744
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Editorial

LDL cholesterol: should guidelines include targets?

, , &

References

  • National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): final report. Circulation 2002;106:3143-421
  • Keys A, Menotti A, Aravanis C, et al. The seven countries study: 2,289 deaths in 15 years. Prev Med 1984;13:141-54
  • Lipid Research Clinics Program. The lipid research clinics coronary primary prevention trial results. II: the relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 1984;251:365-74
  • Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G, et al. Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1700-7
  • Hayward RA, Hofer TP, Vijan S. Narrative review: lack of evidence for recommended low-density lipoprotein treatment targets: a solvable problem. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:520-30
  • Hayward RA, Krumholz HM. Three reasons to abandon low-density lipoprotein targets: an open letter to the Adult Treatment Panel IV of the National Institutes of Health. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2012;5(1):2-5
  • Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-78
  • Sherbet DP, Garg P, Brilakis ES, Banerjee S. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: how low can we go? Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2013;13(4):225-32
  • Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003;326:1423-7
  • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010;376:1670-81
  • Brown MS, Goldstein JL. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science 1986;232:34-47
  • Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Lowering LDL - not only how low, but how long? Science 2006;311:1721-3
  • Jacobs D, Blackburn H, Higgins M, et al. Report of the conference on low blood cholesterol: mortality associations. Circulation 1992;86:1046-60
  • Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22
  • SEARCH Collaborative Group. Intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol with 80 mg versus 20 mg simvastatin daily in 12064 survivors of myocardial infarction: a double-blind randomised trial. Lancet 2010;376:1658-69
  • LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1425-35
  • Zed PJ, Simmons T. A case of rosuvastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis: more is not better. Can Pharm J 2008;141:170-2
  • Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Inhibition of PCSK9: a powerful weapon for achieving ideal LDL cholesterol levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106(24):9546-7
  • Raal FJ, Santos RD, Blom DJ, et al. Mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, for lowering of LDL cholesterol concentrations in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010;375(9719):998-1006
  • Banerjee S, Abu Fadel M, Sarode R, et al. Plaque regression and progenitor cell mobilization with intensive lipid elimination regimen (PREMIER) trial design. J Clin Apher 2013; [Epub ahead of print]
  • Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2013. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a/-/DC1
  • Holdaas H, Holme I, Schmieder RE, et al. AURORA study group. Rosuvastatin in diabetic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22(7):1335-41
  • Narla V, Blaha MJ, Blumenthal RS, Michos ED. The JUPITER and AURORA clinical trials for rosuvastatin in special primary prevention populations: perspectives, outcomes, and consequences. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009;5:1033-42
  • Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. CARDS Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on kidney outcomes and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: an analysis from the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS). Am J Kidney Dis 2009;54(5):810-19
  • Knopp RH, d'Emden M, Smilde JG, Pocock SJ, Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care 2006;29(7):1478-85
  • Masson S, Anand I, Favero C, et al. Serial measurement of cardiac troponin T using a highly sensitive assay in patients with chronic heart failure: data from 2 large randomized clinical trials. Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT) and Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Insufficienza Cardiaca–Heart Failure (GISSI-HF) Investigators. Circulation 2012;125(2):280-8
  • Wanner C, Krane V, März W, et al. Randomized controlled trial on the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes on hemodialysis (4D study): demographic and baseline characteristics. Deutsche Diabetes-Dialyse-Studie (4D) Study Group. Kidney Blood Press Res 2004;27(4):259-66
  • Sever PS, Poulter NR, Dahlof B, et al. The anglo-scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial lipid lowering arm: extended observations 2 years after trial closure. Eur Heart J 2008;29(4):499-508
  • Murphy SA, Cannon CP, Wiviott SD, et al. Effect of intensive lipid-lowering therapy on mortality after acute coronary syndrome (a patient-level analysis of the aggrastat to zocor and pravastatin or atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 22 trials). Am J Cardiol 2007;100(7):1047-51
  • LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJ, et al. Treating to New Targets (TNT) Steering Committee and Investigators. Safety and efficacy of atorvastatin-induced very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with coronary heart disease (a post hoc analysis of the treating to new targets [TNT] study). Am J Cardiol 2007;100(5):747-52
  • Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Pravastatin or atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 22 investigators. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004;350(15):1495-504
  • Parish S, Offer A, Clarke R, et al. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Lipids and lipoproteins and risk of different vascular events in the MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study. Circulation 2012;125(20):2469-78
  • Holme I, Szarek M, Cater NB, et al. Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering Study Group. Adherence-adjusted efficacy with intensive versus standard statin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction in the IDEAL study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009;16(3):315-20
  • Armitage J, Bowman L, Wallendszus K, et al. Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH) Collaborative Group. Intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol with 80 mg versus 20 mg simvastatin daily in 12,064 survivors of myocardial infarction: a double-blind randomised trial. Lancet 2010;376(9753):1658-69
  • Arampatzis CA, Goedhart D, Serruys PW, et al. LIPS Investigators. Fluvastatin reduces the impact of diabetes on long-term outcome after coronary intervention -- a Lescol Intervention Prevention Study (LIPS) substudy. Am Heart J 2005;149(2):329-35

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.