Gene-deleted live-attenuated Trypanosoma cruzi parasites as vaccines to protect against Chagas disease

References

• Andrade ZA. Pathogenesis of Chagas’ disease. Res Immunol 1991;142(2):126-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rassi AJr, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA. Chagas disease. Lancet 2010;375(9723):1388-402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bestetti RB, Muccillo G. Clinical course of Chagas’ heart disease: a comparison with dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 1997;60(2):187-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassi AJr, Rassi A, Little CW. Chagas’ heart disease. Clin Cardiol 2000;23(12):883-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro JA, de Mecca MM, Bartel CL. Toxic side effects of drugs used to treat Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis). Hum Exp Toxicol 2006;25(8):471-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson Y, Alirol E, Getaz L, et al. Tolerance and safety of nifurtimox in patients with chronic Chagas disease. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51(10):e69-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bern C. Antitrypanosomal therapy for chronic Chagas’ disease. N Engl J Med 2011;364(26):2527-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENEFIT: evaluation of the use of antiparasital drug (Benznidazole) in the treatment of chronic Chagas’ disease. Clinicaltrials.gov: a service of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Available from: http:/clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00123916 [Last accessed 20 August 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Viotti R, Alarcón de Noya B, Araujo-Jorge T, et al. Towards a paradigm shift in the treatment of chronic Chagas disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58(2):635-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Souza W, Rodrigues CJ. Sterol biosynthesis pathway as target for anti-trypanosomatid drugs. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2009;2009:642502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urbina JA. Specific chemotherapy of Chagas disease: relevance, current limitations and new approaches. Acta Trop 2010;115(1-2):55-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandeberg J. Chagas Drug Discovery Consortium Meeting. Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/chagasddc/ [Last accessed 20 August 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Molina I. Chagas Drug Discovery Consortium Meeting. International Congress of Tropical Medicine. 2012. Available from: http://ictmm2012.ioc.fiocruz.br/program_25_sept.html [Last accessed 30 January 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Bustamante JM, Tarleton LR. Potential new clinical therapies for Chagas disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014;7(3):317-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee BY, Bacon KM, Wateska AR, et al. Modeling the economic value of a Chagas’ disease therapeutic vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012;8(9):1293-301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumonteil E, Bottazzi ME, Zhan B, et al. Accelerating the development of a therapeutic vaccine for human Chagas disease: rationale and prospects. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012;11(9):1043-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Franco-Paredes C, et al. The neglected tropical diseases of Latin America and the Caribbean: a review of disease burden and distribution and a roadmap for control and elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008;2(9):e300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias JC, Silveira CA, Schofield JC. The impact of Chagas disease control in Latin America: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002;97(5):603-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield CJ, Jannin J, Salvatella R. The future of Chagas disease control. Trends Parasitol 2006;22(12):583-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurtler RE. Sustainability of vector control strategies in the Gran Chaco Region: current challenges and possible approaches. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009;104(Suppl 1):52-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kierszenbaum F. Chagas’ disease and the autoimmunity hypothesis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;210-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarleton RL, Zhang L. Chagas disease etiology: autoimmunity or parasite persistence? Parasitol Today 1999;15(3):94-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benvenuti LA, Roggério A, Freitas HF, et al. Chronic American trypanosomiasis: parasite persistence in endomyocardial biopsies is associated with high-grade myocarditis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2008;102(6):481-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schijman AG, Vigliano CA, Viotti RJ, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in cardiac lesions of Argentinean patients with end-stage chronic Chagas heart disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004;70(2):210-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vago AR, Andrade LO, Leite AA, et al. Genetic characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi directly from tissues of patients with chronic Chagas disease: differential distribution of genetic types into diverse organs. Am J Pathol 2000;156(5):1805-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. Autoimmunity in Chagas disease cardiomyopathy: fulfilling the criteria at last? Parasitol Today 1996;12(10):396-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marin-Neto JA, Cunha-Neto E, Maciel BC, et al. Pathogenesis of chronic Chagas heart disease. Circulation 2007;115(9):1109-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Fuentes R, Guégan JF, Barnabé C, et al. Severity of chronic Chagas disease is associated with cytokine/antioxidant imbalance in chronically infected individuals. Int J Parasitol 2003;33(3):293-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarleton RL, Zhang L, Downs OM. Autoimmune rejection of neonatal heart transplants in experimental Chagas disease is a parasite-specific response to infected host tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94(8):3932-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrales M, Cardozo R, Segura MA, et al. Comparative efficacies of TAK-187, a long-lasting ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor, and benznidazole in preventing cardiac damage in a murine model of Chagas’ disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49(4):1556-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia S, Ramos CO, Senra JF, et al. Treatment with benznidazole during the chronic phase of experimental Chagas’ disease decreases cardiac alterations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49(4):1521-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg N, Tarleton LR. Genetic immunization elicits antigen-specific protective immune responses and decreases disease severity in Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Infect Immun 2002;70(10):5547-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarleton RL. Chagas disease: a role for autoimmunity? Trends Parasitol 2003;19(10):447-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordova E, Boschi A, Ambrosioni J, et al. Reactivation of Chagas disease with central nervous system involvement in HIV-infected patients in Argentina, 1992-2007. Int J Infect Dis 2008;12(6):587-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diez M, Favaloro L, Bertolotti A, et al. Usefulness of PCR strategies for early diagnosis of Chagas’ disease reactivation and treatment follow-up in heart transplantation. Am J Transplant 2007;7(6):1633-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorelli AI, Stolf NA, Honorato R, et al. Later evolution after cardiac transplantation in Chagas’ disease. Transplant Proc 2005;37(6):2793-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schijman AG, Vigliano C, Burgos J, et al. Early diagnosis of recurrence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection by polymerase chain reaction after heart transplantation of a chronic Chagas’ heart disease patient. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000;19(11):1114-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidian AK, Weiss ML, Tanowitz BH. Chagas’ disease and AIDS. Kinetoplastid Biol Dis 2004;3(1):2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hotez PJ, Dumonteil E, Heffernan MJ, et al. Innovation for the ‘bottom 100 million’: eliminating neglected tropical diseases in the Americas. Adv Exp Med Biol 2013;764:1-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO, First WHO report on neglected tropical disease. working to overcome the impact of neglected tropical disease. WHO; Geneva: 2010
   Google Scholar
• Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Dumonteil E, et al. Texas and Mexico: sharing a legacy of poverty and neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6(3):e1497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee BY, Bacon KM, Connor DL, et al. The potential economic value of a Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease) vaccine in Latin America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4(12):e916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmunis GA, Yadon ZE. Chagas disease: a Latin American health problem becoming a world health problem. Acta Trop 2010;115(1-2):14-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmunis G. Status of and cost of Chagas disease worldwide. Lancet Infect Dis 2013;13(4):283-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotez P. A handful of ‘antipoverty’ vaccines exist for neglected diseases, but the world’s poorest billion people need more. Health Aff (Millwood) 2011;30(6):1080-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravina HD, Antonelli L, Gazzinelli RT, et al. Differential use of TLR2 and TLR9 in the regulation of immune responses during the infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e63100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues MM, Oliveira CA, Bellio M. The Immune Response to Trypanosoma cruzi: role of Toll-Like Receptors and Perspectives for Vaccine Development. J Parasitol Res 2012;2012:507874
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pellegrini A, Guiñazu N, Giordanengo L, et al. The role of Toll-like receptors and adaptive immunity in the development of protective or pathological immune response triggered by the Trypanosoma cruzi protozoan. Future Microbiol 2011;6(12):1521-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DosReis GA. Evasion of immune responses by Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011;44(2):84-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bafica A, Santiago HC, Goldszmid R, et al. Cutting edge: TLR9 and TLR2 signaling together account for MyD88-dependent control of parasitemia in Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Immunol 2006;177(6):3515-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarleton RL. Immune system recognition of Trypanosoma cruzi. Curr Opin Immunol 2007;19(4):430-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurup SP, Tarleton LR. Perpetual expression of PAMPs necessary for optimal immune control and clearance of a persistent pathogen. Nat Commun 2013;4:2616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues AA, Saosa JS, da Silva GK, et al. IFN-gamma plays a unique role in protection against low virulent Trypanosoma cruzi strain. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6(4):e1598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla AM, Bustamante MJ, Tarleton LR. CD8+ T cells in Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2009;21(4):385-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basso B. Modulation of immune response in experimental Chagas disease. World J Exp Med 2013;3(1):1-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kayama H, Takeda K. The innate immune response to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Microbes Infect 2010;12(7):511-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golgher D, Gazzinelli TR. Innate and acquired immunity in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. Autoimmunity 2004;37(5):399-409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira MM, Gazzinelli TR, Silva SJ. Chemokines, inflammation and Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Trends Parasitol 2002;18(6):262-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parodi C, Padilla MA, Basombrio AM. Protective immunity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009;104(Suppl 1):288-94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Junqueira C, et al. The endless race between Trypanosoma cruzi and host immunity: lessons for and beyond Chagas disease. Expert Rev Mol Med 2010;12:e29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazorla SI, Frank MF, Malchiodi LE. Vaccination approaches against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009;8(7):921-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quijano-Hernandez I, Dumonteil E. Advances and challenges towards a vaccine against Chagas disease. Hum Vaccin 2011;7(11):1184-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg N, Bhatia V. Current status and future prospects for a vaccine against American trypanosomiasis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2005;4(6):867-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzi T, Prager R. [Immunity to infection induced by culture of Trypanosoma cruzi of atenuated virulence; preliminary communication]. Bol Inf Parasit Chil 1952;7(2):20-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menezes H II. The avirulence of the cultivated Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1970;12(2):129-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lima MT, Jansen AM, Rondinelli E, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi: properties of a clone isolated from CL strain. Parasitol Res 1991;77(1):77-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basombrio MA, Besuschio S. Trypanosoma cruzi culture used as vaccine to prevent chronic Chagas’ disease in mice. Infect Immun 1982;36(1):351-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revelli S, Gómez L, Wietzerbin J, et al. Levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon, and interleukins 4,6, and 10 as determined in mice infected with virulent or attenuated strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res 1999;85(2):147-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revelli S, et al. Evaluation of an attenuated Trypanosoma cruzi strain in rats. Analysis of survival, parasitemia and tissue damage. Medicina (B Aires) 1993;53(1):39-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basombrio MA, Besusdio S, Cossio P. Side effects of immunization with live-attenuated Trypanosoma cruzi in mice and rabbits. Infect Immun 1982;36:342-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez LE, Nasser RJ, Basombrio AM. Complete immunization against Trypanosoma cruzi verified in individual mice by complement-mediated lysis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1996;91(1):55-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basombrio MA. Trypanosoma cruzi: partial prevention of the natural infection of guinea pigs with a killed parasite vaccine. Exp Parasitol 1990;71(1):1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basombrio MA, Segura AM, Nasser RJ. Relationship between long-term resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi and latent infection, examined by antibody production and polymerase chain reaction in mice. J Parasitol 2002;88(6):1107-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basombrio MA, Segura MA, Mora MC, et al. Field trial of vaccination against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease) in dogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993;49(1):143-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santori FR, Dorta ML, Juliano L, et al. Identification of a domain of Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote surface molecule gp82 required for attachment and invasion of mammalian cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1996;78(1-2):209-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taibi A, Plumas-Marty B, Guevara-Espinoza A, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi: immunity-induced in mice and rats by trypomastigote excretory-secretory antigens and identification of a peptide sequence containing a T cell epitope with protective activity. J Immunol 1993;151(5):2676-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morell M, Thomas MC, Caballero T, et al. The genetic immunization with paraflagellar rod protein-2 fused to the HSP70 confers protection against late Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Vaccine 2006;24(49-50):7046-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maranon C, Thomas MC, Planelles L, et al. The immunization of A2/K(b) transgenic mice with the KMP11-HSP70 fusion protein induces CTL response against human cells expressing the T. cruzi KMP11 antigen: identification of A2-restricted epitopes. Mol Immunol 2001;38(4):279-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida N, Araya JE, da Silveira JF, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi: antibody production and T cell response induced by stage-specific surface glycoproteins purified from metacyclic trypomastigotes. Exp Parasitol 1993;77(4):405-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo AF, de Alencar BC, Vasconcelos JR, et al. CD8+-T-cell-dependent control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a highly susceptible mouse strain after immunization with recombinant proteins based on amastigote surface protein 2. Infect Immun 2005;73(9):6017-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddings OK, Eickhoff CS, Sullivan NL, et al. Intranasal vaccinations with the trans-sialidase antigen plus CpG Adjuvant induce mucosal immunity protective against conjunctival Trypanosoma cruzi challenges. Infect Immun 2010;78(3):1333-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoft DF, Eickhoff CS, Giddings OK, et al. Trans-sialidase recombinant protein mixed with CpG motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotide induces protective mucosal and systemic trypanosoma cruzi immunity involving CD8+ CTL and B cell-mediated cross-priming. J Immunol 2007;179(10):6889-900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinazu N, Pellegrini A, Carrera-Silva EA, et al. Immunisation with a major Trypanosoma cruzi antigen promotes pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide production and increases TLR2 expression. Int J Parasitol 2007;37(11):1243-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazorla SI, Frank FM, Becker PD, et al. Prime-boost immunization with cruzipain co-administered with MALP-2 triggers a protective immune response able to decrease parasite burden and tissue injury in an experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection model. Vaccine 2008;26(16):1999-2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontanella GH, De Vusser K, Laroy W, et al. Immunization with an engineered mutant trans-sialidase highly protects mice from experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection: a vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2008;26(19):2322-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eickhoff CS, Vasconcelos JR, Sullivan NL, et al. Co-administration of a plasmid DNA encoding IL-15 improves long-term protection of a genetic vaccine against Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011;5(3):e983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigato PO, de Alencar BC, de Vasconcelos JR, et al. Heterologous plasmid DNA prime-recombinant human adenovirus 5 boost vaccination generates a stable pool of protective long-lived CD8(+) T effector memory cells specific for a human parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 2011;79(5):2120-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazorla SI, Becker PD, Frank FM, et al. Oral vaccination with Salmonella enterica as a cruzipain-DNA delivery system confers protective immunity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 2008;76(1):324-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matos MN, Cazorla SI, Bivona AE, et al. Tc52 Amino Terminal Domain DNA Carried by Attenuated Salmonella Induce Protection against a Trypanosoma cruzi Lethal Challenge. Infect Immun 2014;82(10):4265-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quijano-Hernandez IA, Castro-Barcena A, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC, et al. Preventive and therapeutic DNA vaccination partially protect dogs against an infectious challenge with Trypanosoma cruzi. Vaccine 2013;31(18):2246-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Garg JN. Prophylactic efficacy of TcVac2 against Trypanosoma cruzi in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4(8):e797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Garg JN. TcVac3 induced control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and chronic myocarditis in mice. PLoS One 2013;8(3):e59434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazorla SI, et al. Oral Multicomponent DNA Vaccine Delivered by Attenuated Salmonella Elicited Immunoprotection Against American Trypanosomiasis. J Infect Dis 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulds KE, Wu YC, Seder AR. Th1 memory: implications for vaccine development. Immunol Rev 2006;211:58-66
   Google Scholar
• Constant S, Pfeiffer C, Woodard A, et al. Extent of T cell receptor ligation can determine the functional differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med 1995;182(5):1591-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz DP, Bottomly K. Function and regulation of memory CD4 T cells. Immunol Res 1999;19(2-3):127-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leguizamon MS, Campetella OE, Orn A, et al. Reversion of culture-induced virulence-attenuation in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1993;88(1):161-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly JM. Genetic transformation of parasitic protozoa. Adv Parasitol 1997;39:227-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton CE. Genetic manipulation of kinetoplastida. Parasitol Today 1999;15(9):372-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coburn CM, Otteman KM, McNeely T, et al. Stable DNA transfection of a wide range of trypanosomatids. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1991;46(1):169-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DaRocha WD, Otsu K, Teixeira SM, et al. Tests of cytoplasmic RNA interference (RNAi) and construction of a tetracycline-inducible T7 promoter system in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2004;133(2):175-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saljoughian N, Taheri T, Rafati S. Live vaccination tactics: possible approaches for controlling visceral leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2014;5:134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan SM, Janse CJ, Kappe SH, et al. Genetic engineering of attenuated malaria parasites for vaccination. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012;23(6):908-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannavaram S, Dey R, Avishek K, et al. Biomarkers of safety and immune protection for genetically modified live attenuated leishmania vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis - discovery and implications. Front Immunol 2014;5:241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvapandiyan A, Dey R, Gannavaram S, et al. Generation of growth arrested Leishmania amastigotes: a tool to develop live attenuated vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2014;32(31):3895-901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhajer R, Ali N. Genetically modified organisms and visceral leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2014;5:213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanBuskirk KM, O’Neill MT, De La Vega P, et al. Preerythrocytic, live-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidates by design. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106(31):13004-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spring M, Murphy J, Nielsen R, et al. First-in-human evaluation of genetically attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites administered by bite of Anopheles mosquitoes to adult volunteers. Vaccine 2013;31(43):4975-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvapandiyan A, Debrabant A, Duncan R, et al. Centrin gene disruption impairs stage-specific basal body duplication and cell cycle progression in Leishmania. J Biol Chem 2004;279(24):25703-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiuza JA, Santiago Hda C, Selvapandiyan A, et al. Induction of immunogenicity by live attenuated Leishmania donovani centrin deleted parasites in dogs. Vaccine 2013;31(14):1785-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dey R, Dagur PK, Selvapandiyan A, et al. Live attenuated Leishmania donovani p27 gene knockout parasites are nonpathogenic and elicit long-term protective immunity in BALB/c mice. J Immunol 2013;190(5):2138-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannavaram S, Connelly PS, Daniels MP, et al. Deletion of mitochondrial associated ubiquitin fold modifier protein Ufm1 in Leishmania donovani results in loss of beta-oxidation of fatty acids and blocks cell division in the amastigote stage. Mol Microbiol 2012;86(1):187-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannavaram S, Davey S, Lakhal-Naouar I, et al. Deletion of ubiquitin fold modifier protein Ufm1 processing peptidase Ufsp in L. donovani abolishes Ufm1 processing and alters pathogenesis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8(2):e2707
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajioka J, Swindle J. The calmodulin-ubiquitin (CUB) genes of Trypanosoma cruzi are essential for parasite viability. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1996;78(1-2):217-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annoura T, Nara T, Makiuchi T, et al. The origin of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase genes of kinetoplastids, with special reference to their biological significance and adaptation to anaerobic, parasitic conditions. J Mol Evol 2005;60(1):113-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caler EV, Vaena de Avalos S, Haynes PA, et al. Oligopeptidase B-dependent signaling mediates host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. EMBO J 1998;17(17):4975-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins MH, Craft JM, Bustamante JM, et al. Oral exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi elicits a systemic CD8(+) T cell response and protection against heterotopic challenge. Infect Immun 2011;79(8):3397-406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper R, de Jesus AR, Cross AG. Deletion of an immunodominant Trypanosoma cruzi surface glycoprotein disrupts flagellum-cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 1993;122(1):149-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Souza FS, Rampazzo Rde C, Manhaes L, et al. Knockout of the gene encoding the kinetoplast-associated protein 3 (KAP3) in Trypanosoma cruzi: effect on kinetoplast organization, cell proliferation and differentiation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010;172(2):90-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluenz E, Taylor CM, Kelly MJ. The Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic-specific protein Met-III associates with the nucleolus and contains independent amino and carboxyl terminal targeting elements. Int J Parasitol 2007;37(6):617-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacRae JI, Obado SO, Turnock DC, et al. The suppression of galactose metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes causes changes in cell surface molecular architecture and cell morphology. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006;147(1):126-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning-Cela R, Cortés A, González-Rey E, et al. LYT1 protein is required for efficient in vitro infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 2001;69(6):3916-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez Brandan C, Padilla AM, Xu D, et al. Knockout of the dhfr-ts gene in Trypanosoma cruzi generates attenuated parasites able to confer protection against a virulent challenge. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011;5(12):e1418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez Valdéz F, Pérez Brandán C, Zago MP, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi Carrying a Monoallelic Deletion of the Calreticulin (TcCRT) gene are Susceptible to Complement Mediated Killing and Defective in their Metacyclogenesis. Mol Immunol 2013;53(3):198-205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson SR, Taylor MC, Horn D, et al. A mechanism for cross-resistance to nifurtimox and benznidazole in trypanosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105(13):5022-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allaoui A, François C, Zemzoumi K, et al. Intracellular growth and metacyclogenesis defects in Trypanosoma cruzi carrying a targeted deletion of a Tc52 protein-encoding allele. Mol Microbiol 1999;32(6):1273-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jesus AR, Cooper R, Espinosa M, et al. Gene deletion suggests a role for Trypanosoma cruzi surface glycoprotein GP72 in the insect and mammalian stages of the life cycle. J Cell Sci 1993;106(Pt 4):1023-33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nozaki T, Cross AG. Functional complementation of glycoprotein 72 in a Trypanosoma cruzi glycoprotein 72 null mutant. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1994;67(1):91-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basombrio MA, Gómez L, Padilla AM, et al. Targeted deletion of the gp72 gene decreases the infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi for mice and insect vectors. J Parasitol 2002;88(3):489-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrio AB, Van Voorhis WC, Basombrio MA. Trypanosoma cruzi: attenuation of virulence and protective immunogenicity after monoallelic disruption of the cub gene. Exp Parasitol 2007;117(4):382-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zago MP, Barrio AB, Cardozo RM, et al. Impairment of infectivity and immunoprotective effect of a LYT1 null mutant of Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 2008;76(1):443-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwood JA3rd, Weatherly DB, Minning TA, et al. The Trypanosoma cruzi proteome. Science 2005;309(5733):473-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu D, Brandán CP, Basombrío MA, et al. Evaluation of high efficiency gene knockout strategies for Trypanosoma cruzi. BMC Microbiol 2009;9:90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canavaci AM, Bustamante JM, Padilla AM, et al. In vitro and in vivo high-throughput assays for the testing of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi compounds. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4(7):e740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz A, Coburn MC, Beverley MS. Double targeted gene replacement for creating null mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88(16):7170-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez brandán C, Basombrío AM. Genetically attenuated Trypanosoma cruzi parasites as a potential vaccination tool. Bioengineered 2012;3(4):240-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg CS, Martin LD, Tarleton LR. CD8+ T cells specific for immunodominant trans-sialidase epitopes contribute to control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection but are not required for resistance. J Immunol 2010;185(1):560-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labriola C, Cazzulo JJ, Parodi JA. Trypanosoma cruzi calreticulin is a lectin that binds monoglucosylated oligosaccharides but not protein moieties of glycoproteins. Mol Biol Cell 1999;10(5):1381-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira V, Valck C, Sánchez G, et al. The classical activation pathway of the human complement system is specifically inhibited by calreticulin from Trypanosomacruzi. J Immunol 2004;172:3042-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosoniuk E, Vallejos G, Kenawy H, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi calreticulin inhibits the complement lectin pathway activation by direct interaction with L-Ficolin. Mol Immunol 2014;60(1):80-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valck C, Ramírez G, López N, et al. Molecular mechanisms involved in the inactivation of the first component of human complement by Trypanosoma cruzi calreticulin. Mol Immunol 2010;47(7-8):1516-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira V, Molina MC, Valck C, et al. Role of calreticulin from parasites in its interaction with vertebrate hosts. Mol Immunol 2004;40(17):1279-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez G, Valck C, Molina MC, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi calreticulin: a novel virulence factor that binds complement C1 on the parasite surface and promotes infectivity. Immunobiology 2010;216:265-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragone PG, Pérez Brandán C, Padilla AM, et al. Biological behavior of different Trypanosoma cruzi isolates circulating in an endemic area for Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco region of Argentina. Acta Trop 2012;123(3):196-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Valdez FJ, Pérez Brandán C, Ramírez G, et al. A monoallelic deletion of the TcCRT gene increases the attenuation of a cultured Trypanosoma cruzi strain, protecting against an in vivo virulent challenge. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8(2):e2696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pena-Diaz J, Montalvetti A, Flores CL, et al. Mitochondrial localization of the mevalonate pathway enzyme 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase in the Trypanosomatidae. Mol Biol Cell 2004;15(3):1356-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastos CJ, Aras R, Mota G, et al. Clinical outcomes of thirteen patients with acute Chagas disease acquired through oral transmission from two urban outbreaks in northeastern Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4(6):e711
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobrega AA, Garcia MH, Tatto E, et al. Oral transmission of Chagas disease by consumption of acai palm fruit, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15(4):653-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehn CC, Oliveira LG, Miranda MA, et al. Distinctive histopathology and modulation of cytokine production during oral and intraperitoneal Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain infection. Parasitology 2014;141(7):904-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson HL, Amara RR. T cell vaccines for microbial infections. Nat Med 2005;11(4 Suppl):S25-32
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuola JM, Keating S, Webster DP, et al. Differential immunogenicity of various heterologous prime-boost vaccine regimens using DNA and viral vectors in healthy volunteers. J Immunol 2005;174(1):449-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basombrio MA, Arredes HR, Rossi R, et al. Histopathological and parasitological evidence of immunization of mice against challenge with 17 wild isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Parasitol 1986;16(4):375-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz AK, Titus R, Beverley MS. Plasticity in chromosome number and testing of essential genes in Leishmania by targeting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90(4):1599-603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Calvillo S, Stuart K, Myler JP. Ploidy changes associated with disruption of two adjacent genes on Leishmania major chromosome 1. Int J Parasitol 2005;35(4):419-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee A, Langston DL, Ouellette M. Intrachromosomal tandem duplication and repeat expansion during attempts to inactivate the subtelomeric essential gene GSH1 in Leishmania. Nucleic Acids Res 2011;39(17):7499-511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JE, Gurtler ER. Modeling household transmission of American trypanosomiasis. Science 2001;293(5530):694-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estrada-Franco JG, Bhatia V, Diaz-Albiter H, et al. Human Trypanosoma cruzi infection and seropositivity in dogs, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12(4):624-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurtler RE, Cecere MC, Lauricella MA, et al. Domestic dogs and cats as sources of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina. Parasitology 2007;134(Pt 1):69-82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meeusen EN, Walker J, Peters A, et al. Current status of veterinary vaccines. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20(3):489-510. table of contents
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan R, Dey R, Tomioka K, et al. Biomarkers of attenuation in the leishmania donovani centrin gene deleted cell line-requirements for safety in a live vaccine candidate. Open Parasitol J 2009;3:14-23
   Google Scholar
• Davoudi N, Tate CA, Warburton C, et al. Development of a recombinant Leishmania major strain sensitive to ganciclovir and 5-fluorocytosine for use as a live vaccine challenge in clinical trials. Vaccine 2005;23(9):1170-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davoudi N, Khamesipour A, Mahboudi F, et al. A dual drug sensitive L. major induces protection without lesion in C57BL/6 mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8(5):e2785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouvier LA, Cámara Mde L, Canepa GE, et al. Plasmid vectors and molecular building blocks for the development of genetic manipulation tools for Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS One 2013;8(10):e80217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curto Mde L, Lorenzi HA, Moraes Barros RR, et al. Cloning and expression of transgenes using linear vectors in Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Parasitol 2014;44(7):447-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu PD, Lander SE, Zhang F. Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell 2014;157(6):1262-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar