References
- Steffen R, Castelli F, Nothdurft HD, Rombo L, Zuckerman JN. Vaccination against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, a cause of travelers’ diarrhea. J. Travel Med.12, 102–107 (2005).
- De Bruyn G, Hahn S, Borwick A. Anibiotic treatment for travelers’ diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.3, CD002242 (2000).
- Kaper JB, Morris LG Jr, Levine MM. Cholera. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.8, 48–86 (1995).
- Clemens JD, Pinkelstein RA. Demonstration of shared and unique immunological determinants in enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun.22, 709–713 (1978).
- Moseley SL, Falkow S. Nucleotide sequence homology between the heat-labile enterotoxin gene of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Bacteriol.144, 444–446 (1980).
- Pierce NF. Protection against challenge with Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin by immunization of rats with cholera toxin/toxoid. Infect. Immun.18, 338–341 (1977).
- Wittlinger F, Steffen R, Watanabe H, Handszuh H. Risk of cholera among Western and Japanese travelers. J. Travel Med.2(3), 154–158 (1995).
- Steffen R, Acar J, Walker E et al. Cholera: assessing the risk to travelers and identifying methods of protection. Travel Med. Infect. Dis.1, 80–88 (2003).
- No authors listed. Cholera 2006. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec.82, 273–284 (2008).
- Sanchez JL, Taylor DN. Cholera. Lancet349, 1825–1830 (1997).
- Taylor DN, Rizzo J, Meza R, Perez J, Watts D. Cholera among Americans living in Peru. Clin. Infect. Dis.22, 1108–1109 (1996).
- Ryan ET, Calderwood SB. Cholera vaccines. J. Travel Med.2, 82–91 (1994).
- Cali G. The Italian Army Medical Corps in the United Nations “peace-keeping” operations: Somalia and Mozambique, December 1992–December 1994. Med. Trop. (Mars)56, 400–403 (1996).
- Haberberger RL, Mikhail IA, Burans JP et al. Travelers’ diarrhea among United States military personnel during joint American–Egyptian armed forces exercises in Cairo, Egypt. Mil. Med.156, 27–30 (1991).
- Orndorff GR, Lebron C. Epidemiology of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-associated diarrheal disease occurring on board U.S. Navy ships visiting Asian ports. Mil. Med.161, 475–478 (1996).
- Oyofo BA, Peruski LF, Ismailmt TF et al. Enteropathogens associated with diarrhea among military personnel during Operation Bright Star 96, in Alexandria, Egypt. Mil. Med.162, 396–400 (1996).
- Wolf MK, Taylor DN, Boedecker EC et al. Characteriziation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from U.S. troops deployed to the Middle East. J. Clin. Microbiol.31, 851–856 (1993).
- Taylor DN, Houston R, Shlim DR et al. Etiology of diarrhea among travelers and foreign residents in Nepal. JAMA260, 1245–1248 (1988).
- Gascon J, Vargas M, Quinto L et al. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains as a cause of travelers’ diarrhea: a case–control study. J. Infect. Dis.177, 1409–1412 (1998).
- Gorbach SL, Edelman R. Travelers’ diarrhea National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference. Rev. Infect. Dis.8(Suppl. 2), S109–S110 (1986).
- Schultz C, van den Ende J, Cobelens F et al. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and acute and persistent diarrhea in returned travelers. J. Clin. Microbiol.38, 3550–3554 (2000).
- Svenungsson B, Lagergren A, Ekwall E et al. Enteropathogens in adult patients with diarrhea and healthy control subjects: a 1-year prospective study in a Swedish clinic for infectious diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis.30, 770–778 (2000).
- Chapman PA, Mitchelmore DA. A two-year survey of the incidence of heat-labile enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and other enteric pathogens in travelers returning to the Sheffield area. Epidemiol. Infect.101, 239–247 (1988).
- Jertborn M, Svennerholm AM, Holmgren J. Safety and immunogenicity of an oral recombinant cholera B subunit–whole cell vaccine in Swedish volunteers. Vaccine10, 130–132 (1992).
- Sanchez JL, Trofa AF, Taylor DN et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the oral, whole cell/recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine in North American volunteers. J. Infect. Dis.167, 1446–1449 (1993).
- Clemens JD, Sack DA, Harris JR et al. Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: results from a three-year follow-up. Lancet14, 162–166 (1986).
- Sanchez JL, Vasquez B, Begue RE et al. Protective efficacy of oral whole-cell/recombinant–B-subunit cholera vaccine in Peruvian military recruits. Lancet344, 1273–1276 (1994).
- Lucas ME, Deen JL, von Seidlein L et al. Effectiveness of mass oral vaccination in Beira, Mozambique. N. Engl. J. Med.352, 757–767 (2005).
- Scerpella EG, Sanchez JL, Methewson JJ 3rd et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of the whole-cell/recombinant B subunit (WC/rBS) oral cholera vaccine against travelers’ diarrhea. J. Travel Med.2, 22–27 (1995).
- Clemens JD, Sack DA, Harris JR et al. Cross-protection by B subunit–whole cell cholera vaccine against diarrhea associated with heat-labile toxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: results of a large-scale field trial. J. Infect. Dis.158, 1285–1289 (1988).
- Peltola H, Siitonen A, Kyronseppa H et al. Prevention of travelers’ diarrhea by oral B-subunit/whole-cell cholera vaccine. Lancet338, 1285–1289 (1991).
- Lopez-Gigosos R, Garcia-Fortea P, Reina-Doña E, Plaza-Martin E. Effectiveness in prevention of travelers’ diarrhea by an oral cholera vaccine WC/rBS. Travel Med. Infect. Dis.5, 380–384 (2007).
- Hill DR, Ford L, Lalloo DG. Oral cholera vaccines: use in clinical practice. Lancet Infect. Dis.6, 361–373 (2006).
- Zuckerman JN, Rombo L, Fisch A. The true burden and risk of 8cholera: implications for prevention and control. Lancet Infect. Dis.7, 521–530 (2007).
- Parment PA. Cholera should be considered as a risk for travelers returning to industrialized countries. Travel Med. Infect. Dis.3, 161–163 (2005).
- Weinke T, Liebold I, Burchard GD et al. [Prophylactic immunization against enterotoxin-forming Escherichia coli travellers’ diarrhea and cholera: does it make sense and for whom?] Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr.131, 1660–1664 (2006).
- Sack DA, Shimko J, Torres O et al. Randomised, double-blind, safety and efficacy of a killed oral vaccine for enterotoxigenic E. coli diarrhea of travelers to Guatemala and Mexico. Vaccine25, 4392–4400 (2005).
- Toovey S. The vaccine really does work. Effectiveness of mass cholera vaccination in Beira, Mozambique. Travel Med. Infect. Dis.4, 298–299 (2006).
- Topps MH. Oral cholera vaccine – for whom, when, and why? Travel Med. Infect. Dis.4, 38–42 (2006).
- Longini IM Jr, Nizam A, Ali M et al. Controlling endemic cholera with oral vaccines. PLoS Med.4, E336 (2007).
- Ramon Torrell JM, Masuet Aumatell C, Morchon Ramos S et al. Prevention of travelers’ diarrhea among high risk travelers by Dukoral oral vaccination. Presented at: 10th Conference of the International Society of Travel Medicine. Vancouver, Canada, 20–24 May 2007.
Websites
- WHO. Future directions for research on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccines for developing countries. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/cholera/documents/en/index.html (Accessed: March 2008)