Hypertensive heart disease: effects of lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive drug treatment

References

• Weber KT. Cardioreparation in hypertensive heart disease. Hypertension 38\(Pt 2), 588–591 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lorell BH, Carabello BA. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Pathogenesis, detection and prognosis. Circulation 102,470–479 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Simone G, Pasanisi F, ContaMo F. Link of nonhemodynamic factors to hemodinamic determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 38, 13–18 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post WS, Larson MG, Myers RH, GaMerisi M, Levy D. Heritability of left ventricular mass. The Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension 30,1025–1028 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunkert H, Brockel U, Hengstenberg C et al. Familial predisposition of left ventricular hypertrophy. J. Am. Coll. CardioL 33,1685–1691 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett DK, Hong Y, Bella JN et al. Sibling correlation of left ventricular mass and geometry in hypertensive African Americans and whites: the HyperGEN Study. Am. J. Hypertens. 14,1226–1230 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandi AM, Poletti L, Tettamanti F, Finardi G, Venco A. Left ventricular anatomy and function in normotensive young adults with hypertensive parents: study at rest and during handgrip. Am. J. Hypertens. 8, 154–159 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bella JN, Devereux RB, Roman MJ et al. Relations of left ventricular mass to fat-free and adipose body mass. The Strong Heart Study. Circulation 98,2538–2544 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber KT, Sun Y, Guarda E. Structural remodeling in hypertensive heart disease and the role of hormones. Hypertension 23, 869–877 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada K, Sugaya T, Murakami K, Yazaki Y, Komuro I. Angiotensin II type 1A receptor knockout mice display less left ventricular remodeling and improved survival after myocardial infarction. Circulation 100,2093–2099 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlaich MP, Schobel HP, Langenfeld MR, Hilgers K, Schmieder RE. Inadequate suppression of angiotensin II modulates left ventricular structure in humans. Clin. NephroL 49,153–159 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber KT, Sun Y, Guarda E et al. Myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease: an overview of potential regulatory mechanisms. Eur Heart J. 16(Suppl. C), 24–28 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diez J, Laviades C, Mayor G, Gil MJ, Monreal I. Increased serum concentrations of procollagen peptides in essential hypertension: relation to cardiac alterations. Circulation 91,1450–1456 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laviades C, Varo N, Fernandez J et al. Abnormalities of the extracellular degradation of collagen type I in essential hypertension. Circulation 98,535–540 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandi AM, Zanzi P, Fachinetti A et al. Insulin and diastolic dysfunction in lean and obese hypertensives. Genetic influence. Hypertension 34,1208–1214 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young M, Fullerton MJ, Dilley R, Funder J. Mineralocorticoids, hypertension and cardiac fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 93,2578–2583 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombes M, Alfaidy N, Eugene E, Lessana A, Farman N, Bonvalet JP. Prerequisite for cardiac aldosterone action: mineralocorticoid receptor and 11-hydroxysteroid deydrogenase in the human heart. Circulation 92,175–182 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brilla CG, Pick R, Tan LP, Janicki JS, Weber KT Remodeling of the rat right and left ventricle in experimental hypertension. Circ. Res. 67,1355–1364 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Classic study demonstrating the development of interstitial fibrosis in both ventricles.
   Google Scholar
• Brilla CG, Matsubara LS, Weber KT. Antialdosterone treatment and the prevention of myocardial fibrosis in primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism. J. MoL Cell. CardioL 25,563–575 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacolley P, Safar ME, Lucet B, Ledudal K, Labat C, Benetos A. Prevention of aortic and cardiac fibrosis by spironolactone in old normotensive rats. J. Am. Coll. CardioL 37,662–667 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD et al. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N EngL J Med. 322,1561–1566 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD, Laragh JH. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann. Intern. Med. 114,345–352 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Cuccurullo 0, Cosco C, Perticone F. Continuous relation between left ventricular mass and cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Hypertension 35, 580–586 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundstrom S, Lind L, Arnlov J, Zethelius B, Adren B, Lithell HO. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic diagnoses of left ventricular hypertrophy predict mortality independently of each other in a population of elderly men. Circulation 103,2346–2351 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Roman MJ, Lee ET, Galloway JM, Howard BY, Devereux RB. Combined echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and electrocardiographic ST depression improve prediction of mortality in American Indians. The Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 43,1–6 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLenachan JM, Henderson E, Morris KL et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. N EngL J. Med. 317, 787–792 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS et al. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 275,1557–1562 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tin LL, Beevers DG, Lip GY. Hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and sudden death. Curr. CardioL Rep. 4, 449–457 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onodera T, Tamura T, Said S, McCune SA, Gerdes AM. Maladaptive remodeling of cardiac myocyte shape begins long before failure in hypertension. Hypertension 32,753–757 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtell K, Smith G, Gerdts E et al Left ventricular filling patterns in patients with systemic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (The LIFE study). Am. J. CardioL 85,466–472 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zile MR, Brutsaert DL. New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: part II. Causal mechanisms and treatment. Circulation 105,1503–1508 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Detailed discussion of mechanisms of diastolic dysfunction.
   Google Scholar
• Fouad FM, Slominski M, Tarazi RC. Left ventricular diastolic function in hypertension: relation to left ventricular mass and systolic function. J. Am. Coll CardioL 3,1500–1506 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brilla CG, Janicki JS, Weber KT Impaired diastolic function and coronary reserve in genetic hypertension: role of interstitial fibrosis and medial thickening of intramyocardial coronary arteries. Circ. Res. 69,107–115 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brutsaert DL, Rademakers FE, Sys SU et al. Analysis of relaxation in the evaluation of ventricular function of the heart. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 28,143–163 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapuku GK, Seto S, Mori H et al Impaired left ventricular filling in borderline hypertensive patients without cardiac structural changes. Am. Heart J. 125, 1710–1716 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon SW Wilcken DE, Macdonald GJ. The effect of weight reduction on left ventricular mass. A randomized controlled trial in young, overweight hypertensive patients. N EngL J Med 314, 334–339 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himeno E, Nishino KM, Okazaki T, Nanri H, Ikeda M. A weight-reduction and weight-maintenance program with long-lasting improvement in left ventricular mass and blood pressure. Am. J. Hypertens. 12,682–690 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebson PR, Grandits GA, Dianzumba E et al Comparison of five antihypertensive monotherapies and placebo for change in left ventricular mass in patients receiving nutritional hygienic therapy in the Treatment Of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation 91, 698–706 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Most relevant study demonstrating the effectiveness of nutritional—hygienic treatment in regressing cardiac hypertrophy.
   Google Scholar
• Brilla CG, Matsubara LS, Weber KT Antifibrotic effects of spironolactone in preventing myocardial fibrosis in systemic arterial hypertension. Am. J Cardid 71, Al2—A16 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Schmieder RE, Marius P, Klingbeil AU. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies. J Am. Med. Assoc. 275, 1507–1513 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Marius P, Messerli FH, Schmieder RE. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am. J. Med 115, 41–46 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlof B, Pennert K, Hansson L. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients: a meta analysis of 109 treatment studies. Am. J. Hypertens. 5, 95–110 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Recent meta-analysis on effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs on cardiac remodeling.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For End point reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trail against atenolol. Lancet 359, 995–1003 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jem S et al Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy by losartan versus atenolol. The Losartan Intervention For End point reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. Circulation 108, 684–690 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CH, Ting CT, Lin SJ et al Different effects of fosinopril and atenolol on wave reflections in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 25, 1034–1041 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellano M, Bohm M. The cardiac 13-adrenoceptor mediated signalling pathway and its alteration in hypertensive heart disease. Hypertension 29, 715–722 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockstroh JK, Vogt-Ladner G, Neumayer HH et al. Blood pressure independent effects of nitrendipine on cardiac structure in patients after renal transplantation. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 12, 1441–1447 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida J, Yamamoto K, Mano T et al. AT1-receptor blocker added to ACE inhibitor provides benefits at advanced stage of hypertensive diastolic heart failure. Hypertension 43, 686–691 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato A, Suzuki Y, Saruta T Effects of spironolactone and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens. Res. 22, 17–22 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato A, Takane H, Saruta T High serum level of procollagen type III amino-terminal peptide contributes to the efficacy of spironolactone and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertens. Res. 24, 99–104 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Pitt B, Reichek N, Willenbrock R et al. Effects of eplerenone, enalapril and eplerenone/enalapril in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. The 4E-left ventricular Hypertrophy Study. Circulation 108, 1831–8138 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo JD, Chen AF. Perspectives on the cardioprotective effects of statins. Curr. Med. Chem. 10,1593-1601 (2003) .
   Google Scholar
• Luo JD, Zhang WW, Zhang GP et al. Simvastatin inhibits cardiac hypertrophy and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in rats with aortic stenosis. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physid 26, 903–908 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Perera 0, Perez-Sala D, Soria E et al. Involvement of Rho GTPases in the transcriptional inhibition of preproendothelin-1 gene expression by simvastatin in vascular endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 87, 616–622 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel R, Nagueh SF, Tsybouleva N et al. Simvastatin induces regression of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and improves cardiac function in a transgenic rabbit model of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 104, 317–324 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moor AN, Fliegel L. Protein kinase- mediated regulation of the Na±/F1+ exchange in the rat myocardium by mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathways. J. Bid. Chem. 274,22985-22992 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Camilion de Hurtado MC, Portiansky EL, Perez NG, Rebolledo OR, Cingolani HE. Regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in SHR following chronic inhibition of the Na±/F1+ exchanger. Cardiovasc. Res. 553, 862–868 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Cingolani HE, Rebolledo OR, Portiansky EL, Perez NG, Camilion de Hurtado MC. Regression of hypertensive myocardial fibrosis by Na±/F1+ exchange inhibition. Hypertension 41, 373–377 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL, Amiri F, Benkirane K, Iglarz M, Diep QN. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors. Vascular and cardiac effects in hypertension. Hypertension 42\(Pt 2), 664–668 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogata T, Miyauchi T, Sakai S, Irukayama- Tomobe Y, Goto K, Yamaguchi I. Stimulation of peroxisome-proliferator-activator receptor-a (PPAR-a) attenuates cardiac fibrosis and endothelin-1 production in pressure-overloaded rat hearts. Clin. Sci. 103\(Suppl. 1), 5284—S288 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Diep QN, Benkirane K, Schiffrin EL. PPAR-a activator fenofibrate inhibits myocardial fibrosis and inflammation in angiotensin II-infused rats. Hypertension 40, (2002) (Abstract 388).
   Google Scholar
• Grandi AM, Bignotti M, Gaudio G, Zanzi P, Guasti L, Venco A. Ambulatory blood pressure and left ventricular changes during antihypertensive treatment: perindopri versus isradipine. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26, 737–741 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Wachtell K, Bella JN, Rokkedal J et al. Change in diastolic left ventricular filing after one year of antihypertensive treatment. The Losartan Intervention For End point reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. Circulation 105, 1071–1076 (2002) .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brilla CG, Funck RC, Rupp H. Lisinopril- mediated regression of myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertensive heart disease. Circulation 102, 1388–1393 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandi AM, Imperiale D, Santillo R et al Aldosterone antagonist improves diastolic function in essential hypertension. Hypertension 40, 647–652 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandi AM, Venco A, Bertolini A et al Left ventricular function after reversal of myocardial hypertrophy in systemic hypertension and response to acute increase of afterload by cold pressor test. Am. J Cardid 69, 1439–1441 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayet J, Ariff B, Wasan B et al. Improvement in midwall myocardial shortening with regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 34, 755–759 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Perlini S, Muiesan ML, Cuspidi C et al. Midwall mechanics are improved after regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy and normalization of chamber geometry. Circulation 103, 678–683 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy D, Salomon M, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB. Prognostic implications of baseline electrocardiographic features and their serial changes in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 90, 1786–1793 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew J, Sleight P, Lonn E et al Reduction in cardiovascular risk by regression of electrocardiographic markers of left ventricular hypertrophy by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril. Circulation 104, 1615–1621 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren MJ, Ulin RJ, Koren AT, Laragh JH, Devereux RB. Left ventricular mass change during treatment and outcome in patients with essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 15, 1021–1028 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Borgioni G et al Changes in cardiovascular risk by reduction of left ventricular mass in hypertension: a meta-analysis. Am. J Hypertens. 16, 895–899 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• •Recent meta-analysis demonstrating the positive prognostic effect of hypertrophy regression.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss D, Kools JJ, Taylor WR. Angiotensin II-induced hypertension accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Circulation 104, 448–454 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nickenig G. Central role of the AT(1)- receptor in atherosclerosis. J. Hum. Hypertens. 16\(Suppl. 3), S26—S33 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar