Best practice and future challenges for vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2

References

• Hamel AL , Lin LL , Nayar GP . Nucleotide sequence of porcine circovirus associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. J Virol 1998;72:5262-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meehan BM , McNeilly F , Todd D , et al. Characterization of novel circovirus DNAs associated with wasting syndromes in pigs. J Gen Virol 1998;79(Pt 9):2171-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark EG . Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Proc West Can Assoc Swine Pr 1996;19-20
   Google Scholar
• Harding JC . Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome: preliminary epidemiology and clinical findings. Proc West Can Assoc Swine Pr 1996;21
   Google Scholar
• Allan G , Krakowka S , Ellis J , et al. Discovery and evolving history of two genetically related but phenotypically different viruses, porcine circoviruses 1 and 2. Virus Res 2012;164:4-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen B , Krueger L , Seeliger F , et al. Retrospective study on the occurrence of porcine circovirus 2 infection and associated entities in Northern Germany. Vet Microbiol 2009;138:27-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth C , Charleston MA , Duffy S , et al. Insights into the evolutionary history of an emerging livestock pathogen: porcine circovirus 2. J Virol 2009;83:12813-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segalés J . Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections: clinical signs, pathology and laboratory diagnosis. Virus Res 2012;164(1-2):10-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan GM , McNeilly F , Ellis J , et al. PMWS: experimental model and co-infections. Vet Microbiol 2004;98:165-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan GM , Kennedy S , McNeilly F , et al. Experimental reproduction of severe wasting disease by co-infection of pigs with porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus. J Comp Pathol 1999;121:1-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasch M , Segalés J , Rosell C , et al. Experimental inoculation of conventional pigs with tissue homogenates from pigs with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. J Comp Pathol 1999;121:139-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis J , Krakowka S , Lairmore M , et al. Reproduction of lesions of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic piglets. J Vet Diagn Invest 1999;11:3-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans AS , Street C , Haven N . Causation and disease: the Henle-Koch postulates revisited. Yale J Biol Med 1976;195:175-95
   Google Scholar
• Ticó G , Segalés J , Martínez J . The blurred border between porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease and porcine respiratory disease complex. Vet Microbiol 2013;163:242-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankertz A , Domingo M , Folch JM , et al. Characterisation of PCV-2 isolates from Spain, Germany and France. Virus Res 2000;66:65-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segales J , Olvera A , Grau-Roma L , et al. PCV-2 genotype definition and nomenclature. Vet Rec 2008;162(26):867-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont K , Nielsen EO , Bækbo P , et al. Genomic analysis of PCV2 isolates from Danish archives and a current PMWS case-control study supports a shift in genotypes with time. Vet Microbiol 2008;128:56-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo LJ , Lu YH , Wei YW , et al. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2): genetic variation and newly emerging genotypes in China. Virol J 2010;7:273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novosel D , Tuboly T , Csagola A , et al. Origin of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) from swine affected by PCV2-associated diseases in Croatia. Vet Rec 2014;174(17):431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segalés J , Kekarainen T , Cortey M . The natural history of porcine circovirus type 2: from an inoffensive virus to a devastating swine disease? Vet Microbiol 2013;165(1-2):13-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Arrioja GM , Segalés J , Calsamiglia M , et al. Dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 infection in a herd of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Am J Vet Res 2002;63:354-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larochelle R , Magar R , D’Allaire S . Comparative serologic and virologic study of commercial swine herds with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Can J Vet Res 2003;67:114-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibila M , Calsamiglia M , Segalés J , et al. Use of a polymerase chain reaction assay and an ELISA to monitor porcine circovirus type 2 infection in pigs from farms with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Am J Vet Res 2004;65:88-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carasova P , Celer V , Takacova K , et al. The levels of PCV2 specific antibodies and viremia in pigs. Res Vet Sci 2007;83:274-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grau-Roma L , Hjulsager CK , Sibila M , et al. Infection, excretion and seroconversion dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in pigs from post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) affected farms in Spain and Denmark. Vet Microbiol 2009;135:272-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meerts P , Misinzo G , Lefebvre D , et al. Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease. BMC Vet Res 2006;2:6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolin SR , Stoffregen WC , Nayar GP , et al. Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome induced after experimental inoculation of cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets with type 2 porcine circovirus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2001;13:185-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladekjaer-Mikkelsen AS , Nielsen J , Stadejek T , et al. Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in immunostimulated and non-immunostimulated 3-week-old piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Vet Microbiol 2002;89(2-3):97-114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovira A , Balasch M , Segalés J , et al. Experimental inoculation of conventional pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus 2. J Virol 2002;76:3232-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuda Y , Ono M , Yazawa S , et al. Experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets inoculated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2): investigation of quantitative PCV2 distribution and antibody responses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2003;15:107-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh Ka , Harding JCS , Ellis Ja , et al. Detection of Porcine circovirus type 2 viremia and seroconversion in naturally infected pigs in a farrow-to-finish barn. Can J Vet Res 2006;70(1):58-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fort M , Olvera A , Sibila M , et al. Detection of neutralizing antibodies in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected and non-PMWS-affected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2007;125:244-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogranichnyy RM , Yoon KJ , Harms PA , et al. Characterization of immune response of young pigs to porcine circovirus type 2 infection. Viral Immunol 2000;13:143-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwich L , Segalés J , Domingo M , et al. Changes in CD4+, CD8+, CD4+ CD8+, and immunoglobulin M-positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-affected pigs and age-matched uninfected wasted and healthy pigs correlate with lesions and porcine circovirus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002;9(2):236-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen J , Vincent IE , Bøtner A , et al. Association of lymphopenia with porcine circovirus type 2 induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003;92:97-111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakowka S , Ellis JA , McNeilly F , et al. Immunologic features of porcine circovirus type 2 infection. Viral Immunol 2002;15(4):567-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawashima K , Tsunemitsu H , Horino R , et al. Effects of dexamethasone on the pathogenesis of porcine circovirus type 2 infection in piglets. J Comp Pathol 2003;129:294-302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meerts P , Van Gucht S , Cox E , et al. Correlation between type of adaptive immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 and level of virus replication. Viral Immunol 2005;18:333-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fort M , Fernandes LT , Nofrarias M , et al. Development of cell-mediated immunity to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009;129:101-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fort M , Sibila M , Pérez-Martín E , et al. One dose of a porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) sub-unit vaccine administered to 3-week-old conventional piglets elicits cell-mediated immunity and significantly reduces PCV2 viremia in an experimental model. Vaccine 2009;27:4031-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fort M , Sibila M , Nofrarías M , et al. Evaluation of cell-mediated immune responses against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Cap and Rep proteins after vaccination with a commercial PCV2 sub-unit vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012;150:128-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner E , Balmelli C , Gerber H , et al. Cellular adaptive immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 in subclinically infected pigs. BMC Vet Res 2009;5:45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martelli P , Ferrari L , Morganti M , et al. One dose of a porcine circovirus 2 subunit vaccine induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity and protects against porcine circovirus-associated disease under field conditions. Vet Microbiol 2011;149(3-4):339-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari L , Borghetti P , De Angelis E , et al. Memory T cell proliferative responses and IFN-γ productivity sustain long-lasting efficacy of a Cap-based PCV2 vaccine upon PCV2 natural infection and associated disease. Vet Res 2014;45:44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beach NM , Meng XJ . Efficacy and future prospects of commercially available and experimental vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Virus Res 2012;164(1-2):33-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girard MP , Plotkin SA . HIV vaccine development at the turn of the 21st century. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012;7:4-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganges L , Borrego B , Fernández-Pacheco P , et al. DNA immunization of pigs with foot-and-mouth disease virus minigenes: from partial protection to disease exacerbation. Virus Res 2011;157:121-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogranichniy RM , Yoon K-J , Yaeger MJ , et al. Efficacy of experimental inactivated PCV2 vaccines for preventing PMWS in CDCD pigs. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Swine Vet 2004;35:443-4
   Google Scholar
• Yang K , Li W , Niu H , et al. Efficacy of single dose of an inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) whole-virus vaccine with oil adjuvant in piglets. Acta Vet Scand 2012;54:67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynaud G , Beseme S , Brun A , et al. Safety of a high dose administration of an inactivated adjuvanted PCV2 vaccine in conventional gilts. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Pig Veterinary Society; 2004. P87
   Google Scholar
• Reynaud G , Brun A , Charreyre C , et al. Safety of repeated overdose on an inactivated adjuvanted PCV2 vaccine in conventional pregnant gilts and sows. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 2004. P88
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard P , Mahé D , Cariolet R , et al. Protection of swine against post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) proteins. Vaccine 2003;21:4565-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Martin E , Grau-Roma L , Argilaguet JM , et al. Development of two Trichoplusia ni larvae-derived ELISAs for the detection of antibodies against replicase and capsid proteins of porcine circovirus type 2 in domestic pigs. J Virol Methods 2008;154(1-2):167-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju C , Fan H , Tan Y , et al. Immunogenicity of a recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing ORF1-ORF2 fusion protein of porcine circovirus type 2. Vet Microbiol 2005;109:179-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X , Jiang P , Li Y , et al. Protection of pigs against post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by a recombinant adenovirus expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2. Vet Microbiol 2007;121:215-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan H , Pan Y , Fang L , et al. Construction and immunogenicity of recombinant pseudotype baculovirus expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice. J Virol Methods 2008;150:21-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K , Huang L , Kong J , et al. Expression of the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 in Lactococcus lactis for oral vaccination. J Virol Methods 2008;150:1-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aravindaram K , Kuo TY , Lan CW , et al. Protective immunity against porcine circovirus 2 in mice induced by a gene-based combination vaccination. J Gene Med 2009;11:288-301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucarey SA , Noriega J , Reyes P , et al. The optimized capsid gene of porcine circovirus type 2 expressed in yeast forms virus-like particles and elicits antibody responses in mice fed with recombinant yeast extracts. Vaccine 2009;27:5781-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Martín E , Gómez-Sebastián S , Argilaguet JM , et al. Immunity conferred by an experimental vaccine based on the recombinant PCV2 Cap protein expressed in Trichoplusia ni-larvae. Vaccine 2010;28:2340-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HX , Ma Z , Fan HJ , Lu CP . Construction and immunogenicity of recombinant swinepox virus expressing capsid protein of PCV2. Vaccine 2012;30:6307-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gellért A , Salánki K , Tombácz K , et al. A cucumber mosaic virus based expression system for the production of porcine circovirus specific vaccines. PLoS One 2012;7(12):e52688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cságola A , Lorincz M , Tombácz K , et al. Genetic diversity of pigeon circovirus in Hungary. Virus Genes 2012;44:75-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombácz K , Gellért Á , Salánki K , et al. Oral immunogenicity of a plant virus vector based porcine circovirus antigen. Acta Vet Hung 2013;61(4):547-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang HT , He XY , Chen L , et al. Enhancing mucosal immunity in mice induced by recombinant adenovirus expressing major epitopes of porcine circovirus-2 capsid protein formulated with CpG ODN. J Vet Sci 2014;15(3):399-407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi J-N , Wu C-Y , Chien M-S , et al. The preparation of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) virus-like particles using a recombinant pseudorabies virus and its application to vaccine development. J Biotechnol 2014;181:12-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva JG , Coimbra EC , Jesus ALS , et al. Secretory expression of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein in Pichia pastoris. J Virol Methods 2014;207C:226-31
   Google Scholar
• Shen H-G , Zhou J-Y , Huang Z-Y , et al. Protective immunity against porcine circovirus 2 by vaccination with ORF2-based DNA and subunit vaccines in mice. J Gen Virol 2008;89:1857-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamstrup S , Barfoed AM , Frimann TH , et al. Immunisation against PCV2 structural protein by DNA vaccination of mice. Vaccine 2004;22:1358-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An DJ , Song DS , Park BK . Systemic cytokine profiles of mice vaccinated with naked DNAs encoding six open reading frame antigens of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Res Vet Sci 2008;85:503-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu F , Li X , Lang Y , et al. Co-expression of ubiquitin gene and capsid protein gene enhances the potency of DNA immunization of PCV2 in mice. Virol J 2011;8:264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylla S , Cong Y-L , Sun Y-X , et al. Protective immunity conferred by porcine circovirus 2 ORF2-based DNA vaccine in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2014;58(7):398-408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenaux M , Opriessnig T , Halbur PG , et al. Immunogenicity and pathogenicity of chimeric infectious DNA clones of pathogenic porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and nonpathogenic PCV1 in weanling pigs. J Virol 2003;77:11232-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenaux M , Opriessnig T , Halbur PG , et al. A Chimeric porcine circovirus (PCV) with the immunogenic capsid gene of the pathogenic PCV type 2 (PCV2) cloned into the genomic backbone of the nonpathogenic PCV1 induces protective immunity against PCV2 infection in pigs. J Virol 2004;78(12):6297-303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beach NM , Ramamoorthy S , Opriessnig T , et al. Novel chimeric porcine circovirus (PCV) with the capsid gene of the emerging PCV2b subtype cloned in the genomic backbone of the non-pathogenic PCV1 is attenuated in vivo and induces protective and cross-protective immunity against PCV2b and PCV2a subtype. Vaccine 2010;29(2):221-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemann M , Beach NM , Meng X-J , et al. A live-attenuated and an inactivated chimeric porcine circovirus (PCV)1-2 vaccine are both effective at inducing a humoral immune response and reducing PCV2 viremia and intrauterine infection in female swine of breeding age. Can J Vet Res 2014;78(1):8-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xujie L , Xiaobo W , Yi S , et al. A candidate inactivated chimeric vaccine PCV1-2 constructed based on PCV1 and PCV2 isolates originating in China and its evaluation in conventional pigs in regard to protective efficacy against PCV2 infection. Microbiol Immunol 2011;55(4):254-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae C . Porcine circovirus type 2 and its associated diseases in Korea. Virus Res 2012;164:107-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai S-L , Chen S-N , Xu Z-H , et al. Porcine circovirus type 2 in China: an update on and insights to its prevalence and control. Virol J 2014;11:88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pejsak Z , Podgórska K , Truszczyński M , et al. Efficacy of different protocols of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in a farm affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;33(6):e1-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opriessnig T , Patterson AR , Madson DM , et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of passive (dam) versus active (piglet) immunization against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and impact of passively derived PCV2 vaccine-induced immunity on vaccination. Vet Microbiol 2010;142:177-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill KC , Hemann M , Gimenez-Lirola LG , et al. Vaccination of sows reduces the prevalence of PCV-2 viraemia in their piglets under field conditions. Vet Rec 2012;171:425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurmann J , Sydler T , Brugnera E , et al. Vaccination of dams increases antibody titer and improves growth parameters in finisher pigs subclinically infected with porcine circovirus type 2. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011;18(10):1644-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber PF , Garrocho FM , Lana AM , et al. Fetal infections and antibody profiles in pigs naturally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Can J Vet Res 2012;76:38-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber PF , Garrocho FM , Lana ÂMQ , et al. Serum antibodies and shedding of infectious porcine circovirus 2 into colostrum and milk of vaccinated and unvaccinated naturally infected sows. Vet J 2011;188:240-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraile L , Sibila M , Nofrarías M , et al. Effect of sow and piglet porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on piglet mortality, viraemia, antibody titre and production parameters. Vet Microbiol 2012;161:229-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pejsak Z , Markowska-Daniel I , Pomorska-Mól M , et al. Ear necrosis reduction in pigs after vaccination against PCV2. Res Vet Sci 2011;91:125-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pejsak Z , Kusior G , Pomorska-Mól M , et al. Influence of long-term vaccination of a breeding herd of pigs against PCV2 on reproductive parameters. Pol J Vet Sci 2012;15(1):37-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villa T . PCV2 and reproductive performance: facts and figures for the disbelievers. In: merial Symposium. 18th IPVS; Durban, South Africa; 2008
   Google Scholar
• Thacker BJ , Wilson W , Francisco C , et al. Circumvent PCV vaccine: performance evaluation and serological studies update. In: Proceedings of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians; 2008. p. 153-6
   Google Scholar
• Madson DM , Patterson AR , Ramamoorthy S , et al. Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination of the dam on PCV2 replication in utero. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009;16:830-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larochelle R , Bielanski A , Müller P , et al. PCR detection and evidence of shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 in boar semen. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:4629-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo HW , Han K , Kim D , et al. Effects of an inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine on PCV2 virus shedding in semen from experimentally infected boars. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011;18:1091-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madson DM , Ramamoorthy S , Kuster C , et al. Infectivity of porcine circovirus type 2 DNA in semen from experimentally-infected boars. Vet Res 2009;40(1):10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo HW , Han K , Oh Y , et al. Comparison of three commercial one-dose porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines on PCV2 shedding in semen from experimentally infected boars. Vet Microbiol 2013;164:145-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opriessnig T , Madson DM , Schalk S , et al. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination is effective in reducing disease and PCV2 shedding in semen of boars concurrently infected with PCV2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Theriogenology 2011;76:351-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspari K , Henning H , Schreiber F , et al. Impact of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on boar semen quality and quantity using two different vaccines. Theriogenology 2014;82(4):574-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fort M , Sibila M , Allepuz A , et al. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination of conventional pigs prevents viremia against PCV2 isolates of different genotypes and geographic origins. Vaccine 2008;26:1063-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opriessnig T , Patterson AR , Elsener J , et al. Influence of maternal antibodies on efficacy of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination to protect pigs from experimental infection with PCV2. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008;15:397-401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opriessnig T , Patterson AR , Madson DM , et al. Comparison of efficacy of commercial one dose and two dose PCV2 vaccines using a mixed PRRSV-PCV2-SIV clinical infection model 2-3-months post vaccination. Vaccine 2009;27:1002-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park C , Oh Y , Seo HW , et al. Comparative effects of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a PCV2-PRRSV challenge model. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2013;20:369-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park C , Won Seo H , Han K , et al. Comparison of four commercial one-dose porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines administered to pigs challenged with PCV2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at 17 weeks postvaccination to control porcine respiratory disease complex u. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014;21(7):1021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han K , Seo HW , Oh Y , et al. Efficacy of a piglet-specific commercial inactivated vaccine against Porcine circovirus type 2 in clinical field trials. Can J Vet Res 2013;77:237-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takada-Iwao A , Seki M , Nakanishi M , et al. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination reduces PCV2 in a PCV2 and Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis coinfection model. Vet Microbiol 2013;162(1):219-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo HW , Han K , Park C , et al. Clinical, virological, immunological and pathological evaluation of four porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines. Vet J 2014;200:65-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo HW , Park C , Han K , et al. Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on PCV2-viremic piglets after experimental PCV2 challenge. Vet Res 2014;45:13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cline G , Wilt V , Diaz E , et al. Efficacy of immunising pigs against porcine circovirus type 2 at three or six weeks of age. Vet Rec 2008;163(25):737-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fachinger V , Bischoff R , Jedidia SB , et al. The effect of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs suffering from porcine respiratory disease complex. Vaccine 2008;26:1488-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horlen KP , Dritz SS , Nietfeld JC , et al. A field evaluation of mortality rate and growth performance in pigs vaccinated against porcine circovirus type 2. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:906-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kixmöller M , Ritzmann M , Eddicks M , et al. Reduction of PMWS-associated clinical signs and co-infections by vaccination against PCV2. Vaccine 2008;26:3443-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desrosiers R , Clark E , Tremblay D , et al. Use of a one-dose subunit vaccine to prevent losses associated with porcine circovirus type 2. J Swine Heal Prod 2009;17:148-54
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segalés J , Urniza A , Alegre A , et al. A genetically engineered chimeric vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) improves clinical, pathological and virological outcomes in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome affected farms. Vaccine 2009;27:7313-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martelli P , Ardigò P , Ferrari L , et al. Concurrent vaccinations against PCV2 and PRRSV: study on the specific immunity and clinical protection in naturally infected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2013;162:558-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyoo K , Joo H , Caldwell B , et al. Comparative efficacy of three commercial PCV2 vaccines in conventionally reared pigs. Vet J 2011;189:58-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen CS , Baadsgaard NP , Toft N . A meta-analysis comparing the effect of PCV2 vaccines on average daily weight gain and mortality rate in pigs from weaning to slaughter. Prev Vet Med 2011;98(4):250-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young MG , Cunningham GL , Sanford SE . Circovirus vaccination in pigs with subclinical porcine circovirus type 2 infection complicated by ileitis. J Swine Heal Prod 2011;19:6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraile L , Grau-Roma L , Sarasola P , et al. Inactivated PCV2 one shot vaccine applied in 3-week-old piglets: improvement of production parameters and interaction with maternally derived immunity. Vaccine 2012;30:1986-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alarcon P , Rushton J , Wieland B . Cost of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome and porcine circovirus type-2 subclinical infection in England - an economic disease model. Prev Vet Med 2013;110(2):88-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon CA , Music N , Fontaine G , et al. Emergence of a new type of porcine circovirus in swine (PCV): a type 1 and type 2 PCV recombinant. Vet Microbiol 2010;144:18-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo HW , Oh Y , Han K , et al. Reduction of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) viremia by a reformulated inactivated chimeric PCV1-2 vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immunity after experimental PCV2 challenge. BMC Vet Res 2012;8:194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh Y , Seo HW , Park C , et al. Comparison of sow and/or piglet vaccination of 3 commercial porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) single-dose vaccines on pigs under experimental PCV2 challenge. Vet Microbiol 2014;172(3-4):371-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo HW , Lee J , Han K , et al. Comparative analyses of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses upon vaccination with different commercially available single-dose porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines. Res Vet Sci 2014;97(1):38-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghetti P , Morganti M , Saleri R , et al. Innate pro-inflammatory and adaptive immune cytokines in PBMC of vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs naturally exposed to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection vary with the occurrence of the disease and the viral burden. Vet Microbiol 2013;163(1-2):42-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibila M , Fraile L , Ticó G , et al. Humoral response and colostral antibody transfer following “one-dose” pre-mating vaccination of sows against porcine circovirus type-2. Vet J 2013;197:881-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goubier A , Chapat L , Toma S , et al. Transfer of maternal immunity from sows vaccinated against PCV2 with Circovac to their piglets. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Pig Veterinary Society; 2004. O16
   Google Scholar
• Oh Y , Seo HW , Han K , et al. Protective effect of the maternally derived porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-specific cellular immune response in piglets by dam vaccination against PCV2 challenge. J Gen Virol 2012;93:1556-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haake M , Palzer A , Rist B , et al. Influence of age on the effectiveness of PCV2 vaccination in piglets with high levels of maternally derived antibodies. Vet Microbiol 2014;168:272-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong D , Bishop SC . Does genetics or litter effect influence mortality in PMWS. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Pig Veterinary Society 2004. P809
   Google Scholar
• Burch D . Ten years of PCV2 in the UK. Pig Prog 2009;25:6
   Google Scholar
• Cino-Ozuna AG , Henry S , Hesse R , et al. Characterization of a New Disease Syndrome Associated with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Previously Vaccinated Herds. J Clin Microbiol 2011;49:2012-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahagi Y , Toki S , Nishiyama Y , et al. Differential effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on PCV2 genotypes at Japanese pig farms. J Vet Med Sci 2010;72(1):35-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olvera A , Cortey M , Segalés J . Molecular evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 genomes: phylogeny and clonality. Virology 2007;357:175-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opriessnig T , O’Neill K , Gerber PF , et al. A PCV2 vaccine based on genotype 2b is more effective than a 2a-based vaccine to protect against PCV2b or combined PCV2a/2b viremia in pigs with concurrent PCV2, PRRSV and PPV infection. Vaccine 2013;31(3):487-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opriessnig T , Xiao CT , Gerber PF , et al. Emergence of a novel mutant PCV2b variant associated with clinical PCVAD in two vaccinated pig farms in the U.S. concurrently infected with PPV2. Vet Microbiol 2013;163:177-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao C-T , Halbur PG , Opriessnig T . Complete genome sequence of a novel porcine circovirus type 2b variant present in cases of vaccine failures in the United States. J Virol 2012;86:12469
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo L , Fu Y , Wang Y , et al. A porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) mutant with 234 amino acids in Capsid protein showed more virulence in vivo, compared with classical PCV2a/b strain. PLoS One 2012;7(7):e41463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salgado RL , Vidigal PMP , de Souza LFL , et al. Identification of an emergent porcine circovirus-2 in vaccinated pigs from a Brazilian farm during a postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome outbreak. Genome Announc 2014;2(2):e00163-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seo HW , Park C , Kang I , et al. Genetic and antigenic characterization of a newly emerging porcine circovirus type 2b mutant first isolated in cases of vaccine failure in Korea. Arch Virol 2014;159(11):3107-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opriessnig T , Gerber PF , Xiao CT , et al. Commercial PCV2a-based vaccines are effective in protecting naturally PCV2b-infected finisher pigs against experimental challenge with a 2012 mutant PCV2. Vaccine 2014;32:4342-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opriessnig T , Xiao C-T , Gerber PF , et al. The mutant U.S. strain of porcine circovirus type 2 (mPCV2) exhibits similar virulence to the classical PCV2a and PCV2b strains in caesarian-derived colostrum-deprived pigs. J Gen Virol 2014;95(Pt 11):2495-503
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kekarainen T , Gonzalez A , Llorens A , et al. Genetic variability of porcine circovirus 2 in vaccinating and non-vaccinating commercial farms. J Gen Virol 2014;95(Pt 8):1734-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Segalés J , Domingo M , Chianini F , et al. Immunosuppression in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome affected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2004;98(2):151-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grau-Roma L , Fraile L , Segalés J . Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis and control of diseases caused by porcine circovirus type 2. Vet J 2011;187(1):23-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigre H , Dohoo IR , Stryhn H , et al. Use of register data to assess the association between use of antimicrobials and outbreak of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) in Danish pig herds. Prev Vet Med 2010;93:98-109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass F . PCV2 vaccination changing the pig industry. Part 3. Reduced antibiotic usage and improved performance go together. Pig Prog 2010;26(2):28-30
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz S , Grau-Roma L , Cortey M , et al. Pigs naturally exposed to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) generate antibody responses capable to neutralise PCV2 isolates of different genotypes and geographic origins. Vet Res 2014;45:29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opriessnig T , Yu S , Thacker EL , et al. Derivation of porcine circovirus type 2-negative pigs from positive breeding herds. J Swine Health Prod 2004;12(4):186-91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson AR , Madson DM , Schalk S , et al. Establishment and maintenance of a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-free breeding herd on a site that experienced a natural outbreak of PCV2-associated reproductive disease. J Swine Heal Prod 2011;19(3):165-74
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng H , Blanco G , Segalés J , et al. Can Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection be eradicated by mass vaccination? Vet Microbiol 2014;172:92-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar