Treatment options for dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease and for protection from contrast-induced nephropathy

References

• Wouters OJ, O’Donoghue DJ, Ritchie J, et al. Early chronic kidney disease: diagnosis, management and models of care. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarnak MJ, Bloom R, Muntner P, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2013 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Lipid Management in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2015;65(3):354-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health. National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney disease Annual Data Report: United States renal data system: CKD in the General Population 2014. Available from: www.usrds.org/2014/view/v1_01.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Iseki K. Chronic kidney disease in Japan. Inter Med 2008;47(8):681-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Zhou L, Dong J, et al. Arterial stiffness and increased cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson TJ, Grégoire J, Hegele RA, et al. 2012 update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult. Can J Cardiol 2013;29(2):151-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011;32(14):1769-818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Karagiannis A, et al. Should chronic kidney disease be considered as a coronary heart disease equivalent? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2012;10(3):374-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoccali C. The burden of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease and in end-stage renal disease. Contrib Nephrol 2008;161(1):63-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004;351(13):1296-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper CR, Jacobson TA. Managing dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51(25):2375-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Xiang C, Zhou YH, et al. Effect of statins on cardiovascular events in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014;14:19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;5:CD007784
   Google Scholar
• Hou W, Lv J, Perkovic V, et al. Effect of statin therapy on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2013;34(24):1807-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barylski M, Nikfar S, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Statins decrease all-cause mortality only in CKD patients not requiring dialysis therapy–a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 21,295 participants. Pharmacol Res 2013;72:35-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;1:CD005019
   Google Scholar
• Wanner C, Krane V, März W, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2005;353(3):238-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelfarb J, Stenvinkel P, Ikizler TA, et al. The elephant in uremia: oxidant stress as a unifying concept of cardiovascular disease in uremia. Kidney Int 2002;62(5):1524-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efstratiadis G, Tziomalos K, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Atherogenesis in renal patients: a model of vascular disease? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2008;6(2):93-107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellström BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2009;360(14):1395-407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdaas H, Holme I, Schmieder RE, et al. Rosuvastatin in diabetic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22(7):1335-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, et al. Statins and cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. The AURORA results suggest the need for earlier intervention. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2009;7(3):264-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallappallil M, Friedman EA, Delano BG, et al. Chronic kidney disease in the elderly: evaluation and management. Clin Pract (Lond) 2014;11(5):525-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geng Q, Ren J, Song J, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect of statins on renal function. Am J Cardiol 2014;114(4):562-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonelli M, Isles C, Craven T, et al. Effect of pravastatin on rate of kidney function loss in people with or at risk for coronary disease. Circulation 2005;112(2):171-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361(9374):2005-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, et al. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease: A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol 2004;57(7):728-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Liberopoulos EN, et al. Effect of statin treatment on renal function and serum uric acid levels and their relation to vascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: A subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary heart disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22(1):118-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Symeonidis AN, et al. Early benefit from structured care with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Angiology 2003;54(6):679-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, et al. Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2:1131-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease: the TNT (Treating to New Targets) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1448-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colhoun HM Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on kidney outcomes and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: an analysis from the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS). Am J Kidney Dis 2009;54:810-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Hatzitolios AI, Karagiannis A, et al. IMproving the imPlemEntation of cuRrent guidelines for the mAnagement of major coronary hearT disease rIsk factors by multifactorial interVEntion. The IMPERATIVE renal analysis. Arch Med Sci 2011;7:984-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Ganotakis ES, et al. Association between the changes in renal function and serum uric acid levels during multifactorial intervention and clinical outcome in patients with metabolic syndrome. A post hoc analysis of the ATTEMPT study. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27:1659-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura K, Shimano H, Yokote K, et al. Effects of pitavastatin (LIVALO tablet) on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in hypercholesterolemic patients with chronic kidney disease. Sub-analysis of the LIVALO Effectiveness and Safety (LIVES) Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010;17(6):601-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp Collaborative Group. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9,438 patients with chronic kidney disease. Am Heart J 2010;160(5):785-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silbernagel G, Baumgartner I, Wanner C, et al. Toward individualized cholesterol-lowering treatment in end-stage renal disease. J Ren Nutr 2014;24(2):65-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramann R, Floege J, Ketteler M, et al. Medical options to fight mortality in end-stage renal disease: a review of the literature. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27(12):4298-307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statin dosage in chronic kidney disease. Available from: www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Last accessed 10 July 2015]
   Google Scholar
• Ishii M, Hokimoto S, Akasaka T, et al. Differential effects of strong and regular statins on the clinical outcome of patients with chronic kidney disease following coronary stent implantation-the kumamoto intervention conference study (KICS) registry. Circ J 2015;79(5):1115-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marenzi G, Cabiati A, Bertoli SV, et al. Incidence and relevance of acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 2013;111:816-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shacham Y, Leshem-Rubinow E, Steinvil A, et al. Renal impairment according to acute kidney injury network criteria among ST elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous intervention: a retrospective observational study. Clin Res Cardiol 2014;103:525-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi S, Mosleh W, Abdel-Qadir H, et al. Statins and contrast-induced acute kidney injury with coronary angiography. Am J Med 2014;127:987-1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chyou AC, Thodge A, Feldman DN, et al. Statins in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2015;17(4):375
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ukaigwe A, Karmacharya P, Mahmood M, et al. Meta-analysis on efficacy of statins for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol 2014;114(9):1295-302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehata M, Hamza M. Impact of high loading dose of atorvastatin in diabetic patients with renal dysfunction undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Cardiovasc Ther 2015;33(2):35-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao B, Deng J, Li Y, et al. Rosuvastatin attenuated contrast-induced nephropathy in diabetes patients with renal dysfunction. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015;8(2):2342-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han Y, Zhu G, Han L, et al. Short-term rosuvastatin therapy for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63(1):62-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Yuan WJ, Zhu N, et al. Short-term, high-dose statins in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nephrol 2011;76(6):475-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marenzi G, Cosentino N, Werba JP, et al. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on statins for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with and without acute coronary syndromes. Int J Cardiol 2015;183:47-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su J, Zou W, Cai W, et al. Atorvastatin ameliorates contrast medium-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis in diabetic rats via suppression of Rho-kinase pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2014;723:15-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu K, Lei W, Tian J, et al. Atorvastatin treatment attenuates renal injury in an experimental model of ischemia-reperfusion in rats. BMC Nephrol 2014;15:14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J, Pertsemlidis A, Kotowski IK, et al. Low LDL cholesterol in individuals of African descent resulting from frequent nonsense mutations in PCSK9. Nat Genet 2005;37(2):161-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JC, Boerwinkle E, Mosley THJr, et al. Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2006;354(12):1264-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton JD, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Molecular biology of PCSK9: its role in LDL metabolism. Trends Biochem Sci 2007;32(2):71-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colhoun HM, Robinson JG, Farnier M, et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab, a fully human PCSK9 monoclonal antibody, in high cardiovascular risk patients with poorly controlled hypercholesterolemia on maximally tolerated doses of statins: rationale and design of the ODYSSEY COMBO I and II trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014;14:121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blom DJ, Hala T, Bolognese M, et al. A 52-week placebo-controlled trial of evolocumab in hyperlipidemia. N Engl J Med 2014;370(19):1809-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin K, Park BS, Kim YW, et al. Plasma PCSK9 in nephrotic syndrome and in peritoneal dialysis: a cross-sectional study. Am J Kidney Dis 2014;63(4):584-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown WV. Expert commentary: the safety of fibrates in lipid lowering therapy. Am J Cardiol 2007;99(6A):S19C-21C
   Google Scholar
• Konarzewski M, Szolkiewicz M, Sucajtys-Szulc E, et al. Elevated circulating PCSK-9 concentration in renal failure patients is corrected by renal replacement therapy. Am J Nephrol 2014;40(2):157-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohli P, Desai NR, Giugliano RP, et al. Design and rationale of the LAPLACE-TIMI 57 trial: a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of a monoclonal antibody inhibitor of PCSK9 in subjects with hypercholesterolemia on background statin therapy. Clin Cardiol 2012;35(7):385-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hottelart C, El Esper N, Rose F, et al. Fenofibrate increases creatininemia by increasing metabolic production of creatinine. Nephron 2002;92(3):536-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun M, Zhu B, Tonelli M, et al. Effects of fibrates in kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60(20):2061-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Hu Y. Lipid-lowering agents in chronic kidney disease: do fibrates have a role? Nat Rev Cardiol 2013;10(9):547
   Google Scholar
• Müller D, Mehling H, Otto B, et al. Niacin lowers serum phosphate and increases HDL cholesterol in dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2(6):1249-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group. HPS2-THRIVE randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 673 high-risk patients of ER niacin/laropiprant: trial design, pre-specified muscle and liver outcomes, and reasons for stopping study treatment. Eur Heart J 2013;34(17):1279-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalil RS, Wang JH, de Boer IH, et al. Effect of extended-release niacin on cardiovascular events and kidney function in chronic kidney disease: a post hoc analysis of the AIM-HIGH trial. Kidney Int 2015;87(6):1250-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, et al. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the gruppo italiano per lo studio della sopravvivenza nell’infarto miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation 2002;105(16):1897-903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, et al. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2012;308(10):1024-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman AN. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in advanced kidney disease. Semin Dial 2010;23(4):396-400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP. Patient with hypertriglyceridemia, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease treated with atorvastatin and omega-3 Fatty Acid ethyl esters. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2012;6:122-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Karagiannis A, et al. Statins can improve proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate loss in chronic kidney disease patients, further reducing cardiovascular risk. Fact or fiction? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; Epub ahead of print
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogeveen EK, Geleijnse JM, Kromhout D, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on kidney function after myocardial infarction: the Alpha Omega Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014;9(10):1676-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First-in-class treatment to lower cholesterol. Repatha to offer therapy for patients unable to control high cholesterol with currently available treatment. Available from: www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2015/05/news_detail_002336.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1 [Last accessed 22 May 2015]
   Google Scholar
• FDA advisory committee briefing document. Praluenttm (alirocumab). Endocrinologic and metabolic drugs advisory committee. Available from: www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM449867.pdf [Last accessed June 2015]
   Google Scholar