Evaluation of ischemic heart disease with cardiac magnetic resonance and computed tomography

References

• American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics — 2003 update. Am. Heart Assoc. (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corti R, Fuster V. New understanding, diagnosis and prognosis of atherothrombosis and the role of imaging. Am. J. Cardiol 91(3, Suppl. 1), 17–26 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allman KC, Shawk J, Hachamovitch R, Udelson JE. Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cordial. 39(7), 1151–1158 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). J. Am. ColL CardioL 33(7), 2092–2197 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT et al ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). J. Am. Coll. CardioL 40(8), 1531-1540(2002).
   Google Scholar
• Budoff MJ, Achenbach S, Duerinckx A. Clinical utility of computed tomography and magnetic resonance techniques for noninvasive coronary angiography. J. Am. Coll CardioL 42(11), 1867–1878 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Excellent updated review of the current status of noninvasive coronary angiography techniques.
   Google Scholar
• Box JJ, Poldermans D, Elhendy A, Boersma E, Rahimtoola SH. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive accuracies of various noninvasive techniques for detecting hibernating myocardium. Curr ProbL CardioL 26(2), 141–186 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Lu B, Mao SS, Zhuang N et al Coronary artery motion during the cardiac cycle and optimal ECG triggering for coronary artery imaging. Invest. RadioL 36(5), 250–256 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flohr T, Kuttner A, Bruder H et al. Performance evaluation of a multi-slice CT system with 16-slice detector and increased gantry rotation speed for isotropic submillimeter imaging of the heart. Herz 28(1), 7–19 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder S, Kopp AF, Kuettner A et al Influence of heart rate on vessel visibility in noninvasive coronary angiography using new multislice computed tomography: experience in 94 patients. Clin. Imaging 26(2), 106–111 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliburton SS, Stillman AE, Flohr T et al. Do segmented reconstruction algorithms for cardiac multislice computed tomography improve image quality? Herz 28(1), 20–31 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobs TF, Becker CR, Ohnesorge B et al Multislice helical CT of the heart with retrospective ECG gating: reduction of radiation exposure by ECG-controlled tube current modulation. Eur. RadioL 12(5), 1081–1086 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Rourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF et al American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association expert consensus document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. J. Am. ColL CardioL 36(1), 326–340 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Consensus document that provides athorough and general understanding of the clinical significance of calcium detection and quantification.
   Google Scholar
• Wexler L, Brundage B, Crouse J et al Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods and clinical implications. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association Writing Group. Circulation 94(5), 1175–11792 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoff JA, Chonaka EV, Krainik AJ, Daviglus M, Rich S, Kondos GT. Age and gender distributions of coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography in 35,246 adults. Am. J. CardioL 87(12), 1335–1339 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callister TQ, Cooil B, Raya SP, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ, Raggi P Coronary artery disease: improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron-beam CT volumetric method. Radiology 208(3), 807–814 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumberger JA, Kaufman L. A rosetta stone for coronary calcium risk stratification: agatston, volume and mass scores in 11,490 individuals. Am. J. RoemgenoL 181(3), 743–748 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong C, Bae KT, Pilgram TK. Coronary artery calcium: accuracy and reproducibility of measurements with multidetector row CT-assessment of effects of different thresholds and quantification methods. Radiology 227(3), 795–801 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nallamothu BK, Saint S, Bielak LF et al Electron-beam computed tomography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med 161(6), 833–838 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamont DH, Budoff MJ, Shavelle DM, Shavelle R, Brundage BH, Hagar JM. Coronary calcium scanning adds incremental value to patients with positive stress tests. Am. Heart J. 143(5), 861–867 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondos GT, Hoff JA, Sevrukov A et al. Electron-beam tomography coronary artery calcium and cardiac events: a 37-month follow up of 5635 initially asymptomatic low- to intermediate-risk adults. Circulation 107(20), 2571–2576 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •In a large population of low- to intermediate-risk asymptomatic individuals, the authors demonstrate the negative prognostic implications of a positive calcium score, its incremental value over traditional risk factors and the increased risk with larger scores.
   Google Scholar
• Greenland P, Gaziano JM. Clinical practice. Selecting asymptomatic patients for coronary computed tomography or electrocardiographic exercise testing. N EngL J Med. 349(5), 465–473 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Malley PG, Taylor AJ, Jackson JL, Doherty TM, Detrano RC. Prognostic value of coronary electron-beam computed tomography for coronary heart disease events in asymptomatic populations. Am. J CardioL 85(8), 945–948 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayhs R, Zelinger A, Raggi P High coronary artery calcium scores pose anextremely elevated risk for hard events. J. Am. Coll CardioL 39(2), 225–230 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detrano RC, Wong ND, Doherty TM et al. Coronary calcium does not accurately predict near-term future coronary events in high-risk adults. Circulation 99(20), 2633–2638 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, Doherty TM, Detrano RC. Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. J. Am. Med Assoc. 291(2), 210–215 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgiou D, Budoff MJ, Kaufer E, Kennedy JM, Lu B, Brundage BH. Screening patients with chest pain in the emergency department using electron beam tomography: a follow up study. J. Am. Coll CardioL 38(1), 105–110 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callister TQ, Raggi P, Cooil B, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ. Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. N EngL J. Med 339(27), 1972–1978 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Fischbach R et al. Reproducibility of coronary calcium quantification in repeat examinations with retrospectively ECG-gated multisection spiral CT Eur RadioL 12(6), 1532–1540 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leber AW, Knez A, Becker C et al Noninvasive intravenous coronary angiography using electron beam tomography and multislice computed tomography. Heart 89(6), 633–639 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman K, Cademartiri F, Lemos PA, Raaijmakers R, Pattynama PM, de Feyter PJ. Reliable noninvasive coronary angiography with fast submillimeter multislice spiral computed tomography. Circulation 106(16), 2051–2054 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First clinical report of the diagnostic accuracy of the last generation of multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) equipment.
   Google Scholar
• Ropers D, Baum U, Pohle K et al Detection of coronary artery stenoses with thin-slice multidetector row spiral computed tomography and multiplanar reconstruction. Circulation 107(5), 664–666 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Second report comparing 16-slice MDCT and invasive coronary angiography.
   Google Scholar
• Ropers D, Ulzheimer S, Wenkel E et al Investigation of aortocoronary artery bypass grafts by multislice spiral computed tomography with electrocardiographic-gated image reconstruction. Am. J Cardiol. 88(7), 792–795 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achenbach S, Moshage W Ropers D, Nossen J, Bachmann K Noninvasive, three-dimensional visualization of coronary artery bypass grafts by electron beam tomography. Am. J. Cardid 79(7), 856–861 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leber AW, Knez A, Becker A et al Accuracy of multidetector spiral computed tomography in identifying and differentiating the composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaques: a comparative study with intracoronary ultrasound. J. Am. ColL Cardid 43(7), 1241–1247 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grude M, Juergens KU, Wichter T et al Evaluation of global left ventricular myocardial function with electrocardiogram-gated multidetector computed tomography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Invest. Radid 38(10), 653–661 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the Association of European Pediatric Cardiologists. The clinical role of magnetic resonance in cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 19(1), 19–39 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •General overview, clinical guidelines and task force of the accepted applications of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR).
   Google Scholar
• Bellenger NG, Burgess MI, Ray SG et al. Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance; are they interchangeable? Eur. Heart J. 21(16), 1387–1396 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grothues F, Smith GC, Moon JCC et al Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. Am. J Cardiol. 90(1), 29–34 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plein S, Bloomer TN, Ridgway JP, Jones TR, Bainbridge GJ, Sivananthan MU. Steady-state free precession magnetic resonance imaging of the heart: comparison with segmented k-space gradient-echo imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 14(3), 230–236 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwitter J, Nanz D, Kneifel S et al Assessment of myocardial perfusion in coronary artery disease by magnetic resonance: a comparison with positron emission tomography and coronary angiography. Circulation 103(18), 2230–2235 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Comparison between first-pass CMR and the gold standards of coronary artery disease (conventional angiography) and perfusion assessment (positron emission tomography [PET]) showing excellent diagnostic accuracy and the unique potential of CMR to selectively evaluate subendocardial perfusion.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Saadi N, Nagel E, Gross M et al Noninvasive detection of myocardial ischemia from perfusion reserve based on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 101(12), 1379–1383 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim T, Nekolla SG, Schreiber K et al Assessment of coronary flow reserve: comparison between contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. J Am. ColL Cardid 39(5), 864–870 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel E, Klein C, Paetsch I et al Magnetic resonance perfusion measurements for the noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease. Circulation 108(4), 432–437 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerosch-Herold M, Hu X, Murthy NS, Rickers C, Stillman AE. Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial contrast enhancement with MS-325 and its relation to myocardial blood flow and the perfusion reserve. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 18(5), 544–554 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panting JR, Gatehouse PD, Yang GZ et al Abnormal subendocardial perfusion in cardiac syndrome X detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. N EngL J Med. 346(25), 1948–1953 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu KC, Zerhouni EA, Judd RI\4 et al Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 97(8), 765–772 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundley WG, Hamilton CA, Thomas MS et al Utility of fast cine magnetic resonance imaging and display for the detection of myocardial ischemia in patients not well suited for second harmonic stress echocardiography. Circulation 100(16), 1697–1702 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel E, Lehmkuhl HB, Bocksch W et al Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation 99(6), 763–770 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Direct comparison in a large cohort of patients between dobutamine echocardiography and CMR, demonstrating the superior sensitivity and specificity of CMR for the detection of significant coronary stenoses.
   Google Scholar
• Kuijpers D, Ho KY, van Dijkman PR, Vliegenthart R, Oudkerk M. Dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the detection of myocardial ischemia with the use of myocardial tagging. Circulation 107(12), 1592–1597 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundley WG, Morgan TM, Neagle CM, Hamilton CA, Rerkpattanapipat P, Link KM. Magnetic resonance imaging determination of cardiac prognosis. Circulation 106(18), 2328–2333 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rerkpattanapipat P, Morgan TM, Neagle CM, Link KM, Hamilton CA, Hundley WG. Assessment of preoperative cardiac risk with magnetic resonance imaging. Am. J. Cardid 90(4), 416–419 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel E, Lorenz C, Baer F et al Stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance: consensus panel report. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 3(3), 267–281 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer FM, Theissen P, Schneider CA et al. Dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging predicts contractile recovery of chronically dysfunctional myocardium after successful revascularization. J. Am. Coll Cardid 31(5), 1040–1048 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunning MG, Anagnostopoulos C, Knight CJ et al Comparison of 201T1,99mTc-tetrofosmin and dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging for identifying hibernating myocardium. Circulation 98(18), 1869–1874 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer FM, Theissen P, Cmac J et al Head-to- head comparison of dobutamine-transesophageal echocardiography and dobutamine-magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of left ventricular functional recovery in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart J 21(12), 981–991 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer CM, Malkowski MJ, Mankad S, Theobald TM, Pakstis DL, Rogers WJ Jr. Magnetic resonance tagging and echocardiographic response to dobutamine and functional improvement after reperfused myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J 143(6), 1046–1051 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehwald WG, Fieno DS, Chen EL, Kim RJ, Judd RM. Myocardial magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent concentrations after reversible and irreversible ischemic injury. Circulation 105(2), 224–229 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lima JA, Judd RM. Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction. Circulation 94(12), 3318–3326 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fieno DS, Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lomasney JW, Klocke FJ, Judd RM. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of myocardium at risk distinction between reversible and irreversible injury throughout infarct healing. J. Am. Coll Cardiol 36(6), 1985–1991 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz-Menger J, Gross M, Messroghli D, Uhlich F, Dietz R, Friedrich MG. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance of acute myocardial infarction at a very early stage. J Am. Coll Cardiol 42(3), 513–518 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Holly TA et al Reproducibility of chronic infarct size measurement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 106(18), 2322–2327 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricciardi MJ, Wu E, Davidson CJ et al. Visualization of discrete microinfarction after percutaneous coronary intervention associated with mild creatine kinase-MB elevation. Circulation 103(23), 2780–2783 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner A, Mahrholdt H, Holly TA et al Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet 361(9355), 374–379 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Klein C, Nekolla SG, Bengel FM et al. Assessment of myocardial viability with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with positron emission tomography. Circulation 105(2), 162–167 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Direct comparison between contrast-enhanced CMR and PET for the assessment of viability that shows superior detection of subendocardial scarring by CMR.
   Google Scholar
• Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Parker M et al Relationship of contractile function to transmural extent of infarction in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll Cardiol 42(3), 505–512 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi KM, Kim RJ, Gubernikoff G, Vargas JD, Parker M, Judd RM. Transmural extent of acute myocardial infarction predicts long-term improvement in contractile function. Circulation 104(10), 1101–1107 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A et al The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 343(20), 1445–1453 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Elegant study demonstrating the potentialof the delayed-hyperenhancement phenomenon to detect hibernating myocardium and to predict functional recovery after revascularization.
   Google Scholar
• Schvartzman PR, Srichai MB, Grimm RA et al Nonstress delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging of the myocardium predicts improvement of function after revascularization for chronic ischemic heart disease with left ventricular dysfunction. Am. Heart J. 146(3), 535–541 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bello D, Shah DJ, Farah GM et al Gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance predicts reversible myocardial dysfunction and remodeling in patients with heart failure undergoing13-blocker therapy. Circulation 108(16), 1945–1953 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrohon JA, Moon JC, Prasad SK et al Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 108(1), 54–59 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim WY, Danias PG, Stuber M et al. Coronary magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of coronary stenoses. N Engl J. Med 345(26), 1863–1869 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Unique prospective multicenter trial comparing coronary magnetic resonance angiography with conventional angiography and showing the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of this noninvasive approach.
   Google Scholar
• Bunce NH, Lorenz CH, John AS, Lesser JR, Mohiaddin RH, Pennell DJ. Coronary artery bypass graft patency: assessment with true fast imaging with steady-state precession versus gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology 227(2), 440 446(2003).
   Google Scholar
• Manning WJ, Stuber M, Danias PG, Botnar RI\4, Yeon SB, Aepfelbacher FC. Coronary magnetic resonance imaging: current status. Curr. Probl Cardiol 27(7), 275–333 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayad ZA, Fuster V, Fallon JT et al. Noninvasive in vivo human coronary artery lumen and wall imaging using black-blood magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 102(5), 506–510 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Poon M, Fuster V, Fayad Z. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a 'one-stop-shop' evaluation of myocardial dysfunction. Curr. Opin. Cardiol 17(6), 663–670 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sensky PR, Jivan A, Hudson NM et al Coronary artery disease: combined stress MR imaging protocol-one-stop evaluation of myocardial perfusion and function. Radiology 215(2), 608–614 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plein S, Ridgway JP, Jones TR, Bloomer TN, Sivananthan MU. Coronary artery disease: assessment with a comprehensive MR imaging protocol — initial results. Radiology 225(1), 300–307 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauerma K, Niemi P, Hanninen H et al Multimodality MR imaging assessment of myocardial viability: combination of first-pass and late contrast enhancement to wall motion dynamics and comparison with FDG PET-initial experience. Radiology 217(3), 729–736 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwong RY, Schussheim AE, Rekhraj S et al Detecting acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 107(4), 531–537 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Combined first perfusion, function anddelayed hyperenhancement approach that illustrates the potential of CMR in the emergency department. CMR provided higher sensitivity than cardiac enzymes and electrocardiographic changes in the detection of acute coronary syndromes.
   Google Scholar
• Geleijnse ML, Fioretti PM, Roelandt JR. Methodology, feasibility, sakty and diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography. J. Am. Coll Cardiol 30(3), 595–606 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Principles of echocardiographic image acquisition and Doppler analysis. In: Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography 2nd Edition. Otto CM (Ed.), WB Saunders Co. PA, USA (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Faber U. Tomographic imaging: methods. In: Cardiac Nuclear Medicine 3rd Edition. Gerson MG (Ed.), McGraw-Hill, NY, USA (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Wackers FJT. Equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography. In: Cardiac Nuclear Medicine 3rd Edition. Gerson MG (Ed.), McGraw-Hill, NY, USA (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Schelbert HR. Positron emission tomography for the noninvasive study and quantification of blood flow and metabolism in human cardiac disease. In: Hurst's The Heart. Fuster V, Alexander RW , O'Rourke RA, Roberts R, King SB, Wellens H (Eds), McGraw-Hill, NY, USA (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Nuyts J, Mortelmans L, Van de Werf F et al Cardiac phantom measurement validating the methodology for a cardiac multi-centre trial with positron emission tomography. Eur. J Nucl Med. Mal Imaging 29(12), 1588–1593 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desjardins B, Kazerooni EA. ECG-gated cardiac CT Am. J. Roenigenol 182(4), 993–1010 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis JM, Pennell DJ. Treatment of claustrophobia for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: use and effectiveness of mild sedation. J Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 2(2), 139–141 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee VS, Resnick D, Bundy JM, Simonetti OP, Lee P Weinreb JC. Cardiac function: MR evaluation in one breath hold with real-time true fast imaging with steady-state precession. Radiology 222(3), 835–842 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashore TM, Bates ER, Berger PB et al American College of Cardiology/Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions clinical expert consensus document on cardiac catheterization laboratory standards 14: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on clinical expert consensus documents endorsed by the American Heart Association and the Diagnostic and Interventional Catheterization Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. J. Am. CoR Cardiol. 37(8), 2170-2214(2001).
   Google Scholar