Breast arterial calcifications as a cardiovascular risk marker in women

References

• Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature 407(6801), 233–241 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics —2004 update. American Heart Association, TX, USA (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Vartiainen E, Puska P, Pekkanen J, Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti B Changes in risk factors explain changes in mortality from ischemic heart disease in Finland. Br. Med. J. 309(6946), 23–27 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Capewell S, Beaglehole R, Seddon M, McMurray J. Explanation for the decline in coronary heart disease mortality rates in Auckland, New Zealand, between 1982 and 1993. Circulation 102(13), 1511–1516 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000. Circulation 109(9), 1101-1107(2004).
   Google Scholar
• Ross R Atherosclerosis — an inflammatory disease. N Engl J. Med 340(2), 115–126 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thaulow E, Erikssen J, Sandvik L, Erikssen G, Jorgensen L, Cohn PE Initial clinical presentation of cardiac disease in asymptomatic men with silent myocardial ischemia and angiographically documented coronary artery disease (the Oslo Ischemia Study). Am. J. Cardid 72 (9), 629–633 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myerburg RJ. Scientific gaps in the prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac death. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysid. 13(7), 709–723 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk E et al From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: part II. Circulation 108(15),1772-1778 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Greenland P, Smith SC Jr, Grundy SM. Improving coronary heart disease risk assessment in asymptomatic people: role of traditional risk factors and noninvasive cardiovascular tests. Circulation 104(15), 1863–1867 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland P, Abrams J, Aurigemma GP et al. Prevention Conference V: beyond secondary prevention: identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: noninvasive tests of atherosclerotic burden: Writing Group III. Circulation 101(1), E16—E22 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Pearson TA. New tools for coronary risk assessment: what are their advantages and limitations? Circulation 105(7), 886–892 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pasternak RC, Abrams J, Greenland P et al Task force 1 — identification of coronary heart disease risk: is there a detection gap? J. Am. Coll. Cardid 41(11), 1863–1874 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feinstein SB, Voci P, Pizzuto F. Noninvasive surrogate markers of atherosclerosis. Am. J. Cardid. 89(5A), 31C-43C (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Taylor AJ. Atherosclerosis imaging to detect and monitor cardiovascular risk Am. J. Cardid. 90(10C), 8L-11L (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Fayad ZA, Fuster V, Nikolaou K, Becker C. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for noninvasive coronary angiography and plaque imaging: current and potential future concepts. Circulation 106(15), 2026–2034 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abedin M, Tintut Y, Demer LL. Vascular calcification: mechanisms and clinical ramifications. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bid 24(7), 1161–1170 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Excellent recent review of the mechanisms involved in arterial calcifications.
   Google Scholar
• Wallin R, Wajih N, Greenwood GT, Sane DC. Arterial calcification: a review of mechanisms, animal models, and the prospects for therapy. Med. Res. Rev. 21(4), 274–301 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Recent review of the mechanisms involved in arterial calcifications.
   Google Scholar
• Chen NX, Moe SM. Arterial calcification in diabetes. Curr Diab. Rep. 3(1), 28–32 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Speer MY, Giachelli CM. Regulation of cardiovascular calcification. Cardiovasc. PathoL 13(2), 63–70 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shanahan CM, Cary NR, Salisbury JR, Proudfoot D, Weissberg PL, Edmonds ME. Medial localization of mineralization-regulating proteins in association with Monckeberg's sclerosis: evidence for smooth muscle cell-mediated vascular calcification. Circulation 100(21), 2168–2176 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farzaneh-Far A, Proudfoot D, Shanahan C, Weissberg PL. Vascular and valvar calcification: recent advances. Heart 85(1), 13–17 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Review discussing the clinical importance of vascular calcifications.
   Google Scholar
• MOnckeberg JG. Uber die reine mediaverkalkung der extremitätenarterien und ihr verhalten zur arteriosklerose. Virchows Arch. PathoL Anat. 171,141–167 (1902).
   Google Scholar
• Edmonds ME, Morrison N, Laws JW et al Medial arterial calcification and diabetic neuropathy. Br Med J. (Clin. Res. Ed) 284(6320), 928–930 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomson C. Vascular calcification in chronic renal failure. Nephron Clin. Pract. 93(4), C124—C130 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silbert S, Lippmann HI, Gordon E. Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis. Am. Med Assoc. Arch. Intern. Med 97(3), 378–383 (1956)
   Google Scholar
• Everhart JE, Pettitt DJ, Knowler WC, Rose FA, Bennett PH. Medial arterial calcification and its association with mortality and complications of diabetes. Diabetologia 31(1), 16–23 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehto S, Niskanen L, Suhonen M, Ronnemaa T, Laakso M. Medial artery calcification. A neglected harbinger of cardiovascular complications in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Bid 16(8), 978–983 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chantelau E, Lee KM, Jungblut R Association of below-knee atherosclerosis to medial arterial calcification in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 29(3), 169–172 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• London GM, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Metivier F, Pannier B, Adda H. Arterial media calcification in end stage renal disease: impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. 1VephroL Did Transplant. 18(9), 1731–1740 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Witteman JC, Kok FJ, van Saase JL, Valkenburg HA. Aortic calcification as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Lancet 2(8516), 1120–1122 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iribarren C, Sidney S, Sternfeld B, Browner WS. Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. J. Am. Med Assoc. 283(21), 2810–2815 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li J, Galvin HK, Johnson SC, Langston CS, Sclamberg J, Preston CA. Aortic calcification on plain chest radiography increases risk for coronary artery disease. Chest 121(5), 1468–1471 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen SN, Friedlander AH, Jolly DA, Date L. Carotid calcification on panoramic radiographs: an important marker for vascular risk. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral PathoL Oral Radid Endodcrind 94(4), 510-514(2002).
   Google Scholar
• Loecker TH, Schwartz RS, Cotta CW, Hickman JR Jr. Fluoroscopic coronary artery calcification and associated coronary disease in asymptomatic young men. J. Am. Coll Cardid 19(6), 1167–1172 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allison MA, Criqui MH, Wright CM. Patterns and risk factors for systemic calcified atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24(2), 331–336 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heussel CP, Voigtlaender T, Kauczor H, Braun M, Meyer J, Thelen M. Detection of coronary artery calcifications predicting coronary heart disease: comparison of fluoroscopy and spiral CT Eur. Radid 8(6), 1016–1024 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP Doherty TM, Detrano RC. Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. J. Am. Med Assoc. 291(2), 210–215 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson GR, Partridge J. Coronary calcification score: the coronary-risk impact factor. Lancet 363(9408), 557–559 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw LJ, Raggi P, Schisterman E, Berman DS, Canister TQ Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality. Radiology 228(3), 826–833 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raggi P, Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Gender-based differences in the prognostic value of coronary calcification. J. Womens Health 13(3), 273–283 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Becker C, Schatzl M, Feist H et al. Assessment of the effective dose for routine protocols in conventional CT, electron-beam CT and coronary angiography. Rofo Fortschr Geb. Rontgenstr. Neuen Bildgeb. Verfahr. 170(1), 99–104 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ; American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2004. G4 Cancer J. Clin. 54(1), 41–52 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Screening mammography recommended annually for all women from the age of 40 years.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher SW, Elmore JG. Clinical practice. Mammographic screening for breast cancer. N Engl. J. Med. 348(17), 1672–1780 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verbeek AL, Broeders MJ. Evaluation of The Netherlands breast cancer screening programme. Ann. Oncol. 14(8), 1203–1205 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ostbye T, Greenberg GN, Taylor DH Jr, Lee AM. Screening mammography and Pap tests among older American women 1996–2000: results from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and Asset and HEAlth Dynamics among the oldest old (AHEAD). Ann. Pam. Med. 1(4), 209–217 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Orel SG, Kay N, Reynolds C, Sullivan DC. BI-RADS categorization as a predictor of malignancy. Radiology 211(3), 845–850 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaw CC, Wang T, King JL et al. Computed radiography versus screen-film mammography in detection of simulated microcalcifications: a receiver operating characteristic study based on phantom images. Acad. Radial. 5(3), 173–180 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen BB, Holm NV. Calcification in breast arteries. The frequency and severity of arterial calcification in female breast tissue without malignant changes. Acta Pathol. Microbial. Immund Scand.. 93(1), 13–16 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• •Only histology study evaluating breast arterial calcifications.
   Google Scholar
• Leinster SJ, Whitehouse GH. Factors which influence the occurrence of vascular calcification in the breast. Br. J. Radial. 60(713), 457–458 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum JK, Comstock CH, Joseph L. Intramammary arterial calcifications associated with diabetes. Radiology 136(1), 61–62 (1980).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •First report linking breast arterial calcifications to clinical disease.
   Google Scholar
• Sickles EA, Galvin HB. Breast arterial calcification in association with diabetes mellitus: too weak a correlation to have clinical utility. Radiology 155(3), 577–579 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crystal P, Crystal E, Leor J, Friger M, Katzinovitch G, Strano S. Breast artery calcium on routine mammography as a potential marker for increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 86(2), 216–217 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Cross-sectional survey showing a significant correlation between breast arterial calcifications and existing classical cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
   Google Scholar
• Cetin M, Cetin R, Tamer N. Prevalence of breast arterial calcification in hypertensive patients. Clin. RadiaL 59(1), 92–95 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iribarren C, Go AS, Tolstykh I, Sidney S, Johnston SC, Spring DB. Breast vascular calcification and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 13(4), 381–389 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••Large cohort study showing that breastarterial calcifications are associated with coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke and heart failure.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt EL, Threatt B. Mammographic intra-arterial calcifications. J. Can. Assoc. RadiaL 35(1), 14–16 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Noord PA, Beijerinck D, Kemmeren JM et al Mammograms may convey more than breast cancer risk: breast arterial calcification and arteriosclerotic-related diseases in women of the DOM cohort. Eur J. Cancer Prey. 5(6), 483–487 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmitt EL, Threatt BA. Relationship of mammographic intra-arterial calcifications and diabetes. South Med J. 77(8), 988–989 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox J, Simpson W Walshaw D. An interesting by-product of screening: assessing the effect of HRT on arterial calcification in the female breast. J. Med Soren. 9(1), 38–39 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Blackman G, Andreeva L, Coughlin B et al Breast arterial calcifications on mammography: incidence in various age groups. Radiology 225,553 (2002) (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Fuster Selva MJ, Orosco Beltran D, Saez Castan J et al Association between breast arterial calcifications and degree control and severity of diabetes. Med Clin (Bare). 122(9), 329–333 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kemmeren JM, van Noord PA, Beijerinck D et al Arterial calcification found on breast cancer screening mammograms and cardiovascular mortality in women: the DOM project. Am. J. EpidemiaL 147(4), 333–341 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Large, prospective study showing breastarterial calcification to be a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.
   Google Scholar
• Akhrass F, Evans AT, Wang Y et al Hormone replacement therapy is associated with less coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrind Metab. 88(12), 5611–5614 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornowski R. Impact of smoking on coronary atherosclerosis and remodeling as determined by intravascular ultrasonic imaging. Am. J. Cardid 83(3), 443–445 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kemmeren JM, Beijerinck D, van Noord PA et al. Breast arterial calcifications: association with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular mortality. Work in progress. Radiology 201(1), 75–78 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moshyedi AC, Puthawala AH, Kurland RJ et al Breast arterial calcification: association with coronary artery disease. Work in progress. Radiology 194(1), 181–183 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Doerger K, Whaley D, Berger P et al Breast arterial calcification detected on mammography is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Radiology 225,553 (2002) (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Henkin Y, Abu-Ful A, Shai I, Crystal P. Lack of association between breast artery calcification seen on mammography and coronary artery disease on angiography. J. Med. Screen. 10(3), 139–112 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pecchi A, Rossi R, Coppi F, Ligabue G, Modena MG, Romagnoli R. Association of breast arterial calcifications detected by mammography and coronary artery calcifications quantified by multislice CT in a population of postmenopausal women. Radial. Med. (Torino) 106(4), 305–312 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •• Demonstrates a strong association between breast arterial calcifications (medial artery calcifications) and coronary artery calcium score (atherosclerosis).
   Google Scholar
• Snell-Bergeon JK, Hokanson JE, Jensen L et al Progression of coronary artery calcification in Type 1 diabetes: the importance of glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 26(10), 2923–2928 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar