187
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Women in Cardiology - Reviews

Coronary microvascular dysfunction in women: an overview of diagnostic strategies

Pages 1515-1525 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Phan A, Shufelt C, Merz CN. Persistent chest pain and no obstructive coronary artery disease. JAMA 301(14), 1468–1474 (2009).
  • Johnson BD, Shaw LJ, Pepine CJ et al. Persistent chest pain predicts cardiovascular events in women without obstructive coronary artery disease: results from the NIH-NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Eur. Heart J. 27(12), 1408–1415 (2006).
  • Cannon RO, 3rd, Epstein SE. “Microvascular angina” as a cause of chest pain with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Am. J. Cardiol. 61(15), 1338–1343 (1988).
  • Jones E, Eteiba W, Merz NB. Cardiac syndrome X and microvascular coronary dysfunction. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 22(6), 161–168 (2012).
  • Kothawade K, Bairey Merz CN. Microvascular coronary dysfunction in women: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 36(8), 291–318 (2011).
  • Marroquin OC, Holubkov R, Edmundowicz D et al. Heterogeneity of microvascular dysfunction in women with chest pain not attributable to coronary artery disease: implications for clinical practice. Am. Heart J. 145(4), 628–635 (2003).
  • Opherk D, Zebe H, Weihe E et al. Reduced coronary dilatory capacity and ultrastructural changes of the myocardium in patients with angina pectoris but normal coronary arteriograms. Circulation 63(4), 817–825 (1981).
  • Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT et al. Effect of risk factors on the mechanism of acute thrombosis and sudden coronary death in women. Circulation 97(21), 2110–2116 (1998).
  • Lanza GA, Giordano A, Pristipino C et al. Abnormal cardiac adrenergic nerve function in patients with syndrome X detected by [123I] metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy. Circulation 96(3), 821–826 (1997).
  • Gulli G, Cemin R, Pancera P et al. Evidence of parasympathetic impairment in some patients with cardiac syndrome X. Cardiovasc. Res. 52(2), 208–216 (2001).
  • Cox ID, Botker HE, Bagger JP et al. Elevated endothelin concentrations are associated with reduced coronary vasomotor responses in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 34(2), 455–460 (1999).
  • Cannon RO. Microvascular angina and the continuing dilemma of chest pain with normal coronary angiograms. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54(10), 877–885 (2009).
  • Egashira K, Inou T, Hirooka Y et al. Evidence of impaired endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilatation in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms. N. Engl. J. Med. 328(23), 1659–1664 (1993).
  • Pepine CJ, Anderson RD, Sharaf BL et al. Coronary microvascular reactivity to adenosine predicts adverse outcome in women evaluated for suspected ischemia results from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55(25), 2825–2832 (2010).
  • Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Wollschläger H, Just H. Endothelial dysfunction of the coronary microvasculature is associated with coronary blood flow regulation in patients with early atherosclerosis. Circulation 84(5), 1984–1992 (1991).
  • Reis SE, Holubkov R, Conrad Smith AJ et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is highly prevalent in women with chest pain in the absence of coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI WISE study. Am. Heart J. 141(5), 735–741 (2001).
  • Huang PH, Chen YH, Chen YL et al. Vascular endothelial function and circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Heart 93(9), 1064–1070 (2007).
  • Rosen SD, Paulesu E, Wise RJ, Camici PG. Central neural contribution to the perception of chest pain in cardiac syndrome X. Heart 87(6), 513–519 (2002).
  • Jadhav S, Ferrell W, Greer IA et al. Effects of metformin on microvascular function and exercise tolerance in women with angina and normal coronary arteries: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48(5), 956–963 (2006).
  • Cosin-Sales J, Pizzi C, Brown S, Kaski JC. C-reactive protein, clinical presentation, and ischemic activity in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41(9), 1468–1474 (2003).
  • Pepine CJ, Kerensky RA, Lambert CR et al. Some thoughts on the vasculopathy of women with ischemic heart disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47(3 Suppl.), S30–S35 (2006).
  • Kaski JC, Rosano GM, Collins P et al. Cardiac syndrome X: clinical characteristics and left ventricular function. Long-term follow-up study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 25(4), 807–814 (1995).
  • Bairey Merz CN, Shaw LJ, Reis SE et al. Insights from the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part II: gender differences in presentation, diagnosis, and outcome with regard to gender-based pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and macrovascular and microvascular coronary disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47(3 Suppl.), S21–S29 (2006).
  • Lanza GA, Crea F. Primary coronary microvascular dysfunction: clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management. Circulation 121(21), 2317–2325 (2010).
  • Campisi R. Noninvasive assessment of coronary microvascular function in women at risk for ischemic heart disease. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 62(2), 300–307 (2008).
  • Hasdai D, Cannan CR, Mathew V, Holmes DRJr, Lerman A. Evaluation of patients with minimally obstructive coronary artery disease and angina. Int. J. Cardiol. 53(3), 203–208 (1996).
  • Mohri M, Koyanagi M, Egashira K et al. Angina pectoris caused by coronary microvascular spasm. Lancet 351(9110), 1165–1169 (1998).
  • Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Mahrholdt H et al. Increased coronary vasoconstrictor response to acetylcholine in women with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms (cardiac syndrome X). Clin. Res. Cardiol. 101(8), 673–681 (2012).
  • Nabel EG, Ganz P, Gordon JB, Alexander RW, Selwyn AP. Dilation of normal and constriction of atherosclerotic coronary arteries caused by the cold pressor test. Circulation 77(1), 43–52 (1988).
  • Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Wollschlager H, Just H. Endothelial dysfunction of the coronary microvasculature is associated with coronary blood flow regulation in patients with early atherosclerosis. Circulation 84(5), 1984–1992 (1991).
  • Klocke FJ. Measurements of coronary flow reserve: defining pathophysiology versus making decisions about patient care. Circulation 76(6), 1183–1189 (1987).
  • Reis SE, Holubkov R, Lee JS et al. Coronary flow velocity response to adenosine characterizes coronary microvascular function in women with chest pain and no obstructive coronary disease. Results from the pilot phase of the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33(6), 1469–1475 (1999).
  • Wessel TR, Arant CB, McGorray SP et al. Coronary microvascular reactivity is only partially predicted by atherosclerosis risk factors or coronary artery disease in women evaluated for suspected ischemia: results from the NHLBI Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Clin. Cardiol. 30(2), 69–74 (2007).
  • Wei J, Mehta PK, Johnson BD et al. Safety of coronary reactivity testing in women with no obstructive coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv. 5(6), 646–653 (2012).
  • Lanza GA, Lüscher TF, Pasceri V et al. Effects of atrial pacing on arterial and coronary sinus endothelin-1 levels in syndrome X. Am. J. Cardiol. 84(10), 1187–1191 (1999).
  • Piatti P, Fragasso G, Monti LD et al. Endothelial and metabolic characteristics of patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries: comparison with subjects with insulin resistance syndrome and normal controls. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 34(5), 1452–1460 (1999).
  • Lerman A, Holmes DR, Bell MR, Garratt KN, Nishimura RA, Burnett JC. Endothelin in coronary endothelial dysfunction and early atherosclerosis in humans. Circulation 92(9), 2426–2431 (1995).
  • Tousoulis D, Davies GJ, Asimakopoulos G et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum level in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries (syndrome X). Clin. Cardiol. 24(4), 301–304 (2001).
  • Kip KE, Marroquin OC, Shaw LJ et al. Global inflammation predicts cardiovascular risk in women: a report from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Am. Heart J. 150(5), 900–906 (2005).
  • Alroy S, Preis M, Barzilai M et al. Endothelial cell dysfunction in women with cardiac syndrome X and MTHFR C677T mutation. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 9(4), 321–325 (2007).
  • Recio-Mayoral A, Rimoldi, OE, Camici, PG, Kaski, JC. Inflammation and microvascular dysfunction in cardiac syndrome x patients without conventional risk factors for coronary artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 6(6), 660–667 (2013).
  • Cannon RO, 3rd, Camici PG, Epstein SE. Pathophysiological dilemma of syndrome X. Circulation 85(3), 883–892 (1992).
  • Panza JA, Laurienzo JM, Curiel RV et al. Investigation of the mechanism of chest pain in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries using transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 29(2), 293–301 (1997).
  • Zouridakis EG, Cox ID, Garcia-Moll X et al. Negative stress echocardiographic responses in normotensive and hypertensive patients with angina pectoris, positive exercise stress testing, and normal coronary arteriograms. Heart 83(2), 141–146 (2000).
  • Vinereanu D, Fraser AG, Robinson M, Lee A, Tweddel A. Adenosine provokes diastolic dysfunction in microvascular angina. Postgrad. Med. J. 78(915), 40–42 (2002).
  • Hozumi T, Yoshida K, Akasaka T et al. Noninvasive assessment of coronary flow velocity and coronary flow velocity reserve in the left anterior descending coronary artery by Doppler echocardiography: comparison with invasive technique. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32(5), 1251–1259 (1998).
  • Saraste M, Koskenvuo J, Knuuti J et al. Coronary flow reserve: measurement with transthoracic Doppler echocardiography is reproducible and comparable with positron emission tomography. Clin. Physiol. 21(1), 114–122 (2001).
  • Sade LE, Eroglu S, Bozbas H et al. Relation between epicardial fat thickness and coronary flow reserve in women with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis 204(2), 580–585 (2009).
  • Sestito A, Lanza GA, Di Monaco A et al. Relation between cardiovascular risk factors and coronary microvascular dysfunction in cardiac syndrome X. J. Cardiovasc. Med. 12(5), 322–327 (2011).
  • Galiuto L, Sestito A, Barchetta S et al. Noninvasive evaluation of flow reserve in the left anterior descending coronary artery in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Am. J. Cardiol. 99(10), 1378–83 (2007).
