Lessons learnt from recent endovascular stroke trials: finding a way to move forward

References

• Rha JH, Saver JL. The impact of recanalization on ischemic stroke outcome: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2007;38(3):967-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boysen G, Christensen H. Early stroke: a dynamic process. Stroke 2001;32(10):2423-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heiss WD, Rosner G. Functional recovery of cortical neurons as related to degree and duration of ischemia. Ann Neurol 1983;14(3):294-301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goyal M. Poor clinical outcome despite successful arterial recanalization. What went wrong? How can we do better? Neuroradiology 2010;52(5):341-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• del Zoppo GJ, Higashida RT, Furlan AJ, et al. PROACT: a phase II randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. PROACT Investigators. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. Stroke 1998;29(1):4-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA 1999;282(21):2003-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowski CA, Frankel M, Tomsick TA, et al. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial r-TPA versus intra-arterial therapy of acute ischemic stroke: emergency Management of Stroke (EMS) Bridging Trial. Stroke 1999;30(12):2598-605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMS Study Investigators. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial recanalization for acute ischemic stroke: the Interventional Management of Stroke Study. Stroke 2004;35(4):904-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IMS II Trial Investigators. The Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) II Study. Stroke 2007;38(7):2127-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatri P, Hill MD, Palesch YY, et al. Methodology of the Interventional Management of Stroke III Trial. Int J Stroke 2008;3(2):130-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gobin YP, Starkman S, Duckwiler GR, et al. MERCI 1: a phase 1 study of mechanical embolus removal in cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2004;35(12):2848-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penumbra Pivotal Stroke Trial Investigators. The penumbra pivotal stroke trial: safety and effectiveness of a new generation of mechanical devices for clot removal in intracranial large vessel occlusive disease. Stroke 2009;40(8):2761-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almekhlafi MA, Menon BK, Freiheit EA, et al. A meta-analysis of observational intra-arterial stroke therapy studies using the Merci device, Penumbra system, and retrievable stents. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34(1):140-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saver JL, Jahan R, Levy EI, et al. Solitaire flow restoration device versus the Merci Retriever in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (SWIFT): a randomised, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2012;380(9849):1241-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueira RG, Lutsep HL, Gupta R, et al. Trevo versus Merci retrievers for thrombectomy revascularisation of large vessel occlusions in acute ischaemic stroke (TREVO 2): a randomised trial. Lancet 2012;380(9849):1231-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broderick JP, Palesch YY, Demchuk AM, et al. Endovascular therapy after intravenous t-PA versus t-PA alone for stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368(10):893-903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccone A, Valvassori L, Nichelatti M, et al. Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368(10):904-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidwell CS, Jahan R, Gornbein J, et al. A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368(10):914-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueira RG, Gupta R, Davalos A. IMS-III and SYNTHESIS Expansion trials of endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke: how can we improve? Stroke 2013;44(11):3272-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menon BK, Goyal M. Endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke: where we are, the challenges we face and what the future holds. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2011;9(4):473-84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goyal M, Swartz RH. Epistemology, parachutes, and “Yeah, but” interventional stroke trials. Stroke 2013;44(7):2036-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menon BK, Goyal M. Endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke: The way forward after results from the IMS 3, SYNTHESIS and MR Rescue trials. Indian J Neurosurg 2013;2(2):115
   Google Scholar
• Pierot L, Gralla J, Cognard C, White P. Mechanical thrombectomy after IMS III, synthesis, and MR-RESCUE. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34(9):1671-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pierot L, Soderman M, Bendszus M, et al. Statement of ESMINT and ESNR regarding recent trials evaluating the endovascular treatment at the acute stage of ischemic stroke. Neuroradiology 2013;55(11):1313-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goyal M. Acute Stroke Intervention Results: the “Denominator” Fallacy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Lees KR, Bluhmki E, von Kummer R, et al. Time to treatment with intravenous alteplase and outcome in stroke: an updated pooled analysis of ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS, and EPITHET trials. Lancet 2010;375(9727):1695-703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meretoja A, Strbian D, Mustanoja S, et al. Reducing in-hospital delay to 20 minutes in stroke thrombolysis. Neurology 2012;79(4):306-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatri P, Abruzzo T, Yeatts SD, et al. Good clinical outcome after ischemic stroke with successful revascularization is time-dependent. Neurology 2009;73(13):1066-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nogueira RG, Smith WS, Sung G, et al. Effect of time to reperfusion on clinical outcome of anterior circulation strokes treated with thrombectomy: pooled analysis of the MERCI and Multi MERCI trials. Stroke 2011;42(11):3144-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almekhlafi MA, Eesa M, Menon BK, et al. Ultrashort imaging to reperfusion time interval arrests core expansion in endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke. J Neurointerv Surg 2013;5(Suppl 1):i58-61
   Google Scholar
• Fonarow GC, Smith EE, Saver JL, et al. Timeliness of tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy in acute ischemic stroke: patient characteristics, hospital factors, and outcomes associated with door-to-needle times within 60 minutes. Circulation 2011;123(7):750-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meretoja A, Weir L, Ugalde M, et al. Helsinki model cut stroke thrombolysis delays to 25 minutes in Melbourne in only 4 months. Neurology 2013;81(12):1071-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emeriau S, Serre I, Toubas O, et al. Can diffusion-weighted imaging-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery mismatch (positive diffusion-weighted imaging/negative fluid-attenuated inversion recovery) at 3 Tesla identify patients with stroke at <4.5 hours? Stroke 2013;44(6):1647-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal M, Menon BK, Derdeyn CP. Perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke: let us improve the science before changing clinical practice. Radiology 2013;266(1):16-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal M, Almekhlafi MA. Dramatically reducing imaging-to-recanalization time in acute ischemic stroke: making choices. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33(7):1201-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soize S, Barbe C, Kadziolka K, et al. Predictive factors of outcome and hemorrhage after acute ischemic stroke treated by mechanical thrombectomy with a stent-retriever. Neuroradiology 2013;55(8):977-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almekhlafi MA, Hockley A, Desai JA, et al. Overcoming the evening/weekend effects on time delays and outcomes of endovascular stroke therapy: the Calgary Stroke Program experience. J Neurointerv Surg 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Mishra S, Almekhlafi M, Nambiar V, et al. Achieving an IV needle to arterial puncture time under 60 minutes in acute endovascular stroke therapy is feasible. In: Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2013. p. E184
   Google Scholar
• Goyal M. Acute stroke trials and consent. J Neurointerv Surg 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01778335. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01778335
   Google Scholar
• Soize S, Kadziolka K, Estrade L, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke: prospective pilot trial of the solitaire FR device while under conscious sedation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34(2):360-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis MJ, Menon BK, Baghirzada LB, et al. Anesthetic management and outcome in patients during endovascular therapy for acute stroke. Anesthesiology 2012;116(2):396-405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun CH, Nogueira RG, Glenn BA, et al. “Picture to puncture”: a novel time metric to enhance outcomes in patients transferred for endovascular reperfusion in acute ischemic stroke. Circulation 2013;127(10):1139-48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eesa M, Almekhlafi MA, Mitha AP, et al. Manual aspiration thrombectomy through balloon-tipped guide catheter for rapid clot burden reduction in endovascular therapy for ICA L/T occlusion. Neuroradiology 2012;54(11):1261-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menon BK, Goyal M. A systems approach towards intra-arterial management of acute ischemic stroke: need for novel outcome measures and a focus on sequence rather than steps. Interv Neuroradiol 2011;17(3):296-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar