Hypertension and stroke: an appraisal of the evidence and implications for clinical management

References

• Society of Actuaries. Blood pressure: report of the Joint Committee on Mortality of the Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors and the Actuarial Society of America. New York (NY): Society of Actuaries; 1925.
   Google Scholar
• Freis ED. The role of hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1960;50:11–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veterans Administrative Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension: results in patients with diastolic blood pressures averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg. JAMA. 1967;202:1028–1034. doi:10.1001/jama.1967.03130240070013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VA Cooperative Study on Hypertension. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension, II: results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg. JAMA. 1970;213:1143–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler J, Stamler R, Neaton JD. Blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, and cardiovascular risks: US population data. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:598–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flack JM, Neaton J, Grimm R Jr, et al. Blood pressure and mortality among men with prior myocardial infarction: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Circulation. 1995;92:2437–2445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry DK, Woodwell DA. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2000 summary. Adv Data. 2002;328:1–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lackland DT, Roccella EJ, Deutsch AF, et al.; on behalf of American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research, and Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology. Factors influencing the decline in stroke mortality: a statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45:315–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002;287:1003–1010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s Strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121:586–613. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lackland DT, Keil JE, Gazes PC, et al. Outcomes of black and white hypertensive individuals after 30 years of follow-up. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1995;17:1091–1105. doi:10.3109/10641969509033654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, et al. Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study. Lancet. 2010;376:112–123. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60834-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Engstrom G, Hedblad B, et al. Blood pressure control and risk of stroke: a population-based prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2005;36:725–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2413–2446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572. doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Report of the Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: a cooperative study. JAMA. 1977;237:255–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The 1980 report of the Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1980;140:1280–1285. doi:10.1001/archinte.1980.00330210028018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The 1988 report of the Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:1023–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The 1984 Report of the Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144:1045–1057. doi:10.1001/archinte.1984.00350170211032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The fifth report of the Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure (JNC V). Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:154–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handler J, Lackland DT. Translation of hypertension treatment guidelines into practice: a review of implementation. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2011;5:197–207. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2011.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoia ML, Waring ME, Gupta PS, et al. Implications of new hypertension guidelines in the United States. Hypertension. 2012;60:639–644. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.193714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. Finding what works in health care: Standards for systematic reviews. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2011. [cited 2015 Sep 14]. Available from: http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Finding-What-Works-in-Health-Care-Standards-for-systematic-Reviews.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311:507–520. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community: A statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16:14–26.
   Google Scholar
• Rosendorff C, Lackland DT, Allison M, et al.; on behalf of the American Heart Association Councils on Clinical Cardiology; High Blood Pressure Research; Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Epidemiology and Prevention; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; Peripheral Vascular Disease; and the Stroke Council. Treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension. Circulation. 2015;131:e435–e470. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lackland DT. Systolic blood pressure target levels: Evidence for benefits in stroke. Hypertension. 2015;65:39–40. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccles MP, Grimshaw JM, Shekelle P, et al. Developing clinical practice guidelines: target audiences, identifying topics for guidelines, guideline group composition and functioning and conflicts of interest. Implement Sci. 2012;7:60. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari MT, Tsertsvadze A, Moher D. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations: a perspective. PLoS Med. 2009;6(9):e1000151. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000151.
   Google Scholar
• Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924–926. doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. What is “quality of evidence“ and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ. 2008;336:995–998. doi:10.1136/bmj.39490.551019.BE.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf S, Schünemann HJ, Eccles MP, et al. Developing clinical practice guidelines: types of evidence and outcomes; values and economics, synthesis, grading, and presentation and deriving recommendations. Implement Sci. 2012;7:61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shekelle P, Woolf S, Grimshaw JM, et al. Developing clinical practice guidelines: reviewing, reporting, and publishing guidelines; updating guidelines; and the emerging issues of enhancing guideline implementability and accounting for comorbid conditions in guideline development. Implement Sci. 2012;7:62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials: Blood pressure lowering treatment trialists’ collaboration. Lancet. 2000;356:1955–1964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden LG, He J, Lydick E, et al. Long-term absolute benefit of lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients according to the JNC VI risk stratification. Hypertension. 2000;35:539–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostis JB, Davis BR, Cutler J, et al. Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 1997;278:212–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHEP cooperative research group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP): SHEP cooperative research group. JAMA. 1991;265:3255–3264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R, et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension: Systolic hypertension in Europe trial investigators. JAMA. 1999;282:539–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black HR, Elliott WJ, Neaton JD, et al. Baseline characteristics and early blood pressure control in the CONVINCE Trial. Hypertension. 2001;37:12–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman WC, Ford CE, Cutler JA, et al. Success and predictors of blood pressure control in diverse North American settings: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2002;4:393–404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lackland DT, Egan BM, Mountford WK, et al. Thirty-year survival for black and white hypertensive individuals in the Evans County Heart Study and the hypertension detection and follow-up program. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2008;2:448–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borhani NO, Mercuri M, Borhani PA, et al. Final outcome results of the Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1996;276:785–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devereux RB, Dahlof B, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Effects of losartan or atenolol in hypertensive patients without clinically evident vascular disease: a substudy of the LIFE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:169–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and betablockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet. 2000;356:359–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius S, Alderman MH, Beevers G, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in hypertensive black patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1047–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen SE, Lyle PA, Kizer JR, et al. The effects of losartan compared to atenolol on stroke in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2005;7:152–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359:1004–1010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Brown M, Castaigne A, et al. Outcomes with nifedipine GITS or co-amilozide in hypertensive diabetics and nondiabetics in Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension (INSIGHT). Hypertension. 2003;41:431–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochizuki S, Dahlof B, Shimizu M, et al. Valsartan in a Japanese population with hypertension and other cardiovascular disease (Jikei Heart Study): a randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint morbidity-mortality study. Lancet. 2007;369:1431–1439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reims HM, Oparil S, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Losartan benefits over atenolol in non-smoking hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. Blood Press. 2004;13:376–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A, et al., MOSES Study Group. Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke. 2005;36:1218–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenkwalder P, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, et al. The Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): major CV events and stroke in subgroups of patients. Blood Press. 2005;14:31–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber MA, Bakris GL, Jamerson K, et al. Cardiovascular events during differing hypertension therapies in patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakris GL, Gaxiola E, Messerli FH, et al. Clinical outcomes in the diabetes cohort of the INternational VErapamil SR-Trandolapril study. Hypertension. 2004;44:637–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA. 2002;288:1491–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, et al. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens. 2003;21:875–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czernichow S, Zanchetti A, Turnbull F, et al. The effects of blood pressure reduction and of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events according to baseline blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2011;29:4–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M, Saver JL, Hong KS, et al. Does achieving an intensive versus usual blood pressure level prevent stroke? Ann Neurol. 2012;71:133–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009;338:b1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Whelton PK. Elevated systolic blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular and renal disease: overview of evidence from observational epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J. 1999;138:211–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanchetti A, Mancia G, Black HR, et al. Facts and fallacies of blood pressure control in recent trials: implications in the management of patients with hypertension. J Hypertens. 2009;27:673–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi G, Arenare F, Trevano FQ, et al. Primary and secondary prevention of stroke by antihypertensive treatment in clinical trials. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2007;9:299–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson L. Future goals for the treatment of hypertension in the elderly with reference to STOP-Hypertension, SHEP, and the MRC trial in older adults. Am J Hypertens. 1993;6(suppl):40S–43S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). [cited 2015 Sep 25]. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01206062?term=SPRINT&rank=3.
   Google Scholar
• Freis ED. The Veterans Administration cooperative study on antihypertensive agents: implications for stroke prevention. Stroke. 1974;5:76–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke: the Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1261–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The SPS3 Study Group. Blood pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;382:507–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke Antihypertensive Treatment Study. A preliminary result. Chin Med J (Engl). 1995;108:710–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001;358:1033–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman N, Huxley R, Anderson C, et al. Effects of a perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering regimen on the risk of recurrent stroke according to stroke subtype and medical history: the progress trial. Stroke. 2004;35:116–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, Ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the hope study and micro-hope substudy. Lancet. 2000;355:253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hypertension-Stroke Cooperative Study Group. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on stroke recurrence. JAMA. 1974;229:409–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter AB. Hypotensive therapy in stroke survivors. Lancet. 1970;1:485–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson SOB, Wster PO. Atenolol in secondary prevention after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1995;5:21–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhan SE, Sapko MT. Blood pressure lowering treatment for preventing stroke recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Arch Med. 2009;2:30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lackland DT, Elkind MSV, D’Agostino R, et al.; on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Inclusion of stroke in cardiovascular risk prediction instruments: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2012;43:1998–2027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovbiagele B, Diener H-C, Yusuf S, et al., PROFESS Investigators. Level of systolic blood pressure within the normal range and risk of recurrent stroke. JAMA. 2011;306:2137–2144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Furburg CD, Kuller LH, et al. Association between blood pressure level and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and total mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1183–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al.; ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1547–1559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, et al. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes in relation to myocardial infarction and stroke in patients with coronary artery disease. Hypertension. 2015;65:108–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanchetti A, Thomopoulos C, Parati G. Randomized controlled trials of blood pressure lowering in hypertension: a critical reappraisal. Circ Res. 2015;116:1058–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie X, Atkins E, Lv J, et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2015. [cited 2015 Nov 30]. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00805-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2159–2219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JT Jr., Fine LJ, Lackland DT, et al. Evidence supporting a systolic blood pressure goal of less than 150 mm Hg in patients aged 60 years or older: the minority view. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:499–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al.; on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association [published online ahead of print December 17, 2014]. Circulation. 2015;131:434–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines we can trust [Internet]. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2011. Available from: http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011.
   Google Scholar
• Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al.; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575–1585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosius WT, Sink KM, Foy CG, et al.; The SPRINT Study Research Group. The design and rationale of a multicenter clinical trial comparing two strategies for control of systolic blood pressure: the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). Clin Trials. 2014;11(5):532–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2103–2116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkovic V, Rodgers A. Redefining blood-pressure targets – SPRINT starts the marathon. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2175–2178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drazen JM, Morrissey S, Campion EW, et al. A SPRINT to the Finish. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2174–2175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar