Epidemiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic implications of lipoprotein(a) in kidney disease

References

• Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 32\(Suppl. 3), S112—S119 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for managing dyslipidemias in chronic kidney disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 41\(Suppl. 3), S1—S92 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Utermann G, Dieplinger H. Lipoprotein(a) in renal disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 27,1–25 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Neyer U, Lhotta K et al. The low-molecular-weight apo(a) phenotype is an independent predictor for coronary artery disease in hemodialysis patients: a prospective follow-up. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol 10,1027-1036 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• ••First large prospective study inhemodialysis patients that demonstrated that the apolipoprotein(a) (apo[a]) phenotype is a better predictor for coronary artery disease than lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) plasma concentrations.
   Google Scholar
• Loscalzo J, Weinfeld M, Fless GM, Scanu AM. Lipoprotein(a), fibrin binding, and plasminogen activation. Arteriosclerosis 10, 240–245 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Utermann G. Lipoprotein(a). In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Eighth Edition. Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (Eds), McGraw-Hill, II, USA, 2753–2787 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• •Comprehensive overview of Lp(a).
   Google Scholar
• Utermann G, Menzel HJ, Kraft HG et al Lp(a) glycoprotein phenotypes: inheritance and relation to Lp(a)-lipoprotein concentrations in plasma. J. Clin. Invest. 80,458–465 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First description of the apo(a) size polymorphism and its association with Lp(a) concentrations.
   Google Scholar
• Kraft HG, Kochi S, Menzel HJ, Sandholzer C, Utermann G. The apolipoprotein(a) gene: a transcribed hypervariable locus controlling plasma lipoprotein(a) concentration. Hum. Genet. 90,220–230 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lackner C, Boerwinkle E, Leffert CC, Rahmig T, Hobbs HH. Molecular basis of apolipoprotein(a) isoform size heterogeneity as revealed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J. Clin. Invest. 87, 2153–2161 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utermann G. Genetic architecture and evolution of the lipoprotein(a) trait. Curr. Opin. Lipidol 10,133-141 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Krempler F, Kostner GM, Bolzano K, Sandhofer F. Turnover of lipoprotein(a) in man. J. Clin. Invest. 65,1483–1490 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rader DJ, Cain W, Zech LA, Usher D, Brewer HB Jr. Variation in lipoprotein(a) concentrations among individuals with the same apolipoprotein(a) isoform is determined by the rate of lipoprotein(a) production. J. Clin. Invest. 91,443–447 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Trenkwalder E, Lingenhel A et al. Renovascular arteriovenous differences in Lp(a) plasma concentrations suggest removal of Lp(a) from the renal circulation. J. Lipid Res. 38,1755–1763 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oida K, Takai H, Maeda H et al. Apolipoprotein(a) is present in urine and its excretion is decreased in patients with renal failure. Clin. Chem. 38,2244–2248 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooser V, Seabra MC, Abedin M et al. Apolipoprotein(a) kringle 4-containing fragments in urine. Relationship to plasma levels of lipoprotein(a).Clin. Invest. 97,858–864 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Kostner KM, Maurer G, Huber K et al. Urinary excretion of apo(a) fragments. Role in apo(a) catabolism. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 16, 905–911 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooser V, Marcovina SM, White AL, Hobbs HH. Kringle-containing fragments of apolipoprotein(a) circulate in human plasma and are excreted into the urine. J. Clin. Invest. 98,2414–2424 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, König P, Neyer U et al. Multicenter study of lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes in patients with end stage renal disease treated by hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol 6, 110–120 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Utermann G. Lipoprotein(a). In: Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. Martini L (Ed.) , Academic Press, CA, USA, 188–196 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R. Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circulation 102,1082–1085 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Useful meta-analysis of prospective studies investigating the association of Lp(a) with coronary heart disease in the general population.
   Google Scholar
• Craig WY, Neveux LM, Palomaki GE, Cleveland MM, Haddow JE. Lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin. Chem. 44, 2301–2306 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Another useful meta-analysis of prospective studies investigating the association of Lp(a) with coronary heart disease in the general population.
   Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Steinmetz A, Kostner GM, Dieplinger H. Lipoprotein(a) in health and disease. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 33, 495–543 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins PN, Wu LL, Hunt SC et al. Lipoprotein(a) interactions with lipid and nonlipid risk factors in early familial coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17,2783–2792 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foody JM, Milberg JA, Robinson K et al. Homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) interact to increase CAD risk in young men and women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20,493–499 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Kronenberg MF, Kiechl S et al. Role of lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype in atherogenesis: prospective results from the Bruneck Study. Circulation 100, 1154–1160 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First prospective epidemiological study that demonstrated that the same Lp(a) concentrations may be associated with a markedly different atherothrombotic risk depending on the apo(a) isoform.
   Google Scholar
• Sandholzer C, Saha N, Kark JD et al. Apo(a) isoforms predict risk for coronary heart disease: a study in six populations. Arterioscler. Thromb. 12,1214–1226 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wild SH, Fortmann SP, Marcovina SM. A prospective case-control study of lipoprotein(a) levels and apo(a) size and risk of coronary heart disease in Stanford Five-City Project participants. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17,239–245 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klausen IC, Sjol A, Hansen PS et al. Apolipoprotein(a) isoforms and coronary heart disease in men — a nested case-control study. Atherosclerosis 132,77–84 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grainger DJ, Kirschenlohr HL, Metcalfe JC et al. Proliferation of human smooth muscle cells promoted by lipoprotein(a). Science 260,1655–1658 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grainger DJ, Kemp PR, Metcalfe JC et al. The serum concentration of active transforming growth factor-b is severely depressed in advanced atherosclerosis. Nature Med. 1,74–79 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takami S, Yamashita S, Kihara S et al. Lipoprotein(a) enhances the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Circulation 97, 721–728 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syrovets T, Thillet J, Chapman MJ, Simmet T Lipoprotein(a) is a potent chemoattractant for human peripheral monocytes. Blood 90,2027–2036 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poon M, Zhang XX, Dunsky KG, Taubman MB, Harpel PC. Apolipoprotein(a) induces monocyte chemotactic activity in human vascular endothelial cells. Circulation 96,2514–2519 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hervio L, Girard-Globa A, Durlach V, Angles-Cano E. The antifibrinolytic effect of lipoprotein(a) in heterozygous subjects is modulated by the relative concentration of each of the apolipoprotein(a) isoforms and their affinity for fibrin. Eur J. Clin. Invest. 26,411–417 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leerink CB, Duif PF, Verhoeven N et al. Apolipoprotein(a) isoform size influences binding of lipoprotein(a) to plasmin-modified des-AA-fibrinogen. Fibrinolysis 8, 214–220(1994).
   Google Scholar
• Dieplinger H, Lackner C, Kronenberg F et al. Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) in patients with end stage renal disease are not related to the size polymorphism of apolipoprotein(a). J. Clin. Invest. 91,397–401 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••First study describing the apo(a)phenotype-dependent increase of Lp(a) in hemodialysis patients.
   Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Kuen E, Ritz E et al Lipoprotein(a) serum concentrations and apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes in mild and moderate renal failure. J. Am. Soc. NephroL 11,105–115 (2000)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sechi LA, Zingaro L, Catena C et al. Lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) isoforms and proteinuria in patients with moderate renal failure. Kidney Int. 56, 1049–1057 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Lingenhel A, Lhotta K et al The apolipoprotein(a) size polymorphism is associated with nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 65,606–612 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanner C, Rader D, Bartens W et al Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med 119,263–269 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •First study describing a pronounced elevation of Lp(a) in nephrotic syndrome.
   Google Scholar
• Stenvinkel P, Berglund L, Heimbiirger 0, Pettersson E, Alvestrand A. Lipoprotein(a) in nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 44, 1116–1123 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Further study describing a pronounced elevation of Lp(a) in nephrotic syndrome.
   Google Scholar
• de Sain-van der Velden MG, Reijngoud DJ, Kaysen GA et al Evidence for increased synthesis of lipoprotein(a) in the nephrotic syndrome. J. Am. Soc. NephroL 9, 1474–1481 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••Turnover study using the stable isotopetechnique describing that an increased hepatic synthesis is the reason for the markedly elevated Lp(a) concentrations in patients with nephrotic syndrome.
   Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, König P, Lhotta K et al Apolipoprotein(a) phenotype-associated decrease in lipoprotein(a) plasma concentrations after renal transplantation. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14,1399–1404 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stenvinkel P, Heimbiirger 0, Tuck CH, Berglund L. Apo(a)-isoform size, nutritional status and inflammatory markers in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 53,1336–1342 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS, Tselepis A et al. Apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes and lipoprotein(a) concentrations in patients with renal failure. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 33, 1100–1106 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmermann J, Herrlinger S, Pruy A, Metzger T, Wanner C. Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 55, 648–658 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons DS, Reaveley DA, Pavitt DV, Brown EA. Relationship of renal function to homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) levels: the frequency of the combination of both risk factors in chronic renal impairment. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 40,916–923 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerschdorfer L, König P, Neyer U et al. Lipoprotein(a) plasma concentrations after renal transplantation: a prospective evaluation after 4 years of follow-up. Atherosclerosis 144,381–391 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Lhotta K, König P et al. Apolipoprotein(a) isoform-specific changes of lipoprotein(a) after kidney transplantation. Fur. J. Hum. Genet. 11, 693–699 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Appel GB, Blum CB, Chien S, Kunis CL, Appel AS. The hyperlipidemia of nephrotic syndrome: relation to plasma albumin concentration, oncotic pressure and viscosity. N EngL J. Med. 312,1544–1548 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimbiirger O, Stenvinkel P, Berglund L, Tranxus A, Lindholm B. Increased plasma lipoprotein(a) in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is related to peritoneal transport of proteins and glucose. Nephron 72,135–144 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang WS, Min WK, Park JS, Kim SB. Effect of increasing serum albumin on serum lipoprotein(a) concentration in patients receiving CAPD. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 30,507–513 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenvinkel E Interactions between inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in end stage renal disease. J. Ren. Nutr. 13,144–148 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang DH, Yoon KI, Lee SW et al. Impact of nutritional status on serum lipoprotein(a) concentration in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Pent. Died Int. 16\(Suppl. 1), S241—S245 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Stenvinkel P, Heimbiirger 0, Paultre F et al. Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 55,1899–1911 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longenecker JC, Klag MJ, Marcovina SM et al. Small apolipoprotein(a) size predicts mortality in end stage renal disease: the CHOICE Study. Circulation 106, 2812–2818 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •• Prospective study that extended the finding of an association between the low-molecular-weight apo (a) phenotype and cardiovascular disease to total mortality
   Google Scholar
• Emanuele E, Lusignani LS, Peros E et al. Lipoprotein(a)-associated atherothrombotic risk in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Nephrol. 24,221–229 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons DS, Reaveley DA, Pavitt DV, Misra M, Brown EA. Lipoprotein(a) levels in those with high-molecular-weight apo(a) isoforms may remain low in a significant proportion of patients with end stage renal disease. Nephrol. Died Transplant. 18, 1848–1853 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleischmann EH, Bower JD, Salahudeen AK. Are conventional cardiovascular risk factors predictive of 2-year mortality in hemodialysis patients? Clin. NephroL 56, 221–230 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koda Y, Nishi S, Suzuki M, Hirasawa Y. Lipoprotein(a) is a predictor for cardiovascular mortality of hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 56\(Suppl. 71), S251—S253 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Ohashi H, Oda H, Ohno M, Watanabe S, Sakata S. Lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for coronary artery disease in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 56\(Suppl. 71), S242—S244 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Benedetto FA, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Zoccali C. Prognostic value of ultrasonographic measurement of carotid intima media thickness in dialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12,2458–2464 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch M, Kutkuhn B, Grabensee B, Ritz E. Apolipoprotein A, fibrinogen, age, and history of stroke are predictors of death in dialysed diabetic patients: a prospective study in 412 subjects. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 12,2603–2611 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cressman MD, Heyka RJ, Paganini EP et al. Lipoprotein(a) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Circulation 86, 475–482 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geroldi D, Bellotti V, Buscaglia P et al. Characterization of apo(a) polymorphism by a modified immunoblotting technique in an Italian population sample. Clin. Chim. Acta 221,159–169 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avram MM, Sreedhara R, Patel N et al. Is an elevated level of serum lipoprotein(a) a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in CAPD patients? Adv. Pent. Dial. 12, 266–271 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koch M, Gradaus F, Schoebel F-C, Leschke M, Grabensee B. Relevance of conventional cardiovascular risk factors for the prediction of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients on renal replacement therapy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 12, 1187–1191 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iliescu EA, Marcovina SM, Morton AR, Lam M, Koschinsky ML. Apolipoprotein(a) phenotype and lipoprotein(a) level predict peritoneal dialysis patient mortality. Pent. Dial. Int. 22,492–499 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koch M, Kutkuhn B, TrenkwaMer E et al. Apolipoprotein B, fibrinogen, HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes predict coronary artery disease in hemodialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8,1889–1898 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giiz G, Ozdemir FN, Sezer S et al. Effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on serum lipid, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 36,826–836 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shoji T, Nishizawa Y, Kawagishi T et al. Intermediate-density lipoprotein as an independent risk factor for aortic atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9,1277–1284 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb AT, Reaveley DA, O'Donnell M et al. Lipids and lipoprotein(a) as risk factors for vascular disease in patients on renal replacement therapy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 10,354–357 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Kathrein H, König P et al. Apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes predict the risk for carotid atherosclerosis in patients with end stage renal disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14,1405–1411 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gazzaruso C, Bonetti G, Garzaniti A et al Increased plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) for every phenotype of apolipoprotein(a) in patients with chronic renal failure treated by hemodialysis. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 6,203–210 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Kimura K, Saika Y, Otani H et al Factors associated with calcification of the abdominal aorta in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 56\(Suppl. 71), S238—S241 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Oishi K, Nagake Y, Yamasaki H et al. The significance of atherogenic indices in patients on hemodialysis. Am. J. Nephrol. 20,107–115 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gault MH, Longerich LL, Purchase L, Harnett J, Breckenridge C. Comparison of Lp(a) concentrations and some potential effects in hemodialysis, CAPD, transplantation, and control groups, and review of the literature. Nephron 70, 155–170 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lye WC, Hughes K, Leong SO, Lee EJ. Lipoprotein(a) levels and clinical correlations in CAPD patients. Adv. Pent. Dial. 11,131–133 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auguet T, Send M, Rubies-Prat J et al. Serum lipoprotein(a) concentration in patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis: influence of apolipoprotein(a) genetic polymorphism. NephroL Dial. Transplant. 8,1099–1103 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docci D, Manzoni G, Bilancioni R et al Serum lipoprotein(a) and coronary artery disease in uremic patients on chronic hemodialysis. Int. J. Anil' Organs 17, 41–45 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wanner C, Bartens W Walz G, Nauck M, Schollmeyer E Protein loss and genetic polymorphism of apolipoprotein(a) modulate serum lipoprotein(a) in CAPD patients. NephroL Dial. Transplant. 10, 75–81 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Miindle M, Längle M, Neyer U. Prevalence and progression of peripheral arterial calcifications in patients with ESRD. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 41, 140–148 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longenecker JC, Coresh J, Marcovina SM et al. Lipoprotein(a) and prevalent cardiovascular disease in a dialysis population: the Choices for Healthy Outcomes In Caring for ESRD (CHOICE) study. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 42,108–116 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F. Lipoprotein(a) in renal disease: what we have, what we need, what we can forget. NephroL Died Transplant. 10,766–769 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teplan V, Schuck 0, Stollova M, Vitko S. Obesity and hyperhomocysteinemia after kidney transplantation. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 18\(Suppl. 5), V71—V73 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lye WC, Hughes K, Leong SO, Tan CC, Lee EJC. Abnormal lipoprotein(a) and lipid profiles in renal allograft recipients: effects of treatment with pravastatin. Transplant. Proc. 27,977–978 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castro R, Queirós J, Fonseca I et al. Therapy of post-renal transplantation hyperlipidemia: comparative study of simvastatin and fish oil. Nephrol. Died Transplant. 12,2140–2143 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishikawa O, Mune M, Miyano M et al. Effect of simvastin on the lipid profile of hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 56\(Suppl. 71), S219—S221 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wanner C, Bohler J, Eckardt HG, Wieland H, Schollmeyer P. Effects of simvastatin on lipoprotein(a) and lipoprotein composition in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Clin. Nephrol. 41,138–143 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Traindl 0, Reading S, Franz M et al. Treatment of hyperlipidemic kidney graft recipients with lovastatin: effect on LDL-cholesterol and lipoprotein(a). Nephron 62, 394–398 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li PKT, Mak TWL, Chiu K et al. Effect of lovastatin on serum lipid profile in the treatment of dyslipoproteinemia in uremic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Aust. NZ J. Med. 23, 252–257 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turk S, Yildiz A, Tiikek T et al. The effect of fluvastatin of hyperlipidemia in renal transplant recipients: a prospective, placebo-controlled study. Int. UroL Nephrol. 32,713–716 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Podder H, Gero L, Földes K et al. Treatment of metabolic disorders with fluvastatin after renal transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 29,216–219 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li PKT, Mak TWL, Chan TH et al Effect of fluvastatin on lipoprotein profiles in treating renal transplant recipients with dyslipoproteineimia. Transplantation 60, 652–656 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Samuelsson O, Attman PO, Knight-Gibson C et al. Fluvastatin improves lipid abnormalities in patients with moderate to advanced chronic renal insufficiency. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 39,67–75 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krmar RT, Ferraris JR, Ramirez JA et al Use of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemic hypertensive renal transplant recipients. Pediatr. Nephrol. 17, 540–543 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Navarro JF, Mora C, Muros M, Garcia- Idoate G. Effects of atorvastatin on lipid profile and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients on hemodialysis. Nephron Clin. Pract. 95, C128—C135 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Irish AB, Thompson CH. The effects of gemfibrozil upon the hypercoagulable state in dyslipidemic patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 11, 2223–2228 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelegri A, Romero R, Senn M et al. Effect of bezafibrate on lipoprotein(a) and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, including intermediate-density lipoproteins, in patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 7, 623–626 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKenney J. New perspectives on the use of niacin in the treatment of lipid disorders. Arch. Intern. Med. 164, 697–705 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Useful overview on the potential of niacinfor the treatment of lipid disorders in the nonkidney disease population.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson LA, Hamsten A, Asplund A. Pronounced lowering of serum levels of lipoprotein Lp(a) in hyperlipidemic subjects treated with nicotinic acid. J. Intern. Med 226,271–276 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 106,3143–3421 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi K, Tanahashi Y, Okada M et al. Long-term effects of niceritrol on serum lipoprotein(a) and lipids in patients with high levels of lipoprotein(a). Clin. Ther. 17, 52–59 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinoshita M, Mikuni Y, Kudo M et al The effects of combination therapy with niceritrol and pravastatin on hyperlipidemia. J. Int. Med Res. 30, 271–281 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Superko HR, Krauss RM. Differential effects of nicotinic acid in subjects with different LDL subclass patterns. Atherosclerosis 95,69–76 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenson RS. Antiatherothrombotic effects of nicotinic acid. Atherosclerosis 171,87–96 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK et al. 15 year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 8,1245–1255 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson LA, Rosenhamer G. Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischaemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study by combined treatment with dofibrate and nicotinic acid. Acta Med. Scand 223, 405–418 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakahama H, Nakanishi T, Uyama 0 et al. Niceritrol reduces plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Ren. Fail. 15,189–193 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoji T, Nishizawa Y, Kawasaki K et al. Effects of the nicotinic acid analog niceritrol on lipoprotein Lp(a) and coagulation-fibrinolysis status in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Nephron 77,112–113 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mavromatidis K, Fitili C, Sombolos K. Can acipimox reduce serum lipoprotein(a) levels in hemodialyzed patients? Nephron 78,489 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owada A, Suda S, Hata T Antiproteinuric effect of niceritrol, a nicotinic acid derivative, in chronic renal disease with hyperlipidemia: a randomized trial. Am. J. Med. 114,347–353 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg AL, Nilsson-Ehle P ACTH lowers serum lipids in steroid-treated hyperlipidemic patients with kidney disease. Kidney Int. 50,538–542 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg AL, Nilsson-Ehle P, Arnadottir M. Beneficial effects of ACTH on the serum lipoprotein profile and glomerular function in patients with membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int. 56,1534–1543 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnadottir M, Berg A-L, Kronenberg F et al Corticotropin-induced reduction of plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations in healthy individuals and hemodialysis patients: relation to apolipoprotein(a) size polymorphism. Metabolism 48,342–346 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godsland IF. Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein(a) concentrations: analysis of studies published from 1974-2000. Fertil. SteriL 75,898–915 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Comprehensive overview on the effects of hormonal replacement therapy on Lp(a) concentrations in the general population.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg ES, Walsh B, Greenberg L et al. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on the lipoprotein profile in postmenopausal women with ESRD. Kidney Int. 54, 1344–1350 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park JS, Jung HH, Yang WS et al. Effects of hormonal replacement therapy on lipid and hemostatic factors in postmenopausal ESRD patients. Nephrol. Died Transplant. 15,1835–1840 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostner GM, Ibovnik A, Holzer H, Grillhofer H. Preparation of a stable fresh frozen primary lipoprotein(a) (Lpjap standard. J. Lipid Res. 40,2255–2263 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Scanu AM et al. Use of a reference material proposed by the international federation of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine to evaluate analytical methods for the determination of plasma lipoprotein(a). Clin. Chem. 46, 1956–1967 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Lingenhel A, Lhotta K et al. Lipoprotein(a)- and low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol in nephrotic syndrome: impact on lipid-lowering therapy? Kidney Int. 66, 348–354 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F, Lingenhel A, Neyer U et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemic risk factors in hemodialysis and CAPD patients. Kidney Int. 63\(Suppl. 84), S113—S114 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Kostner GM, Gavish D, Leopold B et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors lower LDL-cholesterol without reducing Lp(a) levels. Circulation 80, 1313–1319 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanu AM, Hinman J. Issues concerning the monitoring of statin therapy in hypercholesterolemic subjects with high plasma lipoprotein(a) levels. Lipids 37, 439–444 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown CD, Azrolan N, Thomas L et al. Reduction of lipoprotein(a) following treatment with lovastatin in patients with unremitting nephrotic syndrome. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 26, 170–177 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar