Aprotinin in cardiac surgery

References

• Kraut H, Frey EK, Werle E. Regarding the inactivation of the kallikreins. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 192, 1–21 (1930).
   Google Scholar
• Kunitz M, Northrup JH. Isolation from beef pancreas of crystalline trypsinogen, trypsin, a trypsin inhibitor, and an inhibitor trypsin compound. J. Gen. Phys. 19, 991–1007 (1938).
   Google Scholar
• Grozinger KH. Pancreatitis: progress in management. Surgery 59, 319–324 (1966).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royston D, Bidstrup BP, Taylor KM, Sapsford RN. Effect of aprotinin on need for blood transfusion after repeat open-heart surgery. Lancet 2, 1289–1291 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cina CS, Clase CM. Coagulation disorders and blood product use in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Transfus. Med. Rev. 19, 143–154 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanek T, Jarez M, Fajt T et al. Fibrinolytic inhibitors in off-pump coronary surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind TAP study (tranexamic acid, aprotinin, placebo). Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 28, 563–568 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedirhan MA, Turna A, Yagan N, Tasci O. Aprotinin reduces postoperative bleeding and the need for blood products in thoracic surgery: results of a randomized double-blind study. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 20, 1122–1127 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokoszka A, Kuflik P, Bitan F, Casden A, Neuwirth M. Evidence-based review of the role of aprotinin in blood conservation during orthopaedic surgery. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 87, 1129–1136 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schisano G, Nina P. Aprotinin and hemostasis. J. Neurosurg. 102, 757–758; author reply, 758 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentschener C, Roche K, Ozier Y. A review of aprotinin in orthotopic liver transplantation: can its harmful effects offset its beneficial effects? Anesth. Analg. 100, 1248–1255 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdy AM, Webster NR. Perioperative systemic haemostatic agents. Br. J. Anaesth. 93, 842–858 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagripanti A, Sarteschi LM, Camici M, Puccetti S, Capri A. Non-transfusional hemostatic agents in the management of bleeding disorders. Int. Med. 9, 10–18 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Levy JH, Bailey JM, Salmenpera M. Pharmacokinetics of aprotinin in preoperative cardiac surgical patients. Anesthesiology 80, 1013–1018 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy JH, Sypniewski E. Aprotinin: a pharmacologic overview. Orthopedics 27, S653–S658 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• van Oeveren W, Harder MP, Roozendaal KJ, Eijsman L, Wildevuur CR. Aprotinin protects platelets against the initial effect of cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 99, 788–796; discussion 796–797 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan TA, Bianchi C, Voisine P et al. Aprotinin inhibits protease-dependent platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 79, 1545–1550 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis RC, Haskard DO, Taylor KM. New anti-inflammatory and platelet-preserving effects of aprotinin. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 72, S1808–S1813 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Poullis M, Manning R, Laffan M et al. The antithrombotic effect of aprotinin: actions mediated via the proteaseactivated receptor 1. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 120, 370–378 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day JR, Punjabi PP, Randi AM et al. Clinical inhibition of the seven-transmembrane thrombin receptor (PAR1) by intravenous aprotinin during cardiothoracic surgery. Circulation 110, 2597–2600 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maquelin KN, Nieuwland R, Lentjes EG et al. Aprotinin administration in the pericardial cavity does not prevent platelet activation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 120, 552–557 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellke FW. Organ Protection in Cardiac Surgery. In: Improving Outcomes in Open Heart Surgery. Sellke FW (Ed.). Interactive Communications, Boston, MA, USA, (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Straub A, Azevedo R, Beilerlein W et al. Hypothermia-induced platelet aggregation: no effect of aprotinin (trasylol) but inhibition by eptifibatide (integrilin). Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 53, 80–84 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradfield JF, Bode AP. Aprotinin restores the adhesive capacity of dysfunctional platelets. Thromb. Res. 109, 181–188 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr ME Jr, Carr SL, Roa V, McCardell KA, Greilich PE. Aprotinin counteracts heparin-induced inhibition of platelet contractile force. Thromb. Res. 108, 161–168 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich W. Reducing thrombin formation during cardiopulmonary bypass: is there a benefit of the additional anticoagulant action of aprotinin? J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1(27 Suppl.), S50–S57 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Alston TA. Aprotinin. Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 42, 81–91 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy JH. Efficacy and safety of aprotinin in cardiac surgery. Orthopedics 27, S659–S662 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Ray MJ, Brown KF, Burrows CA, O'Brien MF. Economic evaluation of high-dose and low-dose aprotinin therapy during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 68, 940–945 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemmer JH Jr, Dilling EW, Morton JR et al. Aprotinin for primary coronary artery bypass grafting: a multicenter trial of three dose regimens. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 62, 1659–1667; discussion 1667–1668 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englberger L, Markart P, Eckstein FS et al. Aprotinin reduces blood loss in off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 22, 545–551 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray MJ, Hales MM, Brown L, O'Brien MF, Stafford EG. Postoperatively administered aprotinin or epsilon aminocaproic acid after cardiopulmonary bypass has limited benefit. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 72, 521–526 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huyzen RJ, Harder MP, Huet RC et al.. Alternative perioperative anticoagulation monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass in aprotinin-treated patients. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 8, 153–156 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ganter MT, Dalbert S, Graves K et al. Monitoring activated clotting time for combined heparin and aprotinin application: an in vitro evaluation of a new aprotinin-insensitive test using SONOCLOT. Anesth. Analg. 101, 308–314 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YS, Murkin JM, Adams SJ. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of the heparin management test versus the activated coagulation time for monitoring anticoagulation level in aprotinin-treated patients during cardiac surgery. Heart Surg. Forum 7, E599–E604 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Bidstrup BP, Royston D, Sapsford RN, Taylor KM. Reduction in blood loss and blood use after cardiopulmonary bypass with high dose aprotinin (Trasylol). J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 97, 364–372 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedrakyan A, Treasure T, Elefteriades JA. Effect of aprotinin on clinical outcomes in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 128, 442–448 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman EL, Levy JH, Rich JB et al. Analyses of coronary graft patency after aprotinin use: results from the International Multicenter Aprotinin Graft Patency Experience (IMAGE) trial. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 116, 716–730 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diprose P, Herbertson MJ, O'Shaughnessy D, Deakin CD, Gill RS: Reducing allogeneic transfusion in cardiac surgery: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of antifibrinolytic therapies used in addition to intra-operative cell salvage. Br. J. Anaesth. 94, 271–278 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akowuah E, Shrivastava V, Jamnadas B et al. Comparison of two strategies for the management of antiplatelet therapy during urgent surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 80, 149–152 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Linden J, Lindvall G, Sartipy U. Aprotinin decreases postoperative bleeding and number of transfusions in patients on clopidogrel undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Circulation 112, I276–1280 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Aprotinin. (Trasylol®, aprotinin injection). Package insert. Bayer Corporation West Haven, CT, USA. (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Beierlein W, Scheule AM, Dietrich W, Ziemer G. Forty years of clinical aprotinin use: a review of 124 hypersensitivity reactions. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 79, 741–748 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich W, Spath P, Ebell A, Richter JA. Prevalence of anaphylactic reactions to aprotinin: analysis of two hundred forty-eight reexposures to aprotinin in heart operations. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 113, 194–201 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams SR, Denault AY, Pellerin M, Martineau R. Vasopressin for treatment of shock following aprotinin administration. Can. J. Anaesth. 51, 169–172 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubner GE, Koch RC, Sprenger KB, Stadler PJ, Golker CF. Examination of the biological safety of a drug derived from mammalian organs. Arzneimittelforschung 46, 657–661 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiga T, Wajima Z, Inoue T, Sakamoto A. Aprotinin in major orthopedic surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Anesth. Analg. 101, 1602–1607 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Ambra MN, Akins CW, Blackstone EH et al. Aprotinin in primary valve replacement and reconstruction: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 112, 1081–1089 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feindt PR, Walgher S, Volkmer I et al. Effects of high-dose aprotinin on renal function in aortocoronary bypass grafting. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 60, 1076–1080 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kincaid EH, Ashburn DA, Hoyle JR et al. Does the combination of aprotinin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor cause renal failure after cardiac surgery? Ann. Thorac. Surg. 80, 1388–1393; discussion 1393 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frumento RJ, O'Malley CM, Bennett-Guerrero E. Stroke after cardiac surgery: a retrospective analysis of the effect of aprotinin dosing regimens. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 75, 479–483; discussion 483–484 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon DC, Ghori KG, Eustace NP et al. Aprotinin decreases the incidence of cognitive deficit following CABG and cardiopulmonary bypass: a pilot randomized controlled study. Can. J. Anaesth. 51, 1002–1009 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asimakopoulos G, Thompson R, Nourshargh S et al. An anti-inflammatory property of aprotinin detected at the level of leukocyte extravasation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 120, 361–369 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill GE, Alonso A, Spurzem JR, Stammers AH, Robbins RA. Aprotinin and methylprednisolone equally blunt cardiopulmonary bypass-induced inflammation in humans. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 110, 1658–1662 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nader ND, Davidson BA, Tait AR, Holm BA, Knight PR. Serine antiproteinase administration preserves innate superoxide dismutase levels after acid aspiration and hyperoxia but does not decrease lung injury. Anesth. Analg. 101, 213–219, table of contents (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdogan M, Kalaycioglu S, Iriz E. Protective effect of aprotinin against lung damage in patients undergoing CABG surgery. Acta Cardiol. 60, 367–372 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ege T, Arar C, Canbaz S et al. The importance of aprotinin and pentoxifylline in preventing leukocyte sequestration and lung injury caused by protamine at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 52, 10–15 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Wallace WE, Wallace N et al. Intraoperative treatment strategy to reduce the incidence of postcardiopulmonary bypass atrial fibrillation. Perfusion 17(Suppl.) 35–39 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillespie EL, Gryskiewicz KA, White CM et al. Effect of aprotinin on the frequency of postoperative atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 62, 1370–1374 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan TA, Bianchi C, Voisine P et al. Reduction of myocardial reperfusion injury by aprotinin after regional ischemia and cardioplegic arrest. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 128, 602–608 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull DA, Maurer J. Aprotinin and preservation of myocardial function after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 75, S735–S739 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruefer D, Buerke U, Khalil M et al. Cardioprotective effects of the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin after regional ischemia and reperfusion on the beating heart. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 124, 942–949 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruefer D, Makowski J, Dahm M et al. Aprotinin inhibits leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions after hemorrhage and reperfusion. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 75, 210–215; discussion 215–216 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan TA Bianchi C, Araujo E et al. Aprotinin preserves cellular junctions and reduces myocardial edema after regional ischemia and cardioplegic arrest. Circulation 112, I196–I201 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtfogel YT, Kucich U, Hack CE et al. Aprotinin inhibits the contact, neutrophil, and platelet activation systems during simulated extracorporeal perfusion. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 106, 1–9; discussion 9–10 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Harmon D, Lan W, Shorten G. The effect of aprotinin on hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced changes in neutrophil and endothelial function. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 21, 973–979 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray MJ, O'Brien MF. Comparison of epsilon aminocaproic acid and low-dose aprotinin in cardiopulmonary bypass: efficiency, safety and cost. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 71, 838–843 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith PK, Datta SK, Muhlbaier LH et al. Cost analysis of aprotinin for coronary artery bypass patients: analysis of the randomized trials. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 77, 635–642; discussion 642–643 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baele PL, Ruiz-Gomez J, Londot C et al. Systematic use of aprotinin in cardiac surgery: influence on total homologous exposure and hospital cost. Acta Anaesthesiol. Belg. 43, 103–112 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Englberger L, Kipfer B, Berdat PA, Nydegger UE, Carrel TP. Aprotinin in coronary operation with cardiopulmonary bypass: does ‘low-dose’ aprotinin inhibit the inflammatory response? Ann. Thorac. Surg. 73, 1897–1904 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apeler H, Peters J, Schroder W et al. Expression, purification, biochemical and pharmacological characterization of a recombinant aprotinin variant. Arzneimittelforschung 54, 483–497 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ManganoDT, Tudor IC, Dietzel Cet al. The risk associated with aprotinin in cardiac surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 353–365 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar