105
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Ischemic mitral regurgitation: pathophysiology, diagnosis and surgical treatment

, , , &
Pages 827-838 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Liel-Cohen N, Guerrero JL, Otsuji Y et al. Design of a new surgical approach for ventricular remodeling to relieve ischemic mitral regurgitation. Insights from 3-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation101, 2756–2763 (2000).
  • Levine RA, Messas E, Nathan NS, Rudski LG. New understanding of ischemic mitral regurgitation: the marionette and its masters. Eur. J. Echocardiography5, 313–317 (2004).
  • Van Dantzig JM, Delemarre BJ, Koster RW, Rot H, Visser CA. Pathogenesis of mitral regurgitation in acute myocardial infarction: Importance of changes in left ventricular shape and regional function. Am. Heart J.131, 865–871 (1996).
  • Kaul S, Spotnitz WD, Glasheen WP, Touchstone DA. Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation. An experience evaluation. Circulation84, 2167–2180 (1991).
  • Agricola E, Oppizzi M, Maisano F et al. Echocardiographic classification of chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation caused by restricted motion according to tethering pattern. Eur. J. Echocardiography5, 326–334 (2004).
  • Srichai MB, Grimm RA, Stillman AE et al. Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: Impact of the Left Ventricle and Mitral Valve in Patients with Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction. Ann. Thorac. Surg.80, 170–178 (2005).
  • Kumanohoso T, Otsuji Y et al: Mechanism of higher incidence of ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with inferior myocardial infarction: quantitative analysis of left ventricular and mitral valve geometry in 103 patients with prior myocardial infarction. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.125, 135–143 (2003).
  • Timek TA, Lai DT, Tibayan F et al. Ischemia in three left ventricular regions: Insights into the pathogenesis of acute ischemic mitral regurgitation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.125, 559–569 (2003).
  • Tibayan FA, Rodriguez F, Langer F et al. Annular remodeling in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation: ring selection implications. Ann. Thorac. Surg.76, 1549–1555 (2003).
  • Gorman JH III, Gorman RC, Jackson BM, Enomoto Y, St John-Sutton MG, Edmunds LH Jr. Annuloplasty ring selection for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation: lessons from ovine model. Ann. Thorac. Surg.76, 1556–1563 (2003).
  • Kwan J, Shiota T, Agler DA et al. Geometric differences of the mitral apparatus between ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy with significant mitral regurgitation. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography study. Circulation107, 1135–1140 (2003).
  • Yu HS, Su MY, Liao TY, Peng HH, Lin FY, Tseng WYI. Functional mitral regurgitation in chronic ischemic coronary artery disease: Analysis of geometric alterations of mitral apparatus with magnetic resonance imaging. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.128, 543–551 (2004).
  • Grossman W, Dexter L. Profiles in valvular heart disease. In: Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography, Second Edition. Grossman W (Ed.). Lea & Febiger, PA, USA, 305–324 (1980).
  • Gorman RC, Gorman JH, III, Edmunds LH Jr. Ischemic mitral regurgitation. In: Cardiac Surgery in the Adult (Chapter 28). Cohn LH (Ed.). McGraw Hill, New York, NY, USA, 751–769 (2003).
  • Helmcke F, Nanda NC, Hsiung MC et al. Color Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation with orthogonal planes. Circulation75, 175–183 (1987).
  • McCully RB, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ et al. Overestimation of severity of ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation by color Doppler jet area. Am. J. Cardiol.74, 790–793 (1994).
  • Heinle SK, Hall SA, Brickner ME et al. Comparison of vena contracta width by multiplane transesophageal echocardiography with quantitative Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation. Am. J. Cardiol.81, 175–179 (1998).
  • Enriquez-Sarano M, Bailey KR, Seward JB et al. Quantitative Doppler assessment of valvular regurgitation. Circulation87, 841–848 (1993).
  • Enriquez-Sarano M, Miller FA, Hayes SN et al. Effective mitral regurgitant orifice area: clinical use and pitfalls of the proximal isovelocity surface area method. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.25, 703–709 (1995).
  • Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Zehr KJ, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler assessment. Circulation103, 1759–1764 (2001).
  • Bursi F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL. Mitral regurgitation after myocardial infarction: a review. Am. J. Med.119, 103–112 (2006).
  • Calafiore AM, Gallina S, Di Mauro M et al. Mitral valve procedure in dilated cardiomyopathy: repair or replacement? Ann. Thorac. Surg.71(4), 1146–1152 (2001).
  • Yiu SF, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tribouilloy C, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Determinants of the degree of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction a quantitative clinical study. Circulation102, 1400–1406 (2000).
  • Wolf I, Mottl-Link S, Hoda R et al. A clinical study of annular geometry and dynamics in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation: new insights into asymmetrical ring annuloplasty. Eur. J. Cardio–Thorac. Surg.29, 355–361 (2006).
  • Watanabe N, Ogasawara Y, Yamaura Y et al. Quantitation of mitral valve tenting in ischemic mitral regurgitation by transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.45, 763–769 (2005).
  • Watanabe N, Ogasawara Y, Yamaura Y, Kawamoto T, Akasaka T, Yoshida K. Geometric deformity of the mitral annulus in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation: a real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic study. J. Heart Valve Dis.14, 447–452 (2005).
  • Hung J, Papakostas L, Tahta SA et al. Mechanism of recurrent ischemic mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty continued lv remodeling as a moving target. Circulation110(Suppl. II), II-85–II-90 (2004).
  • Ereminiene E, Vaskelyte J, Benetis R, Stoskute N. ischemic mitral valve repair: predictive significance of restrictive left ventricular diastolic filling. Echocardiography22, 217–224 (2005).
  • Matsunaga A, Tahta SA, Duran CM. Failure of reduction annuloplasty for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J. Heart Valve Dis.13, 390–397 (2004).
  • Kaji S, Nasu M, Yamamuro A et al. annular geometry in patients with chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation-three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging study. Circulation112(Suppl. I), I-409–I-414 (2005).
  • Tunick PA, Freedberg RS, Gargiulo A, Kronzon I. Exercise Doppler echocardiography as an aid to clinical decision making in mitral valve disease. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.5, 225–230 (1992).
  • Lancellotti P, Lebrun F, Pierard LA. Determinants of exercise induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.42, 1921–1928 (2003).
  • Piérard LA and Lancellotti P. The role of ischemic mitral regurgitation in the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema. N. Engl. J. Med.351, 1627–1634 (2004).
  • Lancellotti P, Troisfontaines P, Toussaint AC, Pierard LA. Prognostic importance of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation108, 1713–1717 (2003).
  • Heinle SK, Tice FD, Kisslo J. Effect of dobutamine stress echocardiography on mitral regurgitation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.25, 122–127 (1995).
  • Roshanali F, Mandegar MH, Yousefnia MA, Alaeddini F, Wann S. Low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography to predict reversibility of mitral regurgitation with CABG. Echocardiography23(1), 31–36 (2006).
  • Hellemans IM, Pieper EG, Ravelli AC et al. Prediction of surgical strategy in mitral valve regurgitation based on echocardiography. Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands. Am. J. Cardiol.79, 334–338 (1997).
  • Sheikh KH, Bengtson J R, Rankin J S, de Bruijn N P, Kisslo J. Intraoperative transesophageal Doppler color flow imaging used to guide patient selection and operative treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation84, 594–604 (1991).
  • Schroder JN, Williams ML, Hata JA et al. Impact of mitral valve regurgitation evaluated by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography on long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation112(9 Suppl.), I293–I298 (2005).
  • Foster GP, Isselbacher EM, Rose GA. Accurate localization of mitral regurgitation defects using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. Ann. Thorac. Surg.65, 1025–1031 (1998).
  • Lambert AS, Miller JP, Merrick SH et al. improved evaluation of the location and mechanism of mitral valve regurgitation with a systematic transesophageal echocardiography examination. Anesth. Analg.88, 1205–1212 (1999).
  • Fix J, Isada L, Cosgrove DM et al. Do patients with less than “echo-perfect” results from mitral valve repair by intraoperative echocardiography have a different outcome? Circulation88, 39–48 (1993).
  • Yoshida K, Yoshikawa J, Yamaura Y, Hozumi T, Akasaka T, Fukaya T. Assessment of mitral regurgitation by biplane transesophageal color Doppler flow mapping. Circulation82, 1121–1126 (1990).
  • Kawano H, Mizoguchi T, Aoyagi S. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for evaluation of mitral valve repair. J. Heart Valve Dis.8, 287–293 (1999).
  • Saiki Y, Kasegawa H, Kawase M, Osada H, Ootaki E. Intraoperative TEE during mitral valve repair: does it predict early and late postoperative mitral valve dysfunction? Ann. Thorac. Surg.66, 1277–1281 (1998).
  • Lehmann KG, Francis CK, Dodge HT and the TIMI Study Group. Mitral regurgitation in early myocardial infarction. Incidence, clinical detection, and prognostic implication. Ann. Intern. Med.117, 10–17 (1992).
  • Lamas GA, Mitchell GF, Flaker GC et al. Clinical significance of mitral regurgitation after acute myocardial infarction: survival and ventricular enlargement investigators. Circulation96, 827–833 (1997).
  • Barzilai B, Gessler C, Perez JE, Schaab C, Jaffe AS. Significance of Doppler-detected mitral regurgitation in acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol.61, 220–223 (1988).
  • Feinberg MS, Schwammenthal E, Shlizerman L et al. Prognostic significance of mild mitral regurgitation by color Doppler echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol.86, 903–907 (2000).
  • Enriquez-Sarano M, Rossi A, Seward JB, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ. Determinants of pulmonary hypertension in left ventricular dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.29, 153–159 (1997).
  • St. John Sutton M, Pfeffer MA, Plappert T et al. Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements are major predictors of adverse cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction: the protective effects of captopril. Circulation89, 68–75 (1994).
  • King SB III, Kosinski AS, Guyton RA et al. Eight year mortality in the Emory Angioplasty versus Surgery Trial (EAST). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.35, 1116–1121 (2000).
  • The BARI Investigators. Seven-year outcome in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) by treatment and diabetic status. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.35, 1122–1129 (2000).
  • Ellis SG, Whitlow PL, Raymond RE, Shneider JP. Impact of mitral regurgitation on long-term survival after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am. J. Cardiol.89, 315–318 (2002).
  • Pellizzon GG, Grines CL, Cox DA et al. Importance of mitral regurgitation inpatients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.43, 1368–1374 (2004).
  • Paparella D, Mickleborough LL, Carson S, Ivanov L. Mild to moderate mitral regurgitation in patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting: effects on operative mortality and long-term significance. Ann. Thorac. Surg.76, 1094–1100 (2003).
  • Jacob N. Schroder JN, Williams ML et al. Impact of mitral valve regurgitation evaluated by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography on long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting Circulation112(Suppl. I), I-293–I-298 (2005).
  • Lam BK, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH et al. Importance of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann. Thorac. Surg.79(2), 462–470 (2005).
  • Mallidi HR, Pellettier MP, Lamb J et al. Late outcomes in patients with uncorrected mild to moderate mitral regurgitation at the time of isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.127, 636–644 (2004).
  • Aklog L, Filsoufi F, Flores KQ et al. Does coronary artery bypass grafting alone correct moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation? Circulation104(Suppl. I), I-68–I-75 (2001).
  • Ryden T, Bech-Hanssen O, Brandrup-Wognsen G, Nilsson F, Svensson S, Jeppsson A. The importance of grade 2 ischemic mitral regurgitation in coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.20, 276–281 (2001).
  • Grossi EA, Goldberg JD, LaPietra A et al. Ischemic mitral valve recostrunction and replacement. Comparison of long-term survival and complications. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.122, 1107–1124 (2001).
  • Gillinov AM, Wierup PN, Blackstone EH et al. Is repair preferable to replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.122, 1125–1141(2001).
  • Hendren WG, Nemec JJ, Bruce WL et al. Mitral valve repair for ischemic mitral insufficiency. Ann. Thorac. Surg.52, 1246–1252 (1991).
  • Calafiore AM, Di Mauro M, Gallina S et al. Mitral valve surgery for chronic ischemic regurgitation. Ann. Thorac. Surg.77, 1989–1997 (2004).
  • McGee EG, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH et al. Recurrent mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.128, 916–924 (2004).
  • Gillinov AM, Cosgrove III MD, Shiota T et al. Cosgrove-Edwards Annuloplasty System: midterm results. Ann. Thorac. Surg.69, 717–721 (2000).
  • Dall’Agata A, Taams MA, Fioretti PM, Roelandt JRTC, Van Herwerden LA. Cosgrove-Edwards mitral ring dynamics measured with transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiography. Ann. Thorac. Surg.65, 485–490 (1998).
  • Sharony R, Saunders PC, Nayar A et al. Semirigid partial annuloplasty band allows dynamic mitral annular motion and minimizes valvular gradients: an echocardiographic study. Ann. Thorac. Surg.77, 518–522 (2004).
  • Tahta SA, Oury JH, Maxwell JM, Hiro SP, Duran CMG. Outcome after mitral valve repair for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J. Heart Valve Dis.11, 11–19 (2002).
  • Bolling SF, Pagani FD, Deeb GM, Bach DS. Intermediate-term outcome of mitral reconstruction in cardiomyopathy. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.115, 381–388 (1998).
  • Daimon M, Fukuta S, Adams DH et al. Mitral valve repair with Carpentier-McCarthy-Adams IMR Etlogix annuloplasty ring for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Early echocardiographic results from a multi-center study. Circulation114(Suppl. I), I-588–I-593 (2006).
  • Zhu F, Otsuji Y, Yotsumoto G et al. Mechanism of persistent ischemic mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty. Importance of augmented posterior mitral leaflet tethering. Circulation112(Suppl. 1), I-396-I-401 (2005).
  • Tibayan FA, Rodriguez F, Langer F et al. Annular or subvalvular approach to chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.129, 1266–1275 (2005).
  • Messas E, Guerrero JL, Handsschumacher MD et al. Chordal cutting. A new therapeutic approach for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation104, 1958–1963 (2001).
  • Messas E, Pouzet B, Touchot B et al. Efficacy of chordal cutting to relieve chronic persistent ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation108(Suppl. 1), II-111–II-115 (2003).
  • De Bonis M, Lapenna E, La Canna G et al. Mitral valve repair for functional mitral regurgitationin end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy. Role of the “edge-to-edge” technique. Circulation112(Suppl. I), I-402–I-408 (2005).
  • Kincaid EH, Riley RD, Hines MH, Hammon JW, Kon ND. Anterior leaflet augmentation for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann. Thorac. Surg.78, 564–568 (2004).
  • Matsui Y, Fukada Y, Naito Y, Sasaki S. Integrated overlapping ventriculoplasty combined with papillary muscle plication for severely dilated heart failure. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.127, 1221–1223 (2004).
  • Ramadan R, Al-Attar N, Mohammadi S et al. Left ventricular infarct plication restores mitral function in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.129, 440–442 (2005).
  • Kron IL, Green GR, Cope JT. Surgical relocation of the posterior