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Review

State of the art catheter interventions in adults with congenital heart disease

, &
Pages 699-711 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Bonhoeffer P, Boudjemline Y, Qureshi SA et al. Percutaneous insertion of the pulmonary valve. J. Am. Coll. Cardia 39, 1664–1669 (2002).
  • ••Describes the first human seriesof percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation.
  • Cribier A, Eltchaninoff H, Bash A et al. Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis for calcific aortic stenosis: first human case description. Circulation 106, 3006–3008 (2002).
  • •Describes the first case of percutaneous valve implantation in an aortic position in a human.
  • Cribier A, Eltchaninoff H, Tron C et al Early experience with percutaneous transcatheter implantation of heart valve prosthesis for the treatment of end stage inoperable patients with calcific aortic stenosis. J. Am. Coll Cardiol 43, 698–703 (2004).
  • ••Excellent (first) series presenting theexperience with percutaneous valve implantation in an aortic position in a human.
  • Hijazi ZM, Hakim F, Haweleh AA et al. Catheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using the new Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder: initial clinical experience. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 56, 508–515 (2002).
  • ••First human series evaluating theAmplatzer membranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) occluder.
  • Holzer R, Balzer D, Cao QL, Lock K, Hijazi ZM. Device closure of muscular ventricular septal defects using the Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder: immediate and midterm results of a US registry. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 43, 1257–1263 (2004).
  • ••Largest study to date evaluating theAmplatzer muscular VSD occluder.
  • Steele PM, Fuster V, Cohen M, Ritter DG, McGoon DC. Isolated atrial septal defect with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease — long-term follow-up and prediction of outcome after surgical correction. Circulation 76, 1037–1042 (1987).
  • King TD, Thompson SL, Steiner C, Mills NL. Secundum atrial septal defect. Nonoperative closure during cardiac catheterization. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 235, 2506–2509 (1976).
  • •First case of transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) device closure.
  • Fischer G, Stich J, Uebing A, Hoffmann U, Morf G, Kramer HH. Experience with transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects using the Amplatzer septal occluder: a single center study in 236 consecutive patients. Heart 89, 199–204 (2003).
  • •Large study documenting an experience of a single center using the Amplatzer septal occluder to close ASDs.
  • Du ZD, Hijazi ZM, Kleinman CS, Silverman NH, Larntz K, Amplatzer I. Comparison between transcatheter and surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children and adults: results of a multicenter, nonrandomized trial. J. Am. Coll Cardiol 39, 1836–1844 (2002).
  • ••Very good study comparing the results ofsurgical as well as percutaneous closure of ASDs.
  • Chessa M, Carminati M, Butera G et al. Early and late complications associated with transcatheter occlusion of secundum atrial septal defect. J. Am. Coll Cardia 39, 1061–1065 (2002).
  • •Well-presented study analyzing complications after ASD device closure.
  • Masura J, Gavora P, Formanek A, Hijazi ZM. Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects using the new self-centering amplatzer septal occluder: initial human experience. Catheter Cardiovasc. Diagn. 42, 388–393 (1997).
  • •First series presenting human experience using the Amplatzer septal occluder.
  • Allen HD, Beekman RH III, Garson A Jr et al Pediatric therapeutic cardiac catheterization: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation 97, 609–625 (1998) (Erratum, Circulation 97[23], 2375 [1998]).
  • ••Very good article, listing indications forpediatric interventional procedures, although requires updating.
  • Du ZD, Koenig P, Cao QL, Waight D, Heitschmidt M, Hijazi ZM. Comparison of transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defect using the Amplatzer septal occluder associated with deficient versus sufficient rims. Am. J. Cardiol 90, 865–869 (2002).
  • ••Excellent study documenting thatASD device closure using the Amplatzer septal occluder is feasible even with deficient rims.
  • Cheatham JP, Hill SL, Chisolm JL. Initial results using the new cribriform Amplatzer septal occluder for transcatheter closure of multifenestrated atrial septal defects with septal aneurysm. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 60, 126 (2003) (Abstract).
  • •Early report on the cribrifonn device.
  • Dhillon R, Thanopoulos B, Tsaousis G, Triposkiadis F, Kyriakidis M, Redington A. Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects in adults with the Amplatzer septal occluder. Heart 82(5), 559–562 (1999).
  • •Small, solely adult series reporting on ASD device closure using the Amplatzer septal occluder.
  • Ewert P, Berger F, Nagdyman N et al. Masked left ventricular restriction in elderly patients with atrial septal defects: a contraindication for closure? Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 52,177–180 (2001).
  • •Report of seven out of 18 patients in whom a significant increase of left atrial pressure was observed after test occlusion of an ASD prior to device closure.
  • Amin Z, Danford DA, Pedra CA. A new Amplatzer device to maintain patency of Fontan fenestrations and atrial septal defects. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 57, 246–251 (2002).
  • Onorato E, Melzi G, Casilli F et al. Patent foramen ovale with paradoxical embolism: midterm results of transcatheter closure in 256 patients. J. Interv. Cardia 16, 43–50 (2003).
  • •Well-designed study reporting on a large experience of patent foramen ovale (PFO) device closure for paradoxical embolism.
  • Zanchetta M, Rigatelli G, Onorato E. Intracardiac echocardiography and transcranial Doppler ultrasound to guide closure of patent foramen ovale. J. Invasive Cardiol 15, 93–96 (2003).
  • Morandi E, Anzola GP, Angeli S, Melzi G, Onorato E. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale: a new migraine treatment? J. Interv. Cardiol 16, 39–42 (2003).
  • ••Study documents a reduced incidenceof migraine with aura after ASD device closure.
  • Wilmshurst PT, Nightingale S, Walsh KP, Morrison WL. Effect on migraine of closure of cardiac right-to-left shunts to prevent recurrence of decompression illness or stroke or for hemodynamic reasons. Lancet 356, 1648–1651 (2000).
  • •First report on potential benefit of PFO device closure on migraine.
  • Campbell M. Natural history of persistent ductus arteriosus. Br. Heart J. 30, 4–13 (1968).
  • Porstmann W, Wierny L, Warnke H. Closure of ductus arteriosus persistens without thoracotomy. Fortschr. Geb. Rontgenstr Nuklearmed. 109, 133–148 (1968).
  • •First report of persistent arterial duct device closure.
  • Godart F, Rey C, Devos P, Breviere GM, Francart C. Transcatheter occlusion of moderate to large patent arterial ducts, having a diameter above 2.5 mm, with the Amplatzer duct occluder. Comparisons with the Rashkind, buttoned devices, and coils in 116 consecutive patients. Cardiol Young 13, 413–419 (2003).
  • Faella HJ, Hijazi ZM. Closure of the patent ductus arteriosus with the amplatzer persistent arterial duct device: immediate results of the international clinical trial. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 51, 50–54 (2000).
  • •Trial of persistent arterial duct device closure using the Amplatzer ductal occluder.
  • Hong TE, Hellenbrand WE, Hijazi ZM, Amplatzer I. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus in adults using the Amplatzer duct occluder: initial results and follow-up. Indian Heart J. 54, 384–389 (2002).
  • Ebeid MR, Gaymes CH, Smith JC, Braden DS, Joransen JA. Gianturco—Grifka vascular occlusion device for closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Am. J. Cardial 87, 657–660 (2001).
  • Ewert P, Kretschmar 0, Nuernberg JH, Nagdyman N, Lange PE. First closure of a large patent ductus arteriosus in an infant with an angulated nitinol plug. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 57, 88–91 (2002).
  • •First reported use of the angulated ductal occluder to accommodate the natural angulated origin of the persistent arterial duct from the descending aorta.
  • Hijazi ZM. A new device for percutaneous closure of aortopulmonary collaterals. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. (2004) (In press).
  • •First report on the vascular plug — a similar device to the Amplatzer persistent arterial duct device but of cylindrical shape without a disk.
  • Crenshaw BS, Granger CB, Birnbaum Y et al. Risk factors, angiographic patterns, and outcomes in patients with ventricular septal defect complicating acute myocardial infarction. GUSTO-I (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA for Occluded coronary arteries) trial investigators. Circulation 101, 27–32 (2000).
  • ••Excellent study looking at risk factors andother details/outcomes of ventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction.
  • Menon V, Webb JG, Hillis LD et al. Outcome and profile of ventricular septal rupture with cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK trial registry: SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries in cardiogenic shocK?J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 36, 1110–1116 (2000).
  • ••Very good study looking at outcome andother characteristics of patients who present with VSD and cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction.
  • Holzer RJ, Balzer D, Amin Z et al Transcatheter closure of post infarction ventricular septal defects using the new amplatzer muscular VSD occluder: results of a US Registry. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 61, 196–201 (2004).
  • ••Largest series to date reporting onpercutaneous closure of postinfarct VSDs in 18 patients, using exclusively the Amplatzer postinfarct muscular VSD occluder.
  • Pesenti-Rossi D, Godart F, Dubar A, Rey C. Transcatheter closure of traumatic ventricular septal defect: an alternative to surgery. Chest 123, 2144–2145 (2003).
  • Bauriedel G, Redel DA, Schmitz C, Welz A, Schild HH, Luderitz B. Transcatheter closure of a posttraumatic ventricular septal defect with an Amplatzer occluder device. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 53, 508–512 (2001).
  • Holzer RJ, Hijazi ZM. Device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using the Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder in two patients with prosthetic aortic valve. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 62(2), 276–280 (2004).
  • •Reports on the unique experience of VSD device closure in patients with prosthetic aortic valves.
  • McDaniel NL, Gutgesell HP Ventricular septal defects. In: Heart Disease in Infants, Children and Adolescents. Allen HD, Gutgesell HP, Clark EB, Driscoll DJ (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA, 636–651 (2001).
  • Kidd L, Driscoll DJ, Gersony WM et al. Second natural history study of congenital heart defects. Results of treatment of patients with ventricular septal defects. Circulation 87,138–151(1993).
  • ••Study reporting on the natural history ofVSDs (treated).
  • Serraf A, Lacour-Gayet F, Bruniaux J et al. Surgical management of isolated multiple ventricular septal defects. Logical approach in 130 cases. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 103, 437–442 (1992).
  • Seddio F, Reddy VM, McElhinney DB, Tworetzky W, Silverman NH, Hanley FL. Multiple ventricular septal defects: how and when should they be repaired? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg 117, 134–139 (1999).
  • Lock JE, Block PC, McKay RG, Baim DS, Keane JF. Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects. Circulation 78, 361–368 (1988).
  • ••Earliest series of transcatheter closure ofventricular septal defects.
  • Rigby ML, Redington AN. Primary transcatheter umbrella closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect. Br. Heart J. 72, 368–371 (1994).
  • •Earliest experience of device closure of perimembranous VSDs, with unconvincing results.
  • Lavoie J, Javorski JJ, Castaneda AR, Mihalka JP, Rosenfeld HM, Sanders SR Intraoperative migration of a clamshell device. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 9, 562–564 (1995).
  • Luciani GB, Starnes VA. Clamshell for pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and aortopulmonary collaterals. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 62, 1247–1248 (1996).
  • Laussen PC, Hansen DD, Perry SB et al. Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects: hemodynamic instability and anesthetic management. Anesth. Analg. 80, 1076–1082 (1995).
  • Landzberg MJ, Lock JE. Transcatheter management of ventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 10, 128–132 (1998).
  • •Earliest series of transcatheter closure of postinfarct VSDs.
  • Pienvichit P, Piemonte TC. Percutaneous closure of postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect with the CardioSEAL septal occluder implant. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 54, 490–494 (2001).
  • Sideris EB, Walsh KE Haddad JL, Chen CR, Ren SG, Kulkarni H. Occlusion of congenital ventricular septal defects by the buttoned device. Buttoned device clinical trials international register. Heart 77, 276–279 (1997).
  • Kalra GS, Verma PK, Singh S, Arora R. Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect using detachable steel coil. Heart 82, 395–396 (1999).
  • Latiff HA, Alwi M, Kandhavel G, Samion H, Zambahari R. Transcatheter closure of multiple muscular ventricular septal defects using Gianturco coils. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 68, 1400–1401 (1999).
  • Chaudhari M, Chessa M, Stumper 0, De Giovanni JV. Transcatheter coil closure of muscular ventricular septal defects. J. Interv. Cardiol 14, 165–168 (2001).
  • Arora R, Trehan V, Kumar A, Kaka GS, Nigam M. Transcatheter closure of congenital ventricular septal defects: experience with various devices. J. Interv. Cardid 16,83–91 (2003).
  • •One of the largest series of VSD device closure, but methods and details are not perfect.
  • Thanopoulos BD, Tsaousis GS, Konstadopoulou GN, Zarayelyan AG. Transcatheter closure of muscular ventricular septal defects with the amplatzer ventricular septal defect occluder: initial clinical applications in children. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33, 1395–1399 (1999).
  • •Earliest experience of transcatheter closure of muscular VSDs.
  • Hijazi ZM, Hakim F, Al Fadley F, Abdelhamid J, Cao QL. Transcatheter closure of single muscular ventricular septal defects using the amplatzer muscular VSD occluder: initial results and technical considerations. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 49,167–172 (2000).
  • •One of the earliest series reporting on transcatheter closure of muscular VSD using the Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder.
  • Lee EM, Roberts DH, Walsh KR Transcatheter closure of a residual postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect with the Amplatzer septal occluder. Heart 80,522–524 (1998).
  • Pesonen E, Thilen U, Sandstrom S et al. Transcatheter closure of postinfarction ventricular septal defect with the Amplatzer septal occluder device. Scand. Cardiovasc. J. 34,446–448 (2000).
  • Mullasari AS, Umesan CV, Krishnan U, Srinivasan S, Ravikumar M, Raghuraman H. Transcatheter closure of postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect with Amplatzer septal occluder. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 54, 484–487 (2001).
  • Rodes J, Piechaud JF, Ouaknine R et al. Transcatheter closure of apical ventricular muscular septal defect combined with arterial switch operation in a newborn infant. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 49, 173–176 (2000).
  • Szkutnik M, Bialkowski J, Kusa J et al. Postinfarction ventricular septal defect closure with Amplatzer occluders. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 23, 323–327 (2003).
  • Chessa M, Carminati M, Cao QL et al. Transcatheter closure of congenital and acquired muscular ventricular septal defects using the Amplatzer device. J. Invasive Cardid 14,322–327 (2002).
  • •Series on transcatheter closure of muscular VSDs using the Amplatzer muscular VSD device.
  • Amin Z, Gu X, Berry JM et al. New device for closure of muscular ventricular septal defects in a canine model. Circulation 100, 320–328 (1999).
  • •Very first evaluation of the Amplatzer muscular VSD device in a canine model.
  • Tofeig M, Patel RG, Walsh KR Transcatheter closure of a midmuscular ventricular septal defect with an amplatzer VSD occluder device. Heart 81,438–440 (1999).
  • Butera G, Carminati M, De Luca F, Chessa M, Bini MR. Transcatheter treatment of muscular ventricular septal defect and pulmonary valvar stenosis in an infant. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 55,212–216 (2002).
  • Fabrega SJ, Rodes-Cabau J, Piechaud JF et al Percutaneous closure of a mid-muscular residual ventricular septal defect using the AmplarzerTM device. Ann. E. Pediatr. 57,66–69 (2002).
  • Waight DJ, Bacha EA, Kahana M, Cao QL, Heitschmidt M, Hijazi ZM. Catheter therapy of Swiss cheese ventricular septal defects using the Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 55, 355–361 (2002).
  • ••Excellent report underlining thefeasibility of closure of multiple muscular VSDs using multiple Amplatzer muscular VSD devices.
  • Gupta M, Juneja R, Saxena A. Simultaneous device closure of muscular ventricular septal defect and pulmonary valve balloon dilatation. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 58,545-547 (2003).
  • Bass JL, Kalra GS, Arora R et al. Initial human experience with the Amplatzer perimembranous ventricular septal occluder device. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 58, 238–245 (2003).
  • ••One of the most recent experiences ofusing the Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder in 28 patients to close perimembranous VSDs with excellent results.
  • Gu X, Han YM, Titus JL et al Transcatheter closure of membranous ventricular septal defects with a new nitinol prosthesis in a natural swine model. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 50,502–509 (2000).
  • Hijazi ZM, Hakim F, Haweleh AA et al. Catheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using the new Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder: initial clinical experience. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 56,508–515 (2002).
  • ••First clinical experience/series of using the Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder to close perimembranous VSDs in humans with excellent results.
  • Thanopoulos BD, Tsaousis GS, Karanasios E, Eleftherakis NG, Paphitis C. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with the Amplatzer asymmetric ventricular septal defect occluder: preliminary experience in children. Heart 89,918–922 (2003).
  • •One of the most recent experiences of using the Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder to close perimembranous VSDs with good results.
  • Campbell M. Natural history of persistent ductus arteriosus. Br. Heart J. 30,4–13 (1968).
  • Ovaert C, Benson LN, Nykanen D, Freedom RM. Transcatheter treatment of coarctation of the aorta: a review. Pediatr. Cardid 19,27–44 (1998).
  • ••Very good review on transcathetermanagement of coarctation.
  • Fawzy ME, Sivanandam V, Galal 0 et al. 1- to 10-year follow-up results of balloon angioplasty of native coarctation of the aorta in adolescents and adults. J. Am. Coll. Cardid 30, 1542–1546 (1997).
  • Hamdan MA, Maheshwari S, Fahey JT, Hellenbrand WE. Endovascular stents for coarctation of the aorta: initial results and intermediate-term follow-up. J. Am. Coll. Cardid 38,1518–1523 (2001).
  • •Well-presented institutional series on transcatheter stent therapy for aortic coarctation.
  • Thanopoulos BD, Hadjinikolaou L, Konstadopoulou GN, Tsaousis GS, Triposkiadis F, Spirou R Stent treatment for coarctation of the aorta: intermediate term follow-up and technical considerations. Heart 84,65–70 (2000).
  • McCrindle BW, Jones TK, Morrow WR et al. Acute results of balloon angioplasty of native coarctation versus recurrent aortic obstruction are equivalent. Valvuloplasty and Angioplasty of Congenital Anomalies (VACA) registry investigators. J. Am. Coll. Cardid 28, 1810–1817 (1996).
  • ••Very good study comparing balloonangioplasty of native and recurrent coarctation.
  • Anjos R, Qureshi SA, Rosenthal E et al. Determinants of hemodynamic results of balloon dilation of aortic recoarctation. Am. J. Cardid 69,665–671 (1992).
  • Zabal C, Attie F, Rosas M, Buendia- Hernandez A, Garcia-Montes JA. The adult Patient with native coarctation of the aorta: balloon angioplasty or primary stenting? Heart 89(1), 77–83 (2003).
  • ••Useful study highlighting the importance of an immediate residual gradient after transcatheter therapy of above 10 mmHg as a significant risk factor for further outcome.
  • Forbes T, Matisoff D, Dysart J, Aggarwal S. Treatment of coexistent coarctation and aneurysm of the aorta with covered stent in a pediatric patient. Pediatr. Cardiol 24, 289–291 (2003).
  • •Excellent example of the use of a covered stent.
  • Cheatham JR Stenting of coarctation of the aorta. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 54, 112–125 (2001).
  • ••Very good study. Reports on Palmaz stent(series), as well as the first human experience of using the Cheatham-platinum stent to treat primary and recurrent coarctation.
  • Harrison DA, McLaughlin PR, Lazzam C, Connelly M, Benson LN. Endovascular stents in the management of coarctation of the aorta in the adolescent and adult: 1 year follow-up. Heart 85,561–566 (2001).
  • •Good review on the use of various stents in the management of coarctation of the aorta.
  • Shaddy RE, Boucek MM, Sturtevant JE et al. Comparison of angioplasty and surgery for unoperated coarctation of the aorta. Circulation 87,793–799 (1993).
  • Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG. Coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch. In: Cardiac Surgery. Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG (Eds), Churchill—Livingstone, NY, USA (1992).
  • Rosenthal E. Stent implantation for aortic coarctation: the treatment of choice in adults? J. Am. Coll Cardiol 38,1524–1527 (2001).
  • ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease). J. Am. Coll. Cardia 32,1486–1588 (1998).
  • ••Very important guidelines, giving clearcategorized indications for surgical and percutaneous management of valvular heart disease in adults.
  • Moore P, Egito E, Mowrey H, Perry SB, Lock JE, Keane JF. Midterm results of balloon dilation of congenital aortic stenosis: predictors of success. J. Am. Coll. Cardia 27,1257–1263 (1996).
  • Daehnert I, Rotzsch C. Rapid right ventricular pacing as an alternative to adenosine in interventions for congenital heart disease. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 60, 133 (2003) (Abstract).
  • •Report highlighting the benefit of rapid right ventricular pacing for interventions where minimal movement of the stent/balloon is required.
  • Kan JS, White RI Jr, Mitchell SE, Gardner TJ. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty: a new method for treating congenital pulmonary valve stenosis. N Engl J. Med. 307,540–542 (1982).
  • •One of the earliest reports on percutaneous management of pulmonary valve stenosis.
  • Boudjemline Y, Agnoletti G, Bonnet D, Sidi D, Bonhoeffer R Percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement in a large right ventricular outflow tract: an experimental study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 43, 1082–1087 (2004).
  • •Highlights the potential use of flow-reducing devices to allow percutaneous valve implantation in patients with an enlarged right ventricular outflow tract.
  • Gentles TL, Lock JE, Perry SB. High pressure balloon angioplasty for branch pulmonary artery stenosis: early experience. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 22, 867–872 (1993).
  • Shaffer KM, Mullins CE, Grifka RG et al. Intravascular stents in congenital heart disease: short- and long-term results from a large single-center experience. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 31,661–667 (1998).
  • Fogelman R, Nykanen D, Smallhorn JF, McCrindle BW, Freedom RIVI, Benson LN. Endovascular stents in the pulmonary circulation. Clinical impact on management and medium-term follow-up. Circulation 92,881–885 (1995).
  • ••Very good institutional experience andreview on stent palliation of branch pulmonary artery stenosis.
  • Baker CM, McGowan FX Jr, Keane JF, Lock JE. Pulmonary artery trauma due to balloon dilation: recognition, avoidance and management. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 36, 1684–1690 (2000).
  • Trivedi KR, Benson LN. Interventional strategies in the management of peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. J. Interv. Cardiol 16,171–188 (2003).
  • ••Excellent review of the management ofperipheral branch pulmonary stenosis.
  • Block PC. Percutaneous mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation. J. Interv. Cardiol 16,93–96 (2003).
  • •Nicely summarizes the current status and techniques of percutaneous mitral valve repair.
  • Lock JE, Khalilullah M, Shrivastava S, Bahl V, Keane JF. Percutaneous catheter commissurotomy in rheumatic mitral stenosis. N Engl J. Med. 313,1515–1518 (1985).
  • •One of the earliest reports on percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for rheumatic mitral valve stenosis.
  • Reyes VP, Raju BS, Wynne J et al. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty compared with open surgical commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. N Engl. Med. 331,961–967 (1994).
  • •Early series on percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for mitral valve stenosis compared with surgical intervention.
  • Boudjemline Y, Abdel-Massih T, Bonhoeffer P et al. Percutaneous closure of a paravalvular mitral regurgitation with Amplatzer and coil prostheses. Arch. Malad. Coeur Vaiss. 95,483–486 (2002).
  • Hijazi ZM. Transcatheter management of paravalvular mitral leaks: far from ideal. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 61,552–553 (2004).
  • Urrutia-S CO, Falaschi G, Ott DA, Cooley DA. Surgical management of 56 patients with congenital coronary artery fistulas. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 35,300–307 (1983).
  • •Very good surgical series on the management of coronary fistulas.
  • Liberthson RR, Sagar K, Berkoben JP, Weintraub RIVI, Levine FH. Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula. Report of 13 patients, review of the literature and delineation of management. Circulation 59, 849–854 (1979).
  • ••Excellent surgical series on themanagement of coronary fistulas.
  • Morgan JR, Forker AD, O'Sullivan MJ Jr, Fosburg RG. Coronary arterial fistulas: seven cases with unusual features. Am. J. Cardia 30,432–436 (1972).
  • Qureshi SA, Tynan M. Catheter closure of coronary artery fistulas. J. Interv. Cardiol 14,299–307 (2001).
  • •Interventional series reporting on percutaneous closure of coronary fistulas with a variety of devices.
  • Hakim F, Madani A, Goussous Y, Cao QL, Hijazi ZM. Transcatheter closure of a large coronary arteriovenous fistula using the new Amplatzer duct occluder. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45,155–157 (1998).
  • Okubo M, Nykanen D, Benson LN. Outcomes of transcatheter embolization in the treatment of coronary artery fistulas. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 52, 510–517 (2001).
  • •Institutional series reporting on transcatheter closure of coronary fistulas.
  • Pedra CA, Pihkala J, Nykanen DG, Benson LN. Antegrade transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistulas using vascular occlusion devices. Heart 83, 94–96 (2000).

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