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Miscellaneous

MMR vaccine and autism: an update of the scientific evidence

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Pages 19-22 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Wakefield AJ, Murch S, Anthony A et al. Heal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, nonspecific colitis and regressive developmental disorder in children. Lancet 351, 637–641 (1998).
  • ••The initial report that suggested thehypothesis that MMR vaccine may cause autism.
  • Immunization &fly Review: measles—mumps—rubella Vaccine and Autism. Stratton K, Gable A, McCormick M (Eds.), National Academy Press, DC, USA (2001).
  • ••Report by the IOM which provides athorough background on the hypothesis, evidence for the proposed biological mechanisms, and results of early studies.
  • Halsey NA, Hyman SL, the Conference Writing Panel. Measles—mumps—rubella vaccine and autistic spectrum disorder: report from the New Challenges in Childhood Immunization Conference convened in Oak Brook, Illinois June 12–13, 2000. Pediatrics 107 (2001). www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ful1/107/5/ e84.
  • ••A comprehensive review of the biological evidence and early epidemiological studies.
  • Medical Research Council. MRC review of autism research: epidemiology and causes. MRC (2001). Available from: www.mrc.ac.uk/pdf-autism-report.pdf.
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  • ••A large cohort study conducted inDenmark that provides the most convincing epidemiological evidence that MMR vaccine does not increase the risk of autism.
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  • ••Large population-based US study thatfound that ages at first MMR vaccination of children with autism were similar to school-matched controls. No increased risk associated with MMR vaccination at a younger age was found for subtypes of autism, including autistic regression.
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  • Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington CP et al Autism and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association. Lancet 353,2026–2029 (1999).
  • •First population-based epidemiological study to provide evidence against the hypothesis that MMR vaccination increases the risk of developing autism.
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  • •Long-term population study that found no evidence that autism cases with regression or with gastrointestinal disorders increased after the introduction of MMR vaccine.
  • Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R et al. Measles—mumps—rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study. Br. Med. 324,393–396 (2002).
  • •Study comparing characteristics of autism cases from time periods before and after the introduction of MMR vaccine; no difference was found in the proportion with regression or with gastrointestinal disturbances.
  • Uhlmann V, Martin CM, Shells 0 et al. Potential viral pathogenic mechanism for new variant inflammatory bowel disease. Mot Pathol 55,84–90 (2002).
  • ••Clinical pathology study which usedhighly sensitive laboratory methods to detect evidence of measles virus in gastrointestinal biopsy samples of children with regressive autism and gastrointestinal disorders.
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  • Hyman SL, Dimagiba L, Liptak G. Immunizations and autism: a survey of beliefs and practices. 1st International Meeting fir Autism Research CA, USA (2001).

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