127
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Drug Profile

Alteplase for acute ischemic stroke

&
Pages 301-318 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2005 Update. Dallas, Texas, USA (2005).
  • del Zoppo GJ, Higashida RT, Furlan AJ, Pessin MS, Rowley HA, Gent M. PROACT: a Phase II randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. PROACT Investigators. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. Stroke29(1), 4–11 (1998).
  • Lewandowski CA, Frankel M, Tomsick TA et al. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial r-TPA versus intra-arterial therapy of acute ischemic stroke: Emergency Management of Stroke (EMS) Bridging Trial. Stroke30(12), 2598–2605 (1999).
  • Crowell RM, Marcoux FW, DeGirolami U. Variability and reversibility of focal cerebral ischemia in unanesthetized monkeys. Neurology31(10), 1295–1302 (1981).
  • The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.333(24), 1581–1587 (1995).
  • California Acute Stroke Pilot Registry (CASPR) Investigators. Prioritizing interventions to improve rates of thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Neurology64(4), 654–659 (2005).
  • Reed SD, Cramer SC, Blough DK, Meyer K, Jarvik JG. Treatment with tissue plasminogen activator and inpatient mortality rates for patients with ischemic stroke treated in community hospitals. Stroke32(8), 1832–1840 (2001).
  • Sussman BJ, Fitch TS. Thrombolysis with fibrinolysis in cerebral arterial occlusion; the role of angiography. Angiology10, 268–282 (1959).
  • Meyer JS, Gilroy J, Barnhart MI, Johnson JF. Therapeutic thrombolysis in cerebral thromboembolism. Double-blind evaluation of intravenous plasmin therapy in carotid and middle cerebral arterial occlusion. Neurology13, 927–937 (1963).
  • Multicentre Acute Stroke Trial – Italy (MAST-I) Group. Randomised controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combination of both in treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet346(8989), 1509–1514 (1995).
  • The Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial – Europe study group. Thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.335(3), 145–150 (1996).
  • Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA274(13), 1017–1025 (1995).
  • Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Lancet352(9136), 1245–1251 (1998).
  • Kwiatkowski TG, Kaste M, Fieschi C et al. Effects of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke at one year. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med.340(23), 1781–1787 (1999).
  • Kwiatkowski T, Libman R, Tilley BC et al; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke Study Group. The impact of imbalances in baseline stroke severity on outcome in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke Study. Ann. Emerg. Med.45(4), 377–384 (2005).
  • Fagan SC, Morgenstern LB, Petitta A et al. Cost–effectiveness of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Neurology50(4), 883–890 (1998).
  • Bravata DM, Kim N, Concato J, Krumholz HM, Brass LM. Thrombolysis for acute stroke in routine clinical practice. Arch. Intern. Med.162(17), 1994–2001 (2002).
  • Katzan IL, Furlan AJ, Lloyd LE et al. Use of tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: the Cleveland area experience. JAMA283(9), 1151–1158 (2000).
  • Marler JR, Tilley BC, Lu M et al. Early stroke treatment associated with better outcome: the NINDS rt-PA stroke study. Neurology55(11), 1649–1655 (2000).
  • Ingall TJ, O'Fallon WM, Asplund K et al. Findings from the reanalysis of the NINDS tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke treatment trial. Stroke35(10), 2418–2424 (2004).
  • Hoffman JR. Predicted impact of intravenous thrombolysis. Another trial is needed. Br. Med. J.320(7240), 1007 (2000).
  • Schellinger PD, Fiebach JB, Mohr A, Ringleb PA, Jansen O, Hacke W. Thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke – a review. Part I – Intravenous thrombolysis. Crit. Care Med.29(9), 1812–1818 (2001).
  • Tanswell P, Seifried E, Stang E, Krause J. Pharmacokinetics and hepatic catabolism of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Arzneimittelforschung41(12), 1310–1319 (1991).
  • Mosby’s Drug Consultants. Mosby, Inc. St. Louis, MI, USA (2005).
  • Tanswell P Tebbe U, Neuhaus KL, Glasle-Schwarz L, Wojcik J, Seifried E. Pharmacokinetics and fibrin specificity of alteplase during accelerated infusions in acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.19(5), 1071–1075 (1992).
  • Tsirka SE, Rogove AD, Strickland S. Neuronal cell death and tPA. Nature384(6605), 123–124 (1996).
