Attenuated influenza A viruses with modified cleavage sites in hemagglutinin as live vaccines

References

• Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol. Rev.56(1), 152–179 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poland GA, Tosh P, Jacobson RM. Requiring influenza vaccination for health care workers: seven truths we must accept. Vaccine23(17–18), 2251–2255 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maassab HF. Adaptation and growth characteristics of influenza virus at 25 degrees C. Nature213(76), 612–614 (1967).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin H, Lu B, Zhou H et al. Multiple amino acid residues confer temperature sensitivity to human influenza virus vaccine strains (FluMist) derived from cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60. Virology306(1), 18–24 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandrova GI, Budilovsky GN, Koval TA et al. Study of live recombinant cold-adapted influenza bivalent vaccine of type A for use in children: an epidemiological control trial. Vaccine4(2), 114–118 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghendon YZ, Markushin SG, Akopova II et al. Development of cell culture (MDCK) live cold-adapted (CA) attenuated influenza vaccine. Vaccine23(38), 4678–4684 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin H, Manetz S, Leininger J et al. Toxicological evaluation of live attenuated, cold-adapted H5N1 vaccines in ferrets. Vaccine25(52), 8664–8672 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suguitan AL Jr, McAuliffe J, Mills KL et al. Live, attenuated influenza A H5N1 candidate vaccines provide broad cross-protection in mice and ferrets. PLoS Med.3(9), 1541–1555 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Sastre A, Biron CA. Type 1 interferons and the virus–host relationship: a lesson in detente. Science312(5775), 879–882 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Sastre A. Identification and characterization of viral antagonists of type I interferon in negative-strand RNA viruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.283, 249–280 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Kochs G, Garcia-Sastre A, Martinez-Sobrido L. Multiple anti-interferon actions of the influenza A virus NS1 protein. J. Virol.81(13), 7011–7021 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talon J, Salvatore M, O’Neill RE et al. Influenza A and B viruses expressing altered NS1 proteins: a vaccine approach. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA97(8), 4309–4314 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richt JA, Lekcharoensuk P, Lager KM et al. Vaccination of pigs against swine influenza viruses by using an NS1-truncated modified live-virus vaccine. J. Virol.80(22), 11009–11018 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quinlivan M, Zamarin D, Garcia-Sastre A et al. Attenuation of equine influenza viruses through truncations of the NS1 protein. J. Virol.79(13), 8431–8439 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubareva LV, Nedyalkova MS, Novikov DV et al. A release-competent influenza A virus mutant lacking the coding capacity for the neuraminidase active site. J. Gen. Virol.83(Pt 11), 2683–2692 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Watanabe S, Kim JH, Hatta M, Kawaoka Y. Novel approach to the development of effective H5N1 influenza A virus vaccines: use of M2 cytoplasmic tail mutants. J. Virol.82(5), 2486–2492 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton KA, Misplon JA, Lo CY et al. Heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus in mice lacking IgA, all Ig, NKT cells, or gamma delta T cells. J. Immunol.166(12), 7437–7445 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein SL, Lo CY, Misplon JA et al. Mechanisms of heterosubtypic immunity to lethal influenza A virus infection in fully immunocompetent, T cell-depleted, β2-microglobulin-deficient, and J chain-deficient mice. J. Immunol.158(3), 1222–1230 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen HH, van Ginkel FW, Vu HL, McGhee JR, Mestecky J. Heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus infection requires B cells but not CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Infect. Dis.183(3), 368–376 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powell TJ, Strutt T, Reome J et al. Priming with cold-adapted influenza A does not prevent infection but elicits long-lived protection against supralethal challenge with heterosubtypic virus. J. Immunol.178(2), 1030–1038 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui HH, Peters B, Assarsson E, Mbawuike I, Sette A. Ab and T cell epitopes of influenza A virus, knowledge and opportunities. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(1), 246–251 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein SL. Prior H1N1 influenza infection and susceptibility of Cleveland Family Study participants during the H2N2 pandemic of 1957: an experiment of nature. J. Infect. Dis.193(1), 49–53 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White JM, Matlin K, Helenius A. Cell fusion by Semliki Forest, influenza, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. J. Cell Biol.89(3), 674–679 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stieneke-Grober A, Vey M, Angliker H et al. Influenza virus hemagglutinin with multibasic cleavage site is activated by furin, a subtilisin-like endoprotease. EMBO J.11(7), 2407–2414 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarowitz SG, Choppin PW. Enhancement of the infectivity of influenza A and B viruses by proteolytic cleavage of the hemagglutinin polypeptide. Virology68(2), 440–454 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klenk HD, Garten W. Host cell proteases controlling virus pathogenicity. Trends Microbiol.2(2), 39–43 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klenk HD, Rott R, Orlich M, Blodorn J. Activation of influenza A viruses by trypsin treatment. Virology68(2), 426–439 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann E, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y, Hobom G, Webster RG. A DNA transfection system for generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA97(11), 6108–6113 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann G, Watanabe T, Ito H et al. Generation of influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA96(16), 9345–9350 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodor E, Devenish L, Engelhardt OG et al. Rescue of influenza A virus from recombinant DNA. J. Virol.73(11), 9679–9682 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotoh B, Ogasawara T, Toyoda T et al. An endoprotease homologous to the blood clotting factor X as a determinant of viral tropism in chick embryo. EMBO J.9(12), 4189–4195 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel G, Dauber B, Wolff T et al. The viral polymerase mediates adaptation of an avian influenza virus to a mammalian host. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102(51), 18590–18595 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheiblauer H, Kendal AP, Rott R. Pathogenicity of influenza A/Seal/Mass/1/80 virus mutants for mammalian species. Arch. Virol.140(2), 341–348 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Stech J, Garn H, Wegmann M, Wagner R, Klenk HD. A new approach to an influenza live vaccine: modification of the cleavage site of hemagglutinin. Nat. Med.11(6), 683–689 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel G, Garn H, Wegmann M et al. The potential of a protease activation mutant of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for a pandemic live vaccine. Vaccine26(7), 956–965 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar