98
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Prevalence, pathophysiology and treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly

, , &
Pages 761-769 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Burt VL, Cutler JA, Higgins M et al. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population. Data from the Health Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. Hypertension 26,60–69 (1995).
  • Staessen J, Amery A, Fagard R Editorial review: isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. J. Hypertens. 8,393–405 (1990).
  • Primatesta P, Brookes M, Poulter NR. Improved hypertension management and control. Results from the health survey for England 1998. Hypertension 38,827–832 (2001).
  • Kannel WB. Prevalence and implications of uncontrolled systolic hypertension. Drugs Aging 20,277–286 (2003).
  • Fagard RH. Epidemioloy of hypertension in the elderly. Am. J. Geriat. Cardiol. 11, 23–28 (2002).
  • Mourad JJ, Blacher J, Blin P et al. Conventional antihypertensive drug therapy does not prevent the increase of pulse pressure with age. Hypertension 38, 958–961 (2001).
  • Sulbaran TA, Silva ER, Maestra G. Isolated systolic hypertension: a new challenge in medicine. J. Hum. Hypertens. 16, S44—S47 (2002).
  • Martins D, Nelson K, Pan D et al. The effect of gender on age-related blood pressure changes and the prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension among older adults: data from NHANES III. J. Gend Specif: Med 4,10–13 (2001).
  • Franklin SS, Larson MG, Khan SA et al Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 103, 1245–1249 (2001).
  • •Epidemiological study showing that with increasing age there is a gradual shift from diastolic to systolic and then to pulse pressure as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk. The strength of the study is the large number of subjects (6500) in a wide age range (20–79 years) with a 20-year follow-up.
  • Birkenhäger WH, Staessen JA, Gasowski J et al Effects of antihypertensive treatment on end points in the diabetic patients randomized in the Systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. J. 1VephroL 13, 232–237 (2000).
  • Mitchell GF, Moye LA, Braunwald E et al Sphygrnomanometrically determined pulse pressure is a powerful independent predictor of recurrent events after myocardial infarction in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Circulation 96,4254 4260 (1997).
  • Safar ME, Blacher J, Pannier B et al Central pulse pressure and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 39,735–738 (2002).
  • •Provides the first direct evidence that in patients with end-stage renal disease, the carotid pulse pressure level and the disappearance of pulse pressure amplification are strong independent predictors of all-cause (including cardiovascular) mortality.
  • Blacher J, Staessen JA, Girerd X et al Pulse pressure not mean pressure determines cardiovascular risk in older hypertensive patients. Arch. Intern. Med 160,1085–1089 (2000).
  • Staessen JA, Thijs L, O'Brien ET et al. Ambulatory pulse pressure as predictor of outcome in older patients with systolic hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 15,835–843 (2002).
  • Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG et al Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 355,865–872 (2000).
  • ••Meta-analysis estimates the risk fortotal mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. In addition, this article shows that antihypertensive treatment reduces cardiovascular risk in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension.
  • Asmar R, Safavian A, Tual JL et al. Arterial and cardiac changes in hypertension in the elderly. Blood Press. Suppl. 3,31–37 (1995).
  • Schocken DD, Roth GS. Reduced 13-adrenergic receptor concentrations in ageing man. Nature 267,856–858 (1977).
  • Thompson J, Khalil RA. Gender differences in the regulation of vascular tone. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 30, 1–15 (2003).
  • Heintz B, Dorr R, Gillessen T et al. Do arterial endothelin-1 levels affect local arterial stiffness? Am. Heart J. 126, 987–989 (1993).
  • Hallock P, Benson IC. Studies on the elastic properties of human isolated aorta. J. Clin. Invest. 16,595–602 (1937).
  • M'Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Fagard R, Lijnen P et al. Blood pressure and urinary cations in urban Bantu of Zaire. Am. J. Epidemiol. 124,957–968 (1986).
  • Liao D, Arnett DK, Tyroler HA et al. Arterial stiffness and the development of hypertension. The ARIC study. Hypertension 34,201–206 (1999).
  • Benetos A, Okuda K, Lajemi M et al. Telomere length as an indicator of biological aging: the gender effect and relation with pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity. Hypertension 37,381–385 (2001).
  • Aviv A, Aviv H. Reflections on telomeres, growth, aging, and essential hypertension. Hypertension 29, 1067–1072 (1997).
  • de Lange T, Shiue L, Myers RI\4 et al. Structure and variability of human chromosome ends. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 518–527 (1990).
  • Allsopp RC, Vaziri H, Patterson C et al. Telomere length predicts replicative capacity of human fibroblasts. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA 89,10114–10118 (1992).
  • Aviv A. Pulse pressure and human longevity. Hypertension 37,1060–1066 (2001).
  • Stein JH, McBride PE. Hyperhomocysteinemia and atherosclerotic vascular disease. Pathophysiology, screening and treatment. Arch. Intern. Med. 158,1301–1306 (1998).
  • Xu D, Neville R, Finkel T Homocysteine accelerates endothelial cell senescence. FEBS Lett. 470,20–24 (2000).
  • Mark AL, Correia M, Morgan DA et al. State-of-the-art-lecture: obesity-induced hypertension: new concepts from the emerging biology of obesity. Hypertension 33,537–541 (1999).
  • Lehman ED, Hopkins KD, Gosling RG.Aortic compliance measurements using Doppler ultrasound: in vivo biochemical correlates. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 19, 683–710 (1993).
  • Farrar DJ, Bond MG, Riley WA et al. Anatomic correlates of aortic pulse wave velocity and carotid artery elasticity during atherosclerosis progression and regression in monkeys. Circulation 83,1754–1763 (1991).
  • Mahmud A, Feely J. Effect of smoking on arterial stiffness and pulse pressure amplification. Hypertension 41,183–187 (2003).
  • Prisco D, Fedi S, Brunelli T et al. The influence of smoking on von Willebrand factor is already manifest in healthy adolescent females: the Floren-Teen (Florence Teenager) Study. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 29, 150–154 (1999).
  • Winniford MD. Smoking and cardiovascular function. J. Hypertens. 9\(Suppl. 5), S17—S23 (1990).
  • Wiltshire EJ, Gent R, Hirte C et al. Endothelial dysfunction relates to folate status in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 51,2282–2286 (2002).
  • Larsen ML, Horder M, Mogensen ER Effect of long-term monitoring of glycosylated hemoglobin levels in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J. Med. 323,1021–1025 (1990).
  • Welch GN, Loscalzo J. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J. Med. 338, 1042–1050 (1998).
  • Bortolotto LA, Safar ME, Billaud E et al. Plasma homcysteine, aortic stiffness, and renal function in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 34,837–842 (1999).
  • van Guldener C, Lambert J, ter Wee PM et al. Carotid artery stiffness in patients with end-stage renal disease: no effect of long-term homocysteine-lowering therapy. Clin. Nephrol 53,33–41 (2000).
  • van Dijk RA, Rauwerda JA, Steyn M et al. Long-term homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus pyridoxine is associated with decreased blood pressure but not with improved brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilation or carotid artery stiffness: a 2-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21, 2072–2079 (2001).
  • European Society of Hypertension—European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee 2003. European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J. Hypertens. 21, 1011–1053 (2003).
  • Pickering TG, Coats A, Mallion JM et al. Task Force V: white-coat hypertension. Blood Press. Mona 4,333–341 (1999).
  • Fagard RH, Staessen JA, Thijs L et al. Response to antihypertensive therapy in older patients with sustained and nonsustained systolic hypertension. Circulation 102,1139–1144 (2000).
  • Somes GW, Pahor M, Shorr RI et al. The role of diastolic blood pressure when treating isolated systolic hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med. 159,2004–2009 (1999).
  • Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet 350,757–764 (1997).
  • SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). J. Am. Med. Assoc. 265,3255–3264 (1991).
  • Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN. Characteristics of patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the USA. N Engl J. Med. 345, 479–486 (2001).
  • ••Demonstrates that most cases ofuncontrolled hypertension in the USA consist of isolated, mild systolic hypertension in older adults.
  • Alam MG, Barn i YM. Systolic blood pressure is the main etiology for poorly controlled hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 16,140–143 (2003).
  • Fagard RH, Van den Enden M. Treatment and blood pressure control in isolated systolic hypertension vs. diastolic hypertension in primary care. J. Hum. Hypertens. 17,681–687 (2003).
  • Franldin SS, Jacobs MJ, Wong ND et al Predominance of isolated systolic hypertension among middle-aged and elderly US hypertensives. Analysis based on National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. Hypertension 37,869–874 (2001).
  • Thijs L, Staessen JA, Beleva S et al How well can blood pressure be controlled? Progress report on the Systolic hypertension in Europe follow-up study (Syst-Eur 2). Curr. Control Trials Cardiovasc. Med 2,298–306 (2001).
  • Liu L, Wang JG, Gong L et al Comparison of active treatment and placebo in older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic hypertension in China (Syst-China) collaborative group. J. Hypertens. 16(12 Pt 1), 1823–1829 (1998).
  • Staessen JA, Thijs L, Birkenhäger WH et al Update on the Systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Hypertension 33, 1476–1477 (1999).
  • Voyaki SM, Staessen JA, Thijs L et al Follow-up of renal function in treated and untreated older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. J. Hypertens. 19, 511–519 (2001).
  • Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L et al Subgroup and per-protocol analysis of the randomized European trial on isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. Arch. Intern. Med 158,1681–1691 (1998).
  • Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard RH et al Calcium-channel blockade and cardiovascular prognosis in the European trial on isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension 32,410–416 (1998).
  • Tuomilehto J, Rastenyte D, Birkenhäger WH et al. Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. N Engl J Med 340, 677–684 (1999).
  • Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R et al, and the Systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Effects of immediate versus delayed antihypertension therapy on outcome in the Systolic hypertension in Europe trial. J. Hypertens. 22,847–857 (2004).
  • Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA et al Prevention of dementia in randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet 352,1347–1351 (1998).
  • Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA et al The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment. New evidence from the Systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch. Intern. Med 162,2046–2052 (2002).
  • Gueyffier F, Bulpitt C, Boissel JP et al. Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lancet 353, 793–796 (1999).
  • Bulpitt CJ, Beckett NS, Cooke J et al. Results of the pilot study for the hypertension in the very elderly trial. J. Hypertens. 21,2409–2417 (2003).
  • Kjeldsen SE, Dahltif B, Devereux RB et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovasclar morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention For End point reduction (LIFE) substudy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 288, 1491–1498 (2002).
  • Staessen JA, Wang J-G, Thijs L Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. Lancet 358, 1305–1315 (2001).
  • •Meta-regression analysis shows that the benefits of antihypertensive therapy largely depend on blood pressure lowering. This paper could not confirm the hypothesis that newer antihypertensive drugs influence cardiovascular prognosis over and beyond their blood-pressure lowering effects.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.