References
- Wakefield AJ, Murch S, Anthony A et al. Heal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, nonspecific colitis and regressive developmental disorder in children. Lancet 351, 637–641 (1998).
- ••The initial report that suggested thehypothesis that MMR vaccine may cause autism.
- Immunization &fly Review: measles—mumps—rubella Vaccine and Autism. Stratton K, Gable A, McCormick M (Eds.), National Academy Press, DC, USA (2001).
- ••Report by the IOM which provides athorough background on the hypothesis, evidence for the proposed biological mechanisms, and results of early studies.
- Halsey NA, Hyman SL, the Conference Writing Panel. Measles—mumps—rubella vaccine and autistic spectrum disorder: report from the New Challenges in Childhood Immunization Conference convened in Oak Brook, Illinois June 12–13, 2000. Pediatrics 107 (2001). www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ful1/107/5/ e84.
- ••A comprehensive review of the biological evidence and early epidemiological studies.
- Medical Research Council. MRC review of autism research: epidemiology and causes. MRC (2001). Available from: www.mrc.ac.uk/pdf-autism-report.pdf.
- Wilson K, Mills E, Ross C, McGowan J, Jadad A. Association of autistic spectrum disorder and the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: a systematic review of current epidemiological evidence. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 157,628-634 (2003).
- Coffin SE. MMR and autism: moving from controversy toward consensus. Expert Rev. Vaccines 1, 145–150 (2002).
- Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps and rubella vaccination and autism. N Engl. J. Med. 347, 1477–1482 (2002).
- ••A large cohort study conducted inDenmark that provides the most convincing epidemiological evidence that MMR vaccine does not increase the risk of autism.
- DeStefano F, Karapurkar T, Thompson WW et al. Age at first measles—mumps—rubella vaccination in children with autism and school-matched controls: a population-based study in metropolitan Atlanta. Pediatrics (2004) (In Press).
- ••Large population-based US study thatfound that ages at first MMR vaccination of children with autism were similar to school-matched controls. No increased risk associated with MMR vaccination at a younger age was found for subtypes of autism, including autistic regression.
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- Wakefield AJ, Montgomery SM. Measles—mumps—rubella vaccine: through a glass darkly. Adverse Drug Res. 19,1–19 (2000).
- Offit PA, Quarles J, Gerber MA et al Addressing parents' concerns: do multiple vaccines overwhelm or weaken the infant's immune system? Pediatrics 109(1), 124–129 (2002).
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- Pless RP Recent differing expert opinions regarding the safety profile of hepatitis B vaccines: is there really a difference? Expert Opin. Drug Saf 2,451–455 (2003).
- Mann JR Questions about thimerosal remain. Exp. Biol. Med. 228, 991–992 (2003).
- Forsey T, Bentley ML, Minor PD, Begg N. Mumps vaccines and meningitis. Lancet 340,980 (1992).
- Kilroy AW, Schaffner W, Fleet WF Jr et al. Two syndromes following rubella immunization. Clinical observations and epidemiological studies. JANIA 214, 2287–2292 (1970).
- Wakefield AJ, Anthony A, Murch S et al. Enterocolitis in children with developmental disorders. Am. J. Gastroenterol 95,2285–2295 (2000).
- Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington CP et al Autism and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association. Lancet 353,2026–2029 (1999).
- •First population-based epidemiological study to provide evidence against the hypothesis that MMR vaccination increases the risk of developing autism.
- Farrington CP, Miller E, Taylor B. MMR and autism: further evidence against a causal association. Vaccine 19,3632–3635 (2001).
- Black C, Kay JA, Jick H. Relation of childhood gastrointestinal disorders to autism: nested case-control study using data from the UK General Practice Research Database. Br. Med J. 325,419-421 (2002).
- Murch S. Separating inflammation from speculation in autism. Lancet 362, 1498–1499 (2003).
- Fombonne E, Chakrabarti S. No evidence for a new variant of measles—mumps—rubella-induced autism. Pediatrics 108(4) (2001). www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ful1/108/4/ e58.
- •Long-term population study that found no evidence that autism cases with regression or with gastrointestinal disorders increased after the introduction of MMR vaccine.
- Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R et al. Measles—mumps—rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study. Br. Med. 324,393–396 (2002).
- •Study comparing characteristics of autism cases from time periods before and after the introduction of MMR vaccine; no difference was found in the proportion with regression or with gastrointestinal disturbances.
- Uhlmann V, Martin CM, Shells 0 et al. Potential viral pathogenic mechanism for new variant inflammatory bowel disease. Mot Pathol 55,84–90 (2002).
- ••Clinical pathology study which usedhighly sensitive laboratory methods to detect evidence of measles virus in gastrointestinal biopsy samples of children with regressive autism and gastrointestinal disorders.
- Morris A, Aldulaimi D. New evidence for a viral pathogenic mechanism for new variant inflammatory bowel disease and development disorder?' Clin. Pathol Mal Pathol 55 (2002).
- Fombonne E. A new syndrome requires essential clinical and developmental descriptive data. Mot Pathol (2002) http://mp.bmjjoumals.com/cgi/eletters/55/ 2/84.
- Korvatska E, Van de Water J, Anders TF, Gershwin ME Genetic and immunologic considerations in autism. Neurobial Dis. 9, 107–125 (2002).
- Singh VK, Jensen RL. Elevated levels of measles antibodies in children with autism. Pediatr. Neural 28, 292–294 (2003).
- Jansen VAA, Stollenwerk N, Jensen HJ et al. Measles outbreaks in a population with declining vaccine uptake. Science 301, 804 (2003).
- Hyman SL, Dimagiba L, Liptak G. Immunizations and autism: a survey of beliefs and practices. 1st International Meeting fir Autism Research CA, USA (2001).