Prevention of hepatitis A by Havrix™: a review

References

• World Health Organization. Hepatitis A vaccines WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 75, 38–44 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen CJ, Ferson MJ. Notification of infectious diseases by general practitioners: a quantitative and qualitative study. Med. J. Aust. 172, 325–328 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roels TH, Christl M, Kazmierczak JJ et al. Hepatitis A infections in Wisconsin: trends in incidence and factors affecting surveillance, 1986–1995. WMJ 97, 32–38 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hadler SC. Global impact of hepatitis A virus infection; changing patterns. In: Viral Hepatitis and Liver Diseases. Hollinger FB, Lemon SM, Margolis HS (Eds). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, USA, 14–20 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Koff RS. Hepatitis A. Lancet 351, 1643–1648 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berge JJ, Drennan DP, Jacobs RJ et al. The cost of hepatitis A infections in American adolescents and adults in 1997. Hepatology 31, 469–473 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Damme P, Bell B. Meeting report. Hepatitis A: how to match prevention strategies to changing epidemiology. Vaccine 19, 999–1002 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm. Rep. 48(RR-12) 1–37 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis Surveillance Report No. 57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Bell BP, Shapiro CN, Alter MJ et al. The diverse patterns of hepatitis A epidemiology in the United States – implications for vaccination strategies. J. Infect. Dis. 178, 1579–1584 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Grady JG. Fulminant hepatitis in patients with chronic liver disease. J. Viral. Hepat. 7(Suppl. 1), 9–10 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Debray D, Cullufi P, Devictor D, Fabre M, Bernard O. Liver failure in children with hepatitis A. Hepatology 26, 1018–1022 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciocca M. Clinical course and consequences of hepatitis A infection. Vaccine 18, S71-S74 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lednar WM, Lemon SM, Kirkpatrick JW, Redfield RR, Fields ML, Kelley PW. Frequency of illness associated with epidemic hepatitis A virus infections in adults. Am. J. Epidemiol. 122, 226–33 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadler SC, Webster HM, Erben JJ, Swanson JE, Maynard JE. Hepatitis A in daycare centers: a community-wide assessment. N. Engl. J. Med. 302, 1222–1227 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith S, Weber S, Wiblin T, Nettleman M. Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccination in healthcare workers. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 18, 688–691 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banatvala J. Epidemiology of hepatitis A (HAV) in Europe and its relationship to immunisation. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on enterically-transmitted hepatitis viruses. Buisson Y, Coursaget P, Kane M (Eds). La Simarre, Tours, France, 72–77 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen KH, Koopman JS. Declining hepatitis A seroprevalence: a global review and analysis. Epidemiol. Infect. 132(6), 1005–1022 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barzaga NG. Hepatitis A shifting epidemiology in South-East Asia and China. Vaccine 18, S61-S64 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poovorawan Y, Chatchatee P, Chongsrisawat V. Epidemiology and prophylaxis of viral hepatitis: a global perspective. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17(Suppl.) S155-S166 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Chatchatee P, Chongsrisawat V, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Declining hepatitis A seroprevalence among medical students in Bangkok, Thailand, 1981–2001. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 20(1), 53–56 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joussemet M, Depaquit J, Nicand E et al. Fall in the seroprevalence of hepatitis A in French youth. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 23(4), 447–451 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frösner GG, Papaevangelou G, Butler R et al. Antibody against hepatitis A in seven European countries. I. Comparison of prevalence data in different age groups. Am. J. Epidemiol. 110, 63–69 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilzey A, Banatvala JE. Hepatitis A: changing prevalence and possible vaccines. Br. Med. J. 302, 1551–1552 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rooney CF, Rodrigues L. Hepatitis A immunization. Br. Med. J. 303, 414 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loscher T, Keystone JS, Steffen R. Vaccination of travellers against hepatitis A and B. J. Travel Med. 6(2), 107–114 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros H, Oliveira F, Miranda H. A survey on hepatitis A in Portuguese children and adolescents. J. Viral. Hepat. 6, 249–253 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stroffolini T, D’Amelio R, Matricardi PM et al. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis A in Italy. Ital. J. Gastroenterol. 25, 372–374 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zanetti AR, Romano L, Tanzi E et al. Decline in antiHAV prevalence in the Milan area between 1958 and 1992. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 25, 633–635 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Beutels M, Van Damme P, Vranckx R, Meheus A. The shift in prevalence of hepatitis A immunity in Flanders, Belgium. Acta Gastroenterol. Belg. 61, 4–7 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polz-Dacewicz MA, Polickiewicz P, Badach Z. Changing epidemiology of hepatitis A virus infection - a comparative study in central eastern Poland. Med. Sci. Monit. 6, 989–993 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beran J, Douda P, Rychly R. Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis A in the Czech Republic. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 15, 805–808 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das K, Jain A, Gupta S et al. The changing epidemiological pattern of hepatitis A in an urban population of India : emergence of a trend similar to the European countries. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 16, 507–510 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yap I, Guan R. Hepatitis A seroepidemiology in Singapore: a changing pattern. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 87, 22–23 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalayanarooj S, Vaughn DW, Snitbhan R, Ariyasriwatana C. Age-specific prevalence of hepatitis A antibody in Thai children. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 26, 709–711 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poovorawan Y, Vimolkej T, Chongsrisawat V, Theamboonlers A, Chumdermpadetsuk S. The declining pattern of seroepidemiology of hepatitis A virus infection among adolescents in Bangkok, Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 28, 154–157 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sohn YM, Rho HO, Park MS et al. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis A in children and the consideration of active immunization in Korea. Yonsei Med. J. 41, 34–39 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Herck K, Zuckerman J, Castelli F, Van Damme P, Walker E, Steffen R. Travellers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on prevention of infectious diseases: Results from a pilot study. J. Travel Med. 10, 75–78 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Herck K, Castelli F, Zuckerman J et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding travel-related infectious diseases: methodology and results from an airport survey in Europe. J. Travel Med. 11, 3–8 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toovey S, Jamieson A, Holloway M. Travellers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on the prevention of infectious diseases: Results from a study at Johannesburg International Airport. J. Travel Med. 11, 16–22 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder-Smith A, Khairullah NS, Song JH, Chen CY, Torresi J. Travel health knowledge, attitudes and practices among Australasian travellers. J. Travel Med. 11, 9–15 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutin YJ, Pool V, Cramer EH, Nainan OV, Weth J, Williams IT. A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 595–602 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nalin DR, Kuter BJ, Brown L et al. Worldwide experience with the CR326F-derived inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine in pediatric and adult populations: an overview. J. Hepatol. 18(Suppl. 2), S51-S55 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loutan L, Bovier P, Althaus B, Gluck R. Inactivated virosome hepatitis A vaccine. Lancet 343, 322–334 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidor E, Fritzell B and Plotkin S. Clinical development of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Infection 24, 447–458 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagan R, Greenberg D, Goldenbertg-Gehtman P et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a new formulation of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Vaccine 17, 1919–1925 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Damme P, Van Herck K. Effect of hepatitis A vaccination programs. JAMA 294(2), 246–248 (2005)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innis BL, Snitbhan R, Kunasol P et al. Protection against hepatitis A by an inactivated vaccine. JAMA 271, 1328–1334 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werzberger A, Mensch B, Kuter B et al. A controlled trial of a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children. N. Engl. J. Med. 327(7), 453–457 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Ambrosch F, Wiedermann G, Jonas S et al. Immunogenicity and protectivity of a new liposomal hepatitis A vaccine. Vaccine 15(11), 1209–1213 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamir C, Rishpon S, Zamir D, Leventhal A, Rimon N, Ben-Porath E. Control of a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A by mass vaccination with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 20, 185–187 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stapleton JT, Lemon SM. New vaccines against hepatitis. In: New Generation Vaccines. Levine MM, Woodrow GC, Kaper JB, Cobon GS (Eds), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, USA 571–585 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• André F, Van Damme P, Safary A, Banatvala J. Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: immunogenicity, efficacy, safety and review of official recommendations for use. Expert Rev. Vaccines 1(1), 9–23 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Damme P, Banatvala J, Fay O et al. Consensus Statement: Hepatitis A booster vaccination: is there a need? Lancet 362, 1065–1071 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MJ. Summary of current nomenclature, taxonomy and classification of various microbial agents. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16, 597–615 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Peetermans J. Production quality control and characterization of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Vaccine 10(1), S99-S101 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• André FE, D’Hondt E, Delem A, Safary A. Clinical assessment of the safety and efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: Rationale and summary of findings. Vaccine 10(1), S160-S169 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollinger FB, André FE, Melnick J, (Eds). Proceedings of International Symposium on active immunization against hepatitis A. Vaccine 1, S1-S176 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Connor BA, Van Herck K, Van Damme P. Rapid protection and vaccination against Hepatitis A for travellers. Biodrugs 17(Suppl. 1), 19–21 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bryan JP, Henry CH, Hoffman AG et al. Randomized, cross-over, controlled comparison of two inactivated hepatitis A vaccines. Vaccine 19, 743–750 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Clemens R, Safary A, Hepburn A, Roche C, Stanbury W, Andre F. Clinical experience with an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 171(Suppl. 1), S44-S49 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braconier JH, Wennerholm S, Norrby SR. Comparative immunogenicity and tolerance of Vaqta™ and Havrix™. Vaccine 17, 2181–2184 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashur Y, Adler R, Rowe M, Shouval D. Comparison of immunogenicity of two hepatitis A vaccines - VAQTA® and HAVRIX® - in young adults. Vaccine 17, 2290–2296 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzer BR, Hatz C, Smith T, Sissolak D, Gluck R, Egger M. Immunogenicity and risk effects of IRIV versus Al(OH3) hepatitis A vaccine: a randomised controlled trial. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 125(Suppl. 63), 109 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Holzer BR, Hatz C, Schmidt-Sissolak D, Gluck R, Althams B, Egger M. Immunogenicity and adverse effects of inactivated virosome versus alum-absorbed hepatitis A vaccine: a randomised controlled trial. Vaccine 14(10), 982–986 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosch F, Finkel B, Herzog C, Koren A, Kollaritsch H. Rapid antibody response after vaccination with a virosomal hepatitis A vaccine. Infection 32, 149–152 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usonis V, Bakasénas V, Valentelis R, Katiliene G, Vidzeniene D, Herzog C. Antibody titres after primary and booster vaccination of infants and young children with a virosomal hepatitis A vaccine (Epaxal®). Vaccine 21, 4588–4592 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry P, Tremblay S, Darioli R et al. Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine booster given ≥24 months after the primary dose. Vaccine 19, 399–402 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Iwarson S, Lindh M, Widerstrom L. Excellent booster response 4–6 y after a single primary dose of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 34(2), 110–111 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwarson S, Lindh M, Widerstrom L. Excellent booster response 4 to 8 years after a single primary dose of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. J. Travel Med. 11, 120–121 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JL, Bruden DA, Cagle HH et al. Hepatitis A vaccine: immunogenicity following administration of a delayed immunization schedule in infants, children and adults. Vaccine 21, 3208–3211 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beck BR, Hatz C, Bronnimann R, Herzog C. Successful booster antibody response up to 54 months after single primary vaccination with virosome- formulated, aluminum-free hepatitis A vaccine. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37(9), e126-e128. (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil A, Gonzalez A, Dal-Re R, Calero JR. Interference assessment of yellow fever vaccine with the immune response to a single dose of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (1440 El.U). A controlled study in adults. Vaccine 14, 1028–1030 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Hoecke C, Lebacq E, Beran J, Prymula R, Collard F. Concomitant vaccination against hepatitis A and typhoid fever. J. Travel Med. 5, 116–120 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bock HL, Kruppenbacher JP, Bienzle U, De Clercq NA, Hofmann F, Clemens RL. Does the concurrent administration of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine influence the immune response to other travellers vaccines? J. Travel Med. 7, 74–78 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thoelen S, Van Damme P, Leentvaar-Kuijpers A et al. The first combined vaccine against hepatitis A and B: an overview. Vaccine 17, 1657–1662 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joines RW, Blatter M, Abraham B et al. A prospective, randomised, comparative US trial of a combination hepatitis A and B vaccine (Twinrix®) with corresponding monovalent vaccines (Havrix® and Engerix-B®) in adults. Vaccine 19, 4710–4719 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai I-J, Chang M-W, Chen H-L et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in young adults. Vaccine 19(4–5), 437–441 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beran J, Beutels M, Levie K et al. A single dose, combined vaccine against typhoid fever and hepatitis A: consistency, immunogenicity and reactogenicity. J. Travel Med. 7(5), 246–52 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burke DS and Nimmanniya S. Passively acquired antibody to hepatitis A virus in Thai infants. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 11, 415–6 (1980).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vargas V, Pedreira JD, Esteban R, Hernandez JM, Guardia J, Bacardi R. Materno-fetal transmission of hepatitis A antibody. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 69, 533 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troisi CL, Hollinger FB, Krause DS, Pickering LK. Immunization of seronegative infants with hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix™, SKB): a comparative study of two dosing schedules. Vaccine 15, 1613–1617 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazza M, Safary A, Vegnente A. Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in infants: a candidate for inclusion in the childhood vaccination programme. Vaccine 17, 585–588 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanra G, Yalcin SS, Ceyhan M, Yurdakok K. Clinical trial to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of inactivated hepatitis A vaccination starting at 2-month-old children. Turk. J. Pediatr. 42, 105–108 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagan R, Amir J, Mijalovsky A et al. Immunization against hepatitis A in the first year of life: priming despite the presence of maternal antibody. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 19, 1045–1052 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letson GW, Craig NS, Kuehn D et al. Effect of maternal antibody on immunogenicity of hepatitis a vaccine in infants. J. Pediatr. 144, 327–332 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briem H, Safary A. Immunogenicity and safety in adults of hepatitis A virus vaccine administered as a single dose with a booster 6 months later. J. Med. Virol. 44, 443–445 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paganelli R, Scala E, Quinti I, Ansotegui IJ. Humoral immunity in aging. Aging (Milano) 6, 143–150 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoffel M, Lievens M, Dieussaert I, Martin I, Andre F. Immunogenicity of Twinrix in older adults: a critical analysis. Expert Rev. Vaccines 2, 9–14 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nothdurft HD. Letter to the editor. Vaccine 22, 592–593 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolters B, Junge U, Dziuba S, Roggendorf M. Immunogenicity of combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in elderly persons. Vaccine 21, 3623–3628 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Damme P, Van Herck K, Van der Wielen M. Combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in elderly. Vaccine 22, 303–304 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riedemann S, Reinhardt G, Frosner GG et al. Placebo-controlled efficacy study of hepatitis A vaccine in Valdivia, Chile. Vaccine 10(Suppl. 1), S152-S155 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Van Herck K, Van Damme P. Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine-induced antibodies: follow-up and estimates of long-term persistence. J. Med. Virol. 63(1), 1–7 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werzberger A, Kuter B, Nalin D. Six years’ follow-up after hepatitis A vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 1160 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, Sydney, 2003. Jilbert AR, Grgacic EVL, Vickery K, Cossart YE (Eds). The Australian Centre for Hepatitis Virology, Melbourne, Australia (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Van Herck K, Van Damme P, Dieussaert I, Stoffel M. Antibody persistence 10 years after immunisation with a two-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. 11th International Congress on Infectious Diseases. Poster 64.012:S225, Cancun, Mexico, 4–7 March 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Van Herck K, Beutels P, Van Damme P et al. Mathematical models for assessment of long-term persistence of antibodies after vaccination with two inactivated hepatitis A vaccines. J. Med. Virol. 60, 1–7 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovier PA, Bock J, Loutan L et al. Long-term immunogenicity of an inactivated virosome hepatitis A vaccine. J. Med. Virol. 68, 489–493 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Herck K, Renard D, Molenberghs G, Van Damme P. Model-based estimates of long-term persistence of vaccine-induced hepatitis A antibodies. 10th International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. International Medical Press, London, UK, 56–59 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Fan PC, Chang MH, Lee PI, Safary A, Lee CY. Follow-up immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine in healthy children: results after 5 years. Vaccine 16, 232–235 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiore AE, Shapiro CN, Sabin K et al. Persistence of protective antibody levels among children vaccinated during infancy with hepatitis A vaccine differs according to maternal antibody status. Antiviral Ther. 5(Suppl. 1), 9 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Van Herck K, Van Damme P, Lievens M, Stoffel M. Hepatitis A vaccine: indirect evidence of immune memory 12 years after the primary course. J. Med. Virol. 72, 194–196 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cederna JB, Klinzmann D, Stapleton JT. Hepatitis A virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses following immunization with a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Vaccine 18, 892–898 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Desombere I, Van Herck K, Van Damme P, Thoelen S, Collard F, Leroux-Roels G. Long-term persistence of cellular immunity towards hepatitis A vaccine (HAV) following HAV vaccination. Antiviral Ther. 5(Suppl. 1), 7 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purcell RH, Dhondt E, Bradbury R, Emerson SU, Govindarajan S, Binn L. Inactivated hepatitis-a vaccine – active and passive immunoprophylaxis in chimpanzees. Vaccine 10(Suppl. 1), S148-S151 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson BH, Dhondt EH, Spelbring J, Tian HW, Krawczynski K, Margolis HS. Effect of postexposure vaccination in a chimpanzee model of hepatitis-a virus-infection. J. Med. Virol. 43(3), 249–251 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaw FE, Sudman JH, Smith SM et al. A community-wide epidemic of hepatitis A in Ohio. Am. J. Epidemiol. 123, 1057–1065 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon BJ, Beller M, Williams J, Schloss M, Tanttila H, Bulkow L. A program to control an outbreak of hepatitis A in Alaska by using an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 150, 733–739 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prikazsky V, Olear V, Cernoch A, Safary A, André FE. Interruption of an outbreak of hepatitis A in two villages by vaccination. J. Med. Virol. 44, 457–459 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Syed NA, Hearing SD, Shaw IS et al. Outbreak of hepatitis A in the injecting drug user and homeless populations in Bristol: control by a targeted vaccination programme and possible parental transmission. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 901–906 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craig AS, Sockwell DC, Schaffner W et al. Use of hepatitis A vaccine in a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 531–535 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaic B, Borcic B, Ljubicic M, Brkic I, Mihaljevic I. A control in a refugee camp by active immunization. Vaccine 19, 3615–3619 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irwin DJ, Millership S. Control of a community hepatitis A outbreak using hepatitis A vaccine. Commun. Dis. Public Health 2(3), 184–187 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonanni P, Colombai R, Franchi G, Lo Nostro A, Comodo N, Tiscione E. Experience of hepatitis A vaccination during an outbreak in a nursery school of Tuscany, Italy. Epidemiol. Infect. 121(1), 377–380 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franco E, Giambi C, Ialacci R, Coppola RC, Zanetti AR. Risk groups for hepatitis A virus infection. Vaccine 21, 2224–2233 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen R, Kane MA, Shapiro CN, Billo N, Schoellhorn KJ, Van Damme P. Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis A in travellers. JAMA 272, 885–889 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannucci PM, Gdovin S, Gringeri A et al. Transmission of hepatitis A to patients with hemophilia by Factor VIII concentrates treated with organic solvent and detergent to inactivate viruses. Ann. Intern. Med. 120, 1–7 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chudy M, Budek I, Keller-Stanislawski B et al. A new cluster of hepatitis A infection in haemophiliacs traced to a contaminated plasma pool. J. Med. Virol. 57, 91–99 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health, Welsh Office, Scottish Office Department of Health, DHSS (Northern Ireland). Hepatitis A. In: Immunisation Against Infectious Disease. Salisbury DM, Begg NT (Eds). HMSO Publications Centre, London, UK, 85–94 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Villano SA, Nelson KE, Vlahov D, Purcell RH, Saah AJ, Thomas DL. Hepatitis A among homosexual men and injection drug users: more evidence for vaccination. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25, 726–728 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allard R, Beauchemin J, Bedard L, Dion R, Tremblay M, Carsley J. Hepatitis A vaccination during an outbreak among gay men in Montreal, Canada, 1995–1997. J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health 55, 252–256 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Communities. Council Directive 93/88/EEC of 12 October 1993 amending Directive 90/679/EEC on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work (seventh individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). Official Journal L268, 71–82 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Keeffe EB, Iwarson S, McMahon BJ et al. Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatology 27(3), 881–886 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsang SWC, Sung JJY. Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 13, 1445–1449 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Nebbia G, Giacchino R, Soncini R, Ramaccioni V, Timitilli A, Zanetti AR. Hepatitis A vaccination in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. J. Pediatr. 134, 784–785 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreira CT, da Sliveira TR, Vieira SM, Taniguchi A, Pereira-Lima J. Immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis A vaccine in children with chronic liver disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 37, 258–261 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss G, Keeffe EB. Review article: hepatitis vaccination in patients with chronic liver disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 19, 715–727 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almasio PL, Amoroso P. HAV infection in chronic liver disease: a rationale for vaccination. Vaccine 21, 2238–2241 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalonia, Spain introduces mass hepatitis A vaccination programme. Viral Hepatitis 8, 3–4 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Public health control of hepatitis A: Memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull. World Health Organ. 73(1), 15–20 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board. Hepatitis A: Disease and epidemiology. Hepatitis A update. Viral Hepatitis 6, 5–14 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Averhoff F, Shapiro CN, Bell BP et al. Control of hepatitis A through routine vaccination of children. JAMA 286, 2968–2973 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialek SR, Thoroughman DA, Hu D et al. Hepatitis A incidence and hepatitis A vaccination among American Indians and Alaska natives, 1990–2001. Am. J. Public Health 94(6), 996–1001 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Wasley A, Samandari T, Bell BP. Incidence of hepatitis A in the United States in the era of vaccination. JAMA 294(2), 194–201 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagan R, Leventhal A, Anis E, Slater P, Ashur Y, Shouval D. Incidence of hepatitis A in Israel following universal immunization of toddlers. JAMA 294(2), 202–210 (2005)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopalco PL, Salleras L, Barbuti S et al. Hepatitis A and B in children and adolescents - what can we learn from Puglia (Italy) and Catalonia (Spain)? Vaccine 19, 470–474 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Theamboonlers A, Jantaradsamee P, Chatchatee P et al. Molecular characterization of hepatitis-A-virus infections, in the context of two outbreaks in southern Thailand. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 96(7), 727–734 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinlaparatsamee S, Nuniem J, Kankao J et al. An outbreak of hepatitis A in school children at Nakhon Si Thammarat, southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 26(1), 104–108 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poonawagul U, Warintrawat S, Snitnhan R et al. Outbreak of hepatitis A in a college traced to contaminated water reservoir in cafeteria. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 26(4), 705–708 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kang J-H, Lee K-Y, Kim C-H, Sim D. Changing hepatitis A epidemiology and the need for vaccination in Korea. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 22(4), 237–242 (2004) .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jutavijittum P, Jiviriyawat Y, Jiviriyawat W et al. Present epidemiological pattern of antibody to hepatitis a virus among Chiang Mai children, Northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 33(2), 268–271 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poovorawan Y, Theamboonlers A, Sinlaparatsamee S et al. Increasing susceptibility to HAV among members of the young generation in Thailand. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 18(4), 249–253 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor J, Knudsen JD, Nielsen LP et al. Hepatitis A vaccine. A new convenient single-dose schedule with booster when long-term immunization is warranted. Vaccine 12(14), 1327–1329 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar