. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17(3), 211–216 (1998).
  • Peeters CC, Tenbergen-Meekes AM, Poolman JT, Zegers BJ, Rijkers GT. Immunogenicity of a Streptococcus pneumoniae type 4 polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine is decreased by admixture of high doses of free saccharide. Vaccine 10(12), 833–840 (1992).
  • Ahman H, Käyhty H, Vuorela A, Leroy O, Eskola J. Dose dependency of antibody response in infants and children to pneumococcal polysaccharides conjugated to tetanus toxoid. Vaccine 17(20–21), 2726–2732 (1999).
  • Nurkka A, Ahman H, Yaich M, Eskola J, Käyhty H. Serum and salivary anti-capsular antibodies in infants and children vaccinated with octavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, PncD and PncT. Vaccine 20(1–2), 194–201 (2001).
  • Peeters CC, Tenbergen-Meekes AM, Poolman JT, Beurret M, Zegers BJ, Rijkers GT. Effect of carrier priming on immunogenicity of saccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Infect. Immun. 59(10), 3504–3510 (1991).
  • Dagan R, Goldblatt D, Maleckar JR, Yaïch M, Eskola J. Reduction of antibody response to an 11-valent pneumococcal vaccine coadministered with a vaccine containing acellular pertussis components. Infect. Immun. 72(9), 5383–5391 (2004).
  • Ambrosino DM, Bolon D, Collard H, Van Etten R, Kanchana MV, Finberg RW. Effect of Haemophilus influenzae polysaccharide outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine on macrophages. J. Immunol. 149(12), 3978–3983 (1992).
  • Latz E, Franko J, Golenbock DT, Schreiber JR. Haemophilus influenzae type b-outer membrane protein complex glycoconjugate vaccine induces cytokine production by engaging human toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and requires the presence of TLR2 for optimal immunogenicity. J. Immunol. 172(4), 2431–2438 (2004).
  • Vella PP, Marburg S, Staub JM et al. Immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines consisting of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide types 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F and a meningococcal outer membrane protein complex. Infect. Immun. 60(12), 4977–4983 (1992).
  • Käyhty H, Ahman H, Rönnberg PR, Tillikainen R, Eskola J. Pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infants and children. J. Infect. Dis. 172(5), 1273–1278 (1995).
  • Anderson EL, Kennedy DJ, Geldmacher KM, Donnelly J, Mendelman PM. Immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. J. Pediatr. 128(5 Pt 1), 649–653 (1996).
  • Dagan R, Melamed R, Muallem M, et al. Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci during the second year of life by a heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 174(6), 1271–1278 (1996).
  • Kilpi T, Ahman H, Jokinen J et al. Protective efficacy of a second pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumococcal acute otitis media in infants and children: randomized, controlled trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine in 1666 children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37(9), 1155–1164 (2003).
  • Giannini G, Rappuoli R, Ratti G. The amino-acid sequence of two non-toxic mutants of diphtheria toxin: CRM45 and CRM197. Nucleic Acids Res. 12(10), 4063–4069 (1984).
  • Granoff DM, Holmes SJ, Belshe RB, Osterholm MT, McHugh JE, Anderson EL. Effect of carrier protein priming on antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in infants. JAMA 272(14), 1116–1121 (1994).
  • Granoff DM, Rathore MH, Holmes SJ, Granoff PD, Lucas AH. Effect of immunity to the carrier protein on antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. Vaccine 11( Suppl. 11), S46–S51 (1993).
  • Shelly MA, Pichichero ME, Treanor JJ. Low baseline antibody level to diphtheria is associated with poor response to conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in adults. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 33(7), 542–544 (2001).
  • Steinhoff MC, Edwards K, Keyserling H et al. A randomized comparison of three bivalent Streptococcus pneumoniae glycoprotein conjugate vaccines in young children: effect of polysaccharide size and linkage characteristics. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13(5), 368–372 (1994).
  • Ahman H, Käyhty H, Tamminen P, Vuorela A, Malinoski F, Eskola J. Pentavalent pneumococcal oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine PncCRM is well-tolerated and able to induce an antibody response in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 15(2), 134–139 (1996).
  • Leach A, Ceesay SJ, Banya WA, Greenwood BM. Pilot trial of a pentavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide/protein conjugate vaccine in Gambian infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 15(4), 333–339 (1996).
  • Daum RS, Hogerman D, Rennels MB et al. Infant immunization with pneumococcal CRM197 vaccines: effect of saccharide size on immunogenicity and interactions with simultaneously administered vaccines. J. Infect. Dis. 176(2), 445–455 (1997).
  • Rennels MB, Edwards KM, Keyserling HL et al. Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM197 in United States infants. Pediatrics 101(4 Pt 1), 604–611 (1998).
  • Esposito S, Tansey S, Thompson A et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared to those of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given as a three-dose series with routine vaccines in healthy infants and toddlers. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 17(6), 1017–1026 (2010).
  • Bryant KA, Block SL, Baker SA, Gruber WC, Scott DA. Safety and immunogenicity of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics 125(5), 866–875 (2010).
  • Yeh SH, Gurtman A, Hurley DC et al. Immunogenicity and safety of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers. Pediatrics 126(3), e493–e505 (2010).
  • Huang LM, Lin TY, Juergens C. Immunogenicity and safety of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given with routine pediatric vaccines in Taiwan. Vaccine 30(12), 2054–2059 (2012).
  • Kieninger DM, Kueper K, Steul K et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunologic noninferiority of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared to a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given with routine pediatric vaccinations in Germany. Vaccine 28(25), 4192–4203 (2010).
  • Borrow R, Dagan R, Zepp F, Hallander H, Poolman J. Glycoconjugate vaccines and immune interactions, and implications for vaccination schedules. Expert Rev. Vaccines 10(11), 1621–1631 (2011).
  • Gimenez-Sanchez F, Kieninger DM, Kueper K et al. Immunogenicity of a combination vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, three-component acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated polio virus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b when given concomitantly with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 29(35), 6042–6048 (2011).
  • Snape MD, Klinger CL, Daniels ED et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a 13-valent-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered at 2, 4, and 12 months of age: a double-blind randomized active-controlled trial. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 29(12), e80–e90 (2010).
  • Vanderkooi OG, Scheifele DW, Girgenti D et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy infants and toddlers given with routine pediatric vaccinations in Canada. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 31(1), 72–77 (2012).
  • Dagan R, Poolman JT, Zepp F. Combination vaccines containing DTPa-Hib: impact of IPV and coadministration of CRM197 conjugates. Expert Rev. Vaccines 7(1), 97–115 (2008).
  • Martinón-Torres F, Gimenez-Sanchez F, Gurtman A et al. 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given with meningococcal C-tetanus toxoid conjugate and other routine pediatric vaccinations: immunogenicity and safety. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 31(4), 392–399 (2012).
  • Skinner JM, Indrawati L, Cannon J et al. Pre-clinical evaluation of a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15-CRM197) in an infant-rhesus monkey immunogenicity model. Vaccine 29(48), 8870–8876 (2011).
  • Musey L. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) in healthy adults. Presented at: The IDSA Annual Meeting. Boston, USA, 20–23 October 2012.
  • Prymula R, Peeters P, Chrobok V et al. Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides conjugated to protein D for prevention of acute otitis media caused by both Streptococcus pneumoniae. Lancet 367(9512), 740–748 (2006).
  • Poolman J, Kriz P, Feron C et al. Pneumococcal serotype 3 otitis media, limited effect of polysaccharide conjugate immunisation and strain characteristics. Vaccine 27(24), 3213–3222 (2009).
  • Knuf M, Szenborn L, Moro M et al. Immunogenicity of routinely used childhood vaccines when coadministered with the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV). Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 28( Suppl. 28), S97–S108 (2009).
  • World Health Organisation. Recommendations for the production and control of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. WHO Technical Report Series No. 927.
  • Poolman JT, Frasch CE, Käyhty H, Lestrate P, Madhi SA, Henckaerts I. Evaluation of pneumococcal polysaccharide immunoassays using a 22F adsorption step with serum samples from infants vaccinated with conjugate vaccines. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 17(1), 134–142 (2010).
  • Siber GR, Chang I, Baker S et al. Estimating the protective concentration of anti-pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibodies. Vaccine 25(19), 3816–3826 (2007).
  • Romero-Steiner S, Libutti D, Pais LB et al. Standardization of an opsonophagocytic assay for the measurement of functional antibody activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae using differentiated HL-60 cells. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 4(4), 415–422 (1997).
  • Schuerman L, Wysocki J, Tejedor JC, Knuf M, Kim K-H, Poolman J. Prediction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness against invasive pneumococcal disease using opsonophagocytic activity and antibody concentrations determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with 22F adsorption. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 18(12), 2161–2167 (2011).
  • Romero-Steiner S, Frasch CE, Carlone G, Fleck RA, Goldblatt D, Nahm MH. Use of opsonophagocytosis for serological evaluation of pneumococcal vaccines. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 13(2), 165–169 (2006).
  • Henckaerts I, Durant N, De Grave D, Schuerman L, Poolman J. Validation of a routine opsonophagocytosis assay to predict invasive pneumococcal disease efficacy of conjugate vaccine in children. Vaccine 25(13), 2518–2527 (2007).
  • Jódar L, Butler J, Carlone G et al. Serological criteria for evaluation and licensure of new pneumococcal conjugate vaccine formulations for use in infants. Vaccine 21(23), 3265–3272 (2003).
  • Jokinen JT, Ahman H, Kilpi TM, Mäkelä PH, Käyhty MH. Concentration of antipneumococcal antibodies as a serological correlate of protection: an application to acute otitis media. J. Infect. Dis. 190(3), 545–550 (2004).
  • Ekström N, Väkeväinen M, Verho J, Kilpi T, Käyhty H. Functional antibodies elicited by two heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the Finnish Otitis Media Vaccine Trial. Infect. Immun. 75(4), 1794–1800 (2007).
  • Goldblatt D, Southern J, Ashton L et al. Immunogenicity of a reduced schedule of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy infants and correlates of protection for serotype 6B in the United Kingdom. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 29(5), 401–405 (2010).
  • Lode H, Schmoele-Thoma B, Gruber W et al. Dose-ranging study of a single injection of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (1 ×, 2 ×, or 4 ×) in healthy subjects aged 70 years or older. Vaccine 29(31), 4940–4946 (2011).
  • Jackson LA, Neuzil KM, Nahm MH et al. Immunogenicity of varying dosages of 7-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in seniors previously vaccinated with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Vaccine 25(20), 4029–4037 (2007).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Licensure of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for adults aged 50 years and older. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 61(21), 394–395 (2012).
  • Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults with immunocompromising conditions: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 61, 816–819 (2012).
  • Lee CJ. Quality control of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine by nephelometry. Biologicals 30(2), 97–103 (2002).
  • Lees A, Nelson BL, Mond JJ. Activation of soluble polysaccharides with 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate for use in protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines and immunological reagents. Vaccine 14(3), 190–198 (1996).
  • Marburg S. Biomolecular chemistry of macromolecules: synthesis of bacterial polysaccharide conjugates with Neisseria meningitidis membrane protein. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 5282–5287 (1986).
  • Whitney CG, Pilishvili T, Farley MM et al. Effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease: a matched case-control study. Lancet 368(9546), 1495–1502 (2006).
  • Poolman J, Frasch C, Nurkka A, Käyhty H, Biemans R, Schuerman L. Impact of the conjugation method on the immunogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19F polysaccharide in conjugate vaccines. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 18(2), 327–336 (2011).
  • Scott P, Rutjes AWS, Bermetz L et al. Comparing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedules based on 3 and 2 primary doses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 29(52), 9711–9721 (2011).
  • Rückinger S, Dagan R, Albers L, Schönberger K, von Kries R. Immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infants after two or three primary vaccinations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 29(52), 9600–9606 (2011).
  • Laferriere C. The immunogenicity of pneumococcal polysaccharides in infants and children: a meta-regression. Vaccine 29(40), 6838–6847 (2011).
  • Chiu S, Greenberg D, Partirdge S et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a pentavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PPCV) in healthy toddlers. Presented at: The 35th annual ICAAC. San Francisco, USA, 17–20 September 1995.
  • Buttery JP, Riddell A, McVernon J et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a combination pneumococcal-meningococcal vaccine in infants: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293(14), 1751–1758 (2005).
  • Grimprel E, Laudat F, Patterson S et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) when given as a toddler dose to children immunized with PCV7 as infants. Vaccine 29(52), 9675–9683 (2011).
  • Kennedy D, Derousse C, Anderson E. Immunologic response of 12-18 months old children to licensed pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PS) primed with Streptococcus pneumoniae 19F conjugate vaccine (CV). Presented at: The 24th annual ICAAC. Orlando, USA, 4–7 October 1994.
  • Portier H, Choutet P, Duong M, Moreau M, Danve B, Cadoz M. Serum antibody response to a tetravalent pneumococcal tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in adult volunteers. Presented at: The 24th annual ICAAC. Orlando, USA, 4–7 October 1994.
  • Ahman H, Kayhty H, Leroy O, Proeschile J, Eskola J. Immunogenicity of octavalent Pneumococcal (Pnc) Conjugate Vaccines (PncD, PncT). Presented at: The 36th annual ICAAC. New Orleans, USA, 15–18 September 1996.
  • Jonsdottir I, Sigurdardottir T, Vidarsson G et al. Functional activity of antibodies elicited by octavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines PncT and PncD. Presented at: The 37th annual ICAAC. Toronto, Canada. 28 September–1 October 1997.
  • Keyserling H, Bosley C, Starr S et al. Immunogenicity of type 14 conjugate vaccine in infants. Pediatr. Res. 35, 184A (1994).
  • Arguedas A, Laoiza C, Perez A et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-range study to evaluate the immunogenicity of a tetravalent pneumococcal protein D conjugate vaccine in infants, and boostability by plain polysaccharide. Presented at: The 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey 26–28 March 2001.
  • Vesikari T, Wysocki J, Chevallier B et al. Immunogenicity of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) compared to the licensed 7vCRM vaccine. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 28( Suppl. 28), S66–S76 (2009).

Patent

  • Laferriere C, Poolman J, Slaoui M. Novel Method: US0191834 (2004).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.