Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy Volume 2, 2004 - Issue 6
Submit an article Journal homepage
8
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Pharmacologic strategies for the prevention of atherosclerotic plaque progression

Paul Schoenhagen The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Radiology, Cardiovascular Imaging and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radiology Desk Hb-6, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. [email protected]
,
Timothy Crowe The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Intravascular Ultrasound and Angiography Core Laboratories, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiology Desk F-15, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. [email protected]
,
Murat Tuzcu The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Intravascular Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiology F-15, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. [email protected]
&
Steven E Nissen The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Clinic Cardiovascular Research Coordinating Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiology F-15, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. [email protected]
Pages 855-866 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • American Heart Association. 2002 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. American Heart Association, TX, USA (2001).
  • The Euro Heart Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes (Euro Heart Survey ACS). Eur. Heart J. 23,1190–1201 (2002).
  • Yamamoto A, Temba H, Horibe H et al. Research Group on Serum Lipid Survey 1990 in Japan. Lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors in the Japanese population — from an epidemiological survey on serum lipid levels in Japan 1990 part 1: influence of life style and excess body weight on HDL-cholesterol and other lipid parameters in men. Atheroscler. Thromb. 10, 165–175 (2003).
  • Bonow RO. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. A call to action. Circulation 106,3140–3141 (2002).
  • Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). J Am. Med. Assoc. 285,2486-2497 (2001). Clinical guidelines from the National Institutes of Health, describing the diagnosis and treatment of patients with elevated cardiovascular risk.
  • Fayad ZA, Fuster V, Nikolaou K, Becker C. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for noninvasive coronary angiography and plaque imaging: current and potential future concepts. Circulation 106,2026–2034 (2002).
  • Can atherosclerosis imaging techniques improve the detection of patients at risk for ischemic heart disease? Proceedings of the 34th Bethesda Conference. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 7 October 2002.1 Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41,1855–1917 (2003).
  • ••Expert consensus paper describing the roleof atherosclerosis imaging in the identification of patients with elevated cardiovascular risk.
  • Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P Acute coronary syndromes, plaque vulnerability, and carotid artery disease: the changing role of atherosclerosis imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43,1033–1036 (2003).
  • Tuzcu EM, Kapadia SR, Tutar E et al. High prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic teenagers and young adults: evidence from intravascular ultrasound. Circulation 103, 2705–2710 (2001).
  • •Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) paper demonstrating the frequency of subclinical coronary artery disease in young patients.
  • Mintz GS, Nissen SE, Anderson WD et al. American College of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on standards for acquisition, measurement and reporting of intravascular ultrasound studies (IVUS). A report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37,1478–1492 (2001).
  • •Clinical guidelines for the performance and interpretation of IVUS.
  • Di Mario C, Gorge G, Peters R et al. Clinical application and image interpretation in intracoronary ultrasound. Study Group on Intracoronary Imaging of the Working Group of Coronary circulation and of the Subgroup on Intravascular Ultrasound of the Working Group of Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart J. 19,207–229 (1998).
  • •Clinical guidelines for the performance and interpretation of IVUS.
  • Schoenhagen P, White RD, Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM. Coronary imaging: angiography shows the stenosis, but IVUS, CT and MRI show the plaque. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 70,713–719 (2003).
  • Hausmann D, Erbel R, Alibelli-Chemarin MJ et al. The safety of intracoronary ultrasound: a multicenter survey of 2207 examinations. Circulation 91,623–630 (1995).
  • Batkoff BW, Linker DT. Safety of intracoronary ultrasound: data from a Multicenter European Registry. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 38,238–241 (1996).
  • Ramasubbu K, Schoenhagen P, Balghith MA et al Repeated intravascular ultrasound imaging in cardiac transplant recipients does not accelerate transplant coronary artery disease. J Arn. ColL CardioL 41, 1739–1743 (2003).
  • Takagi T, Yoshida K, Akasaka T, Hozumi T, Morioka S, Yoshikawa J. Intravascular ultrasound analysis of reduction in progression of coronary narrowing by treatment with pravastatin. Am. J CardioL 79,1673–1676 (1997).
  • Matsuzaki M, Hiramori K, Imaizumi T et al Intravascular ultrasound evaluation of coronary plaque regression by low density lipoprotein-apheresis in familial hypercholesterolemia. J Am. Coll. CardioL 40,220–227 (2002).
  • Nissen SE. Application of intravascular ultrasound to characterize coronary artery disease and assess the progression or regression of atherosclerosis. Am. J CardioL 89, B24—B31 (2002).
  • Schoenhagen P, Nissen SE. Coronary atherosclerotic disease burden: an emerging end point in progression/regression studies using intravascular ultrasound. CUIT: Drug. Targets. Cardiovasc. HematoL Disord. 3, 218–226 (2003).
  • Schoenhagen P, Sapp SK, Tuzcu EM et al Variability of area measurements obtained with different intravascular ultrasound catheter systems: impact on clinical trials and a method for accurate calibration. J Am. Soc. Echocardiogi: 16,277–284 (2003).
  • Schartl M, Bocksch W, Koschyk DH et al. Use of intravascular ultrasound to compare effects of different strategies of lipid-lowering therapy on plaque volume and composition in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 104,387–392 (2001).
  • Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P et al. REVERSAL Investigators. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Am. Med. Assoc. 291, 1071–1080 (2004).
  • •First direct comparison between different statin medications using atherosclerosis imaging with IVUS.
  • Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH et al Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl. J Med. 350, 1495–1504 (2004).
  • •• Direct comparison between different statin medications using clinical endpoints.
  • Rosenson RS. Rosuvastatin: a new inhibitor of HMG-coA reductase for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 1(4), 495–505 (2003).
  • Jones SP, Gibson MF, Rimmer DM III, Gibson TM, Sharp BR, Lefer DJ. Direct vascular and cardioprotective effects of rosuvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. J Am. Coll. CardioL 40, 1172–1178 (2002).
  • Kleemann R, Princen HM, Emeis JJ et al. Rosuvastatin reduces atherosclerosis development beyond and independent of its plasma cholesterol-lowering effect in apoE*3-Leiden transgenic mice: evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of rosuvastatin. Circulation 108,1368–1374 (2003).
  • •Animal study describing the effect of rosuvastatin on atherosclerosis progression.
  • Olsson AG, Istad H, Luurila 0 et al. Rosuvastatin Investigators Group. Effects of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin compared over 52 weeks of treatment in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am. Heart J 144,1044–1051 (2002).
  • Brown WV, Bays HE, Hassman DR et al. and the Rosuvastatin Study Group. Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin compared with pravastatin and simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, 52-week trial. Am. Heart J 144,1036–1043 (2002).
  • Stein EA, Strutt K, Southworth H, Diggle PJ, Miller E, the HeFH Study Group. Comparison of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am. I CardioL 92, 1287–1293 (2003).
  • Hunninghake DB, Stein EA, Bays HE et al. Rosuvastatin improves the atherogenic and atheroprotective lipid profiles in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Coron. Artery Dis. 15,115–123 (2004).
  • Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA et al. STELLAR Study Group. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR* Trial). Am. J CardioL 92,152–160 (2003).
  • Ridker PM, on behalf of the JUPITER Study Group. Rosuvastatin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among patients with low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Rationale and design of the JUPITER trial. Circulation 108, 2292–2297 (2003).
  • Ohishi K, Sawada H, Yoshida Y et al. Inhibitory effects of N- (3,5-dimethoxy-4-n-octyloxycinnamoy1)-N'- (3,4-dimethylphenyflpiperazine (YIC-C8-434), an acyl-CoA:cholesterol 0-acyltransferase inhibitor, on cholesterol esterification in the intestine and liver. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26, 1125–1128 (2003).
  • Aragane K, Kojima K, Fujinami K, Kamei J, Kusunoki J. Effect of F-1394, an acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, on atherosclerosis induced by high cholesterol diet in rabbits. atherosclerosis 158,139–145 (2001).
  • Delsing DJ, Offerman EH, van Duyvenvoorde W et al. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor avasimibe reduces atherosclerosis in addition to its cholesterol-lowering effect in apoE*3-Leiden mice. Circulation 103, 1778–1786 (2001).
  • •Animal study describing effect of acetyl-CoA:cholesterol aacyltransferase inhibitors on atherosclerosis progression.
  • Raal FJ, Marais AD, Klepack E, Lovalvo J, McLain R, Heinonen T. Avasimibe, an ACAT inhibitor, enhances the lipid lowering effect of atorvastatin in subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 171, 273–279 (2003).
  • Insull W Jr, Koren M, Davignon J et al. Efficacy and short-term safety of a new ACAT inhibitor, avasimibe, on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins, in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 157,137–144 (2001).
  • Tardif JC, Gregoire J, Lesperance J et al. Design features of the Avasimibe and Progression of coronary Lesions assessed by intravascular UltraSound (A-PLUS) clinical trial. Am. Heart J 144,589–596 (2002).
  • Knopp RH, Gitter H, Truitt T et al. Ezetimibe Study Group. Effects of ezetimibe, a new cholesterol absorption inhibitor, on plasma lipids in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Eur. Heart J 24,729–741 (2003).
  • Ballantyne CM, Houri J, Notarbartolo A et al. and the Ezetimibe Study Group. Effect of ezetimibe coadministered with atorvastatin in 628 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Circulation 107,2409-2015 (2003). Clinical study evaluating the effect of ezetimibe.
  • Melani L, Mills R, Hassman D et al. and the Ezetimibe Study Group. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with pravastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Eur. Heart J 24,717–728 (2003).
  • Kerzner B, Corbelli J, Sharp S et al. and the Ezetimibe Study Group. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with lovastatin in primary hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. CardioL 91, 418–424 (2003).
  • Sager PT, Melani L, Lipka L et al. and the ezetimibe Study Group. Effect of coadministration of ezetimibe and simvastatin on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Am. J. CardioL 92,1414–1418 (2003).
  • Rader DJ. High-density lipoproteins as an emerging therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. J Am. Med. Assoc. 290, 2322–2324 (2003).
  • Shah PK, Kaul S, Nilsson J, Cercek B. Exploiting the vascular protective effects of high-density lipoprotein and its apolipoproteins: an idea whose time for testing is coming, part II. Circulation 104, 2498–2502 (2001).
  • Ameli S, Hultgardh-Nilsson A, Cercek B et al. Recombinant apolipoprotein A-I (Milano) reduces intimal thickening after balloon injury in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Circulation 90,1935–1941 (1994).
  • Shah PK, Nilsson J, Kaul S et al. Effects of recombinant apolipoprotein A-I (Milano) on aortic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 97,780–785 (1998).
  • ••Animal study demonstratingplaque regression after administration of recombinant apolipoprotein A-I (Milano).
  • Nissen SE, Tsunoda T, Tuzcu EM et al Effect of recombinant apo A-I (Milano) on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. J Am. Med. Assoc. 290, 2292–2300 (2003).
  • ••Clinical study demonstratingplaque regression after administration of recombinant apolipoprotein A-I (Milano).
  • Tall AR. Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein. J Lipid Res. 34,1255–1274 (1993).
  • Brown ML, Inazu A, Hesler CB et al. Molecular basis of lipid transfer protein deficiency in a family with increased high-density lipoproteins. Nature 342,448–451 (1989).
  • Inazu A, Brown ML, Hesler CB et al Increased high-density lipoprotein levels caused by a common cholesteryl-ester transfer protein gene mutation. N EngL Med. 323,1234–1238 (1990).
  • Okamoto H, Yonemori F, Wakitani K, Minowa T, Maeda K, Shinkai H. A cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor attenuates atherosclerosis in rabbits. Nature 406,203–207 (2000).
  • Clark RW, Sutfin TA, Ruggeri RB et al. Raising high-density lipoprotein in humans through inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein: an initial multidose study of torcetrapib. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. BioL 24,490–497 (2004).
  • de Grooth GJ, Kuivenhoven JA, Stalenhoef AF et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, JTT-705, in humans: a randomized Phase II dose-response study. Circulation 105,2159–2165 (2002).
  • Brousseau ME, Schaefer EJ, Wolfe ML et al. Effects of an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein on HDL cholesterol. N EngL J. Med. 350,1505–1515 (2004).
  • ••Clinical paper evaluating the effectof cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
  • Barter PJ, Brewer HB Jr, Chapman MJ, Hennekens CH, Rader DJ, Tall AR. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: a novel target for raising HDL and inhibiting atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. BioL 23,160–167 (2003).
  • Zhong S, Sharp DS, Grove JS et al Increased coronary heart disease in Japanese-American men with mutation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene despite increased HDL levels. J. Clin. Invest. 97,2917–2923 (1996).
  • de Dios ST, Bruemmer D, Dilley RJ et al. Inhibitory activity of clinical thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator activating receptor-y ligands toward internal mammary artery, radial artery, and saphenous vein smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circulation 107,2548–2550 (2003).
  • Marx N, Kehrle B, Kohlhammer K et al. PPAR activators as anti-inflammatory mediators in human T-lymphocytes: implications for atherosclerosis and transplantation-associated arteriosclerosis. Circ. Res. 90,703–710 (2002).
  • Winkler K, Konrad T, Fullert S et al Pioglitazone reduces atherogenic dense LDL particles in nondiabetic patients with arterial hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care 26, 2588–2594 (2003).
  • •Clinical paper describing the effect of pioglitazone on low-density lipoprotein particle size.
  • Mason RP. Mechanisms of plaque stabilization for the dihydropyridine calcium channel blacker amlodipine: review of the evidence. Atherosclerosis 165,191–199 (2002).
  • Tulenko TN, Brown J, Laury-Kleintop L, Khan M, Walter MF, Mason RP Atheroprotection with amlodipine: cells to lesions and the PREVENT trial. Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial. J Cardiovasc. PharmacoL 33\(Suppl. 2), S17—S22 (1999).
  • Kataoka C, Egashira K, Ishibashi M et al Novel anti-inflammatory actions of amlodipine in a rat model of arteriosclerosis induced by long-term inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Am. J PhysioL Heart Circ PhysioL 286, H768—H774 (2004).
  • van de Poll SW, Delsing DJ, Wouter Jukema J et al Effects of amlodipine, atorvastatin and combination of both on advanced atherosclerotic plaque in apoE*3-Leiden transgenic mice. I MoL CelL CardioL 35,109–118 (2003).
  • Koshiyama H, Tanaka S, Minamikawa J. Effect of calcium channel blacker amlodipine on the intimal-medial thickness of carotid arterial wall in Type 2 diabetes. J Cardiovasc PharmacoL 33,894–896 (1999).
  • Pitt B, Byington RP, Furberg CD et al. Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. PREVENT Investigators. Circulation 102,1503–1510 (2000).
  • •Angiographic study demonstrating the effect of amlodipine on atherosclerotic plaque progression.
  • Jukema RV, van der Hoorn RV. Amlodipine and atorvastatin in atherosclerosis: a review of the potential of combination therapy. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 5(2), 459–468 (2004).
  • Candido R, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Cao Z et al. Prevention of accelerated atherosclerosis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 106,246–253 (2002).
  • Hayek T, Kaplan M, Raz A, Keidar S, Coleman R, Aviram M. Ramipril administration to atherosclerotic mice reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake by their macrophages and blocks the progression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 161, 65–74 (2002).
  • Hosomi N, Mizushige K, Ohyama H et al Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with enalapril slows progressive intima-media thickening of the common carotid artery in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Stroke 32, 1539–1545 (2001).
  • •Clinical study demonstrating the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on progression of carotid intima-media thickness.

Websites

  • FDA public health advisory — Crestor® www.fda.govicderldrugiadvisorykrestor.htm (Accessed October 2004)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.