  • Rinkevich D, Belcik T, Gupta NC et al. Coronary autoregulation is abnormal in syndrome X: insights using myocardial contrast echocardiography. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 26(3), 290–296 (2013).
  • Fragasso G, Rossetti E, Dosio F et al. High prevalence of the thallium-201 reverse redistribution phenomenon in patients with syndrome X. Eur. Heart J. 17(10), 1482–1487 (1996).
  • Peix A, Garcia EJ, Valiente J et al. Ischemia in women with angina and normal coronary angiograms. Coron. Artery Dis. 18(5), 361–366 (2007).
  • Shaw LJ, Bairey Merz CN, Pepine CJ et al. Insights from the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part I: gender differences in traditional and novel risk factors, symptom evaluation, and gender-optimized diagnostic strategies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47(3 Suppl), S4–S20 (2006).
  • Geltman EM, Henes CG, Senneff MJ, Sobel BE, Bergmann SR. Increased myocardial perfusion at rest and diminished perfusion reserve in patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 16(3), 586–595 (1990).
  • Osamichi S, Kouji K, Yoshimaro I et al. Myocardial glucose metabolism assessed by positron emission tomography and the histopathologic findings of microvessels in syndrome X. Circ. J. 68(3), 220–226 (2004).
  • Johnson NP, Gould KL. Clinical evaluation of a new concept: resting myocardial perfusion heterogeneity quantified by markovian analysis of PET identifies coronary microvascular dysfunction and early atherosclerosis in 1,034 subjects. J. Nucl. Med. 46(9), 1427–1437 (2005).
  • Campisi R, Nathan L, Pampaloni MH et al. Noninvasive assessment of coronary microcirculatory function in postmenopausal women and effects of short-term and long-term estrogen administration. Circulation 105(4), 425–430 (2002).
  • Buchthal SD, den Hollander JA, Merz CN et al. Abnormal myocardial phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in women with chest pain but normal coronary angiograms. N. Engl. J. Med. 342(12), 829–835 (2000).
  • Salerno M, Sica C, Kramer CM, Meyer CH. Improved first-pass spiral myocardial perfusion imaging with variable density trajectories. Magn. Reson. Med. (2012).
  • Panting JR, Gatehouse PD, Yang GZ et al. Abnormal subendocardial perfusion in cardiac syndrome X detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. N. Engl. J. Med. 346(25), 1948–1953 (2002).
  • Lanza GA, Buffon A, Sestito A et al. Relation between stress-induced myocardial perfusion defects on cardiovascular magnetic resonance and coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with cardiac syndrome X. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51(4), 466–472 (2008).
  • Vermeltfoort IA, Bondarenko O, Raijmakers PG et al. Is subendocardial ischemia present in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms? A cardiovascular MR study. Eur. Heart J. 28(13), 1554–1558 (2007).
  • Karamitsos TD, Arnold JR, Pegg TJ et al. Patients with syndrome X have normal transmural myocardial perfusion and oxygenation: a 3-T cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging 5(2), 194–200 (2012).
  • Lekakis JP, Papamichael CM, Vemmos CN, Voutsas AA, Stamatelopoulos SF, Moulopoulos SD. Peripheral vascular endothelial dysfunction in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriograms. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 31(3), 541–546 (1998).
  • Kidawa M, Krzeminska-Pakula M, Peruga JZ, Kasprzak JD. Arterial dysfunction in syndrome X: results of arterial reactivity and pulse wave propagation tests. Heart 89(4), 422–426 (2003).
  • Arroyo-Espliguero R, Mollichelli N, Avanzas P et al. Chronic inflammation and increased arterial stiffness in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Eur. Heart J. 24(22), 2006–2011 (2003).
  • Jadhav ST, Ferrell WR, Petrie JR et al. Microvascular function, metabolic syndrome, and novel risk factor status in women with cardiac syndrome X. Am. J. Cardiol. 97(12), 1727–1731 (2006).
  • Matsuzawa Y, Sugiyama S, Sugamura K et al. Digital assessment of endothelial function and ischemic heart disease in women. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55(16), 1688–1696 (2010).
  • Suzuki H, Matsubara H, Koba S et al. Clinical characteristics and follow-up in patients with microvascular angina. Circ. J. 66(7), 691–695 (2002).
  • Trevisan M, Liu J, Bahsas FB, Menotti A. Syndrome X and mortality: a population-based study. Risk Factor and Life Expectancy Research Group. Am. J. Epidemiol. 148(10), 958–966 (1998).
  • Schlächinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation 101(16), 1899–1906 (2000).
  • Suwaidi JA, Hamasaki S, Higano ST et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 101(9), 948–954 (2000).
  • Von Mering GO, Arant CB, Wessel TR et al. Abnormal coronary vasomotion as a prognostic indicator of cardiovascular events in women: results from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Circulation 109(6), 722–725 (2004).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.