  • Kaur J, Zhao Z, Klein GM, Lo EH, Buchan AM. The neurotoxicity of tissue plasminogen activator? J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab.24(9), 945–963 (2004).
  • Otter M, Kuiper J, van Berkel TJ, Rijken DC. Mechanisms of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) clearance by the liver. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.667, 431–442 (1992).
  • Carney RJ, Murphy GA, Brandt TR et al. Randomized angiographic trial of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (alteplase) in myocardial infarction. RAAMI Study Investigators. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.20(1), 17–23 (1992).
  • Wagner OF, de Vries C, Hohmann C, Veerman H, Pannekoek H. Interaction between plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) bound to fibrin and either tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) or urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). Binding of t-PA/PAI-1 complexes to fibrin mediated by both the finger and the kringle-2 domain of t-PA. J. Clin. Invest.84(2), 647–655 (1989).
  • Potter van Loon BJ, Rijken DC, Brommer EJ, van der Maas AP. The amount of plasminogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in human thrombi and the relation to ex-vivo lysibility. Thromb. Haemost.67(1), 101–105 (1992).
  • Sugg RM, JKP, Shaltoni HM. Tpa ARgatroban sTroke Study (TARTS): study design and results in the first treated cohort. Arc. Neurol. (2006) (In Press).
  • Straub S, Junghans U, Jovanovic V, Wittsack HJ, Seitz RJ, Siebler M. Systemic thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and tirofiban in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke35(3), 705–709 (2004).
  • Seitz RJ et al. The effect of combined thrombolysis with rtPA and tirofiban on ischemic brain lesions. Neurology62(11), 2110–2112 (2004).
  • Yenari MA, Meisel S, Moll M, Wittsack HJ, Junghans U, Siebler M. Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is temperature dependent. Thromb. Res.77(5), 475–481 (1995).
  • Tanne D, Kasner SE, Demchuck AM et al. Markers of increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy for acute ischemic stroke in clinical practice: the Multicenter rt-PA Stroke Survey. Circulation105(14), e9094–e9095 (2002).
  • Capes SE, Kasner SE, Demchuk AM et al. Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. Stroke32(10), 2426–2432 (2001).
  • Bruno A, Levine SR, Frankel MR et al. Admission glucose level and clinical outcomes in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial. Neurology59(5), 669–674 (2002).
  • Alvarez-Sabin J, Molina CA, Montaner J et al. Effects of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome in reperfused tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients. Stroke34(5), 1235–1241 (2003).
  • Alvarez-Sabin J, Molina CA, Ribo M et al. Impact of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome after thrombolysis: risk stratification in relation to time to reperfusion. Stroke35(11), 2493–2498 (2004).
  • The GUSTO investigators. An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.329(10), 673–682 (1993).
  • Zivin JA, Fischer M, DeGirolami V, Hemenway CC, Stashak JA. Tissue plasminogen activator reduces neurological damage after cerebral embolism. Science230(4731), 1289–1292 (1985).
  • Zivin JA, Fisher M, DeGirolami U, Hemenway CC, Stashak JA. Tissue plasminogen activator. Reduction of neurologic damage after experimental embolic stroke. Arch. Neurol.45(4), 387–391 (1988).
  • Brott TG, Haley EC Jr, Levy DE et al. Urgent therapy for stroke. Part I. Pilot study of tissue plasminogen activator administered within 90 min. Stroke23(5), 632–640 (1992).
  • Haley EC Jr, Levy DE, Brott TG et al. Urgent therapy for stroke. Part II. Pilot study of tissue plasminogen activator administered 91–180 minutes from onset. Stroke23(5), 641–645 (1992).
  • Haley EC Jr, Brott TG, Sheppard GL et al. Pilot randomized trial of tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. The TPA Bridging Study Group. Stroke24(7), 1000–1004 (1993).
  • Uchino K, Alexandrov AV, Garami Z, El-Mitwalli A, Morgenstern LB, Grotta JC. Safety and feasibility of a lower dose intravenous TPA therapy for ischemic stroke beyond the first three hours. Cerebrovasc. Dis.19(4), 260–266 (2005).
  • Trouillas P, Nighoghossian N, Derex L et al. Thrombolysis with intravenous rtPA in a series of 100 cases of acute carotid territory stroke: determination of etiological, topographic, and radiological outcome factors. Stroke29(12), 2529–2540 (1998).
  • Clark WM, Albers GW, Madden KP, Hamilton S. The rtPA (alteplase) 0- to 6-hour acute stroke trial, part A (A0276g): results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Thromblytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke study investigators. Stroke31(4), 811–816 (2000).
  • Clark WM Wissman S, Albers GW, Jhamandas JH, Madden KP, Hamilton S. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. Alteplase ThromboLysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. JAMA282(21), 2019–2026 (1999).
  • Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C et al; ATLANTIS Trials Investigators; ECASS Trials Investigators; NINDS rt-PA Study Group Investigators. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS. ECASS and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet363(9411), 768–774 (2004).
  • Alexandrov AV, Grotta JC. Arterial reocclusion in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Neurology59(6), 862–867 (2002).
  • Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. PROlyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA282(21), 2003–2011 (1999).
  • Adams H, Adams R, Del Zoppo G, Goldstein LB; Stroke Council of the American Heart Association; American Stroke Association. Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: (2005) guidelines update a scientific statement from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke36(4), 916–923 (2005).
  • Lisboa RC, Jovanovic BD, Alberts MJ. Analysis of the safety and efficacy of intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy in ischemic stroke. Stroke 33(12), 2866–2871 (2002).
  • Flaherty ML, Woo D, Kissela B et al. Combined i.v. and intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Neurology64(2), 386–388 (2005).
  • Ernst R, Pancioli A, Tomsick T et al. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke31(11), 2552–2557 (2000).
  • IMS Study Investigators. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial recanalization for acute ischemic stroke: the Interventional Management of Stroke Study. Stroke35(4), 904–911 (2004).
  • Hill MD, Barber PA, Demchuk AM et al. Acute intravenous–intra-arterial revascularization therapy for severe ischemic stroke. Stroke33(1), 279–282 (2002).
  • Hashem M, Shaltoni NRG, Sugg RM et al. Intraarterial thrombolysis following full dose (0.9 mg/kg) intravenous tPA appears safe with netter recanalization and favorable outcome. International Stroke Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA. Stroke36(2), 446 (2005).
  • Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S et al. Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial. Stroke36(7), 1432–1438 (2005).
  • Noser EA, Shaltoni HM, Hall CE et al. Aggressive mechanical clot disruption: a safe adjunct to thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke? Stroke36(2), 292–296 (2005).
  • Qureshi AI, Siddiqui AM, Suri MF et al. Aggressive mechanical clot disruption and low-dose intra-arterial third-generation thrombolytic agent for ischemic stroke: a prospective study. Neurosurgery51(5), 1319–1327; discussion 1327–1329 (2002).
  • Generalized efficacy of t-PA for acute stroke. Subgroup analysis of the NINDS t-PA Stroke Trial. Stroke28(11), 2119–2125 (1997).
  • Hacke W, Brott T, Caplan L et al. Thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: controlled trials and clinical experience. Neurology53(7 Suppl. 4), S3–S14 (1999).
  • Wardlaw JM, PA Sandercock, Berge E. Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: where do we go from here? A cumulative meta-analysis. Stroke34(6), 1437–1442 (2003).
  • Saver JL. Number needed to treat estimates incorporating effects over the entire range of clinical outcomes: novel derivation method and application to thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke. Arch. Neurol.61(7), 1066–1070 (2004).
  • Wardlaw JM. Overview of Cochrane thrombolysis meta-analysis. Neurology57(5 Suppl. 2), S69–S76 (2001).
  • Ergin A, Ergin N. Is thrombolytic therapy associated with increased mortality? Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Neurol.62(3), 362–326 (2005).
  • Heuschmann PU, Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Roether J et al. Predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with thrombolytic therapy. JAMA292(15), 1831–1818 (2004).
  • Scott PA, Silbergleit R. Misdiagnosis of stroke in tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients: characteristics and outcomes. Ann. Emerg. Med.42(5), 611–618 (2003).
  • Hill MD, Lye T, Moss H et al. Hemi-orolingual angioedema and ACE inhibition after alteplase treatment of stroke. Neurology60(9), 1525–1527 (2003).
  • Levy DE, Brott TG, Haley EC Jr et al. Factors related to intracranial hematoma formation in patients receiving tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke25(2), 291–297 (1994).
  • The NINDS t-PA Stroke Study Group. Intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous t-PA therapy for ischemic stroke. Stroke28(11), 2109–2018 (1997).
  • Patel SC, Levine SR, Tilley BC et al. Lack of clinical significance of early ischemic changes on computed tomography in acute stroke. JAMA286(22), 2830–2838 (2001).
  • Wojner AW, Luther mKTL, Grotta JC, Choi JY, Alexandrov AV. The cost of comprehensive stroke care: 2003–2004 Houston Hospital experience. Proceedings of the 30th International Stroke Conference. New Orleans, LA, USA. Stroke36(2), 478 (2005).
  • Hankey GJ, Warlow CP. Treatment and secondary prevention of stroke: evidence, costs, and effects on individuals and populations. Lancet354(9188), 1457–1463 (1999).
  • Silbergleit R, Scott PA, Lowell MJ, Silbergleit R. Cost–effectiveness of helicopter transport of stroke patients for thrombolysis. Acad. Emerg. Med.10(9), 966–972 (2003).
  • Brown DL, Barsan WG, Lisabeth LD, Gallery ME, Morgenstern LB. Survey of emergency physicians about recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. Ann. Emerg. Med.46(1), 56–60 (2005).
  • Schleuning WD. Vampire bat plasminogen activator DSPA-α-1 (desmoteplase): a thrombolytic drug optimized by natural selection. Haemostasis31(3–6), 118–122 (2001).
  • Hacke W, Albers G, Al-Rawi Y et al; DIAS Study Group. The Desmoteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke Trial (DIAS): a phase II MRI-based 9-hour window acute stroke thrombolysis trial with intravenous desmoteplase. Stroke36(1), 66–73 (2005).
  • Keyt BA, Paoni NF, Refino CJ et al. A faster-acting and more potent form of tissue plasminogen activator. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA91(9), 3670–3674 (1994).
  • Haley EC Jr, Lyden PD, Johnston KC, Hemmen TM; TNK in Stroke Investigators. A pilot dose-escalation safety study of tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke36(3), 607–612 (2005).
  • Nagai N, Demarsin E, Van Hoef B et al. Recombinant human microplasmin: production and potential therapeutic properties. J. Thromb. Haemost.1(2), 307–313 (2003).
  • Nagai N et al. Depletion of circulating a(2)-antiplasmin by intravenous plasmin or immunoneutralization reduces focal cerebral ischemic injury in the absence of arterial recanalization. Blood97(10), 3086–3092 (2001).
  • Suzuki Y, Nagai N, Collen D. Comparative effects of microplasmin and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) on cerebral hemorrhage in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model in mice. J. Thromb. Haemost.2(9), 1617–1621 (2004).
  • Lapchak PA, Araujo DM, Pakola S, Song D, Wei J, Zivin JA. Microplasmin: a novel thrombolytic that improves behavioral outcome after embolic strokes in rabbits. Stroke33(9), 2279–2284 (2002).
  • Suzuki Y, Chen F, Ni Y, Marchal G, Collen D, Nagai N. Microplasmin reduces ischemic brain damage and improves neurological function in a rat stroke model monitored with MRI. Stroke35(10), 2402–2406 (2004).
  • Alexandrov AV, Molina CA, Grotta JC et al; CLOTBUST Investigators. Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.351(21), 2170–2178 (2004).
  • Pancioli A. The CLEAR Stroke Trial: Blinded Results from the First Dose Tier. in Proceedings of the 30th International Stroke Conference New Orleans, LA: Stroke (2005).
  • Lees KR, Barer D, Ford GA et al; SA-NXY-0004 Investigators. Tolerability of NXY-059 at higher target concentrations in patients with acute stroke. Stroke34(2), 482–487 (2003).
  • Lees KR, Sharma AK, Barer D et al. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the nitrone NXY-059 in patients with acute stroke. Stroke32(3), 675–680 (2001).
  • Lees KR et al. NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.354(6), 588–600 (2006).
  • Aronowski J, Strong R, Shirzadi A, Grotta JC. Ethanol plus caffeine (caffeinol) for treatment of ischemic stroke: preclinical experience. Stroke34(5), 1246–1251 (2003).
  • Shaltoni HM, Labiche LA, Choi JY, Hall CE, Malkoff MD, Grotta JC. Combination Neuroprotective Modalities Coupled with Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot Study of Caffeinol and Mild Hypothermia. Presented at the 29th AHA International Stroke Conference. San Diego, CA, USA (2004).

Websites

  • American Stroke Association www.strokeassociation.org
  • Clinical Trials – Stroke Center – Standford University School of Medicine http://strokecenter.stanford.edu/trials/ defuse.html
  • Goldberg ME. Stroke Trials Directory. Internet Stroke Center www.strokecenter.org

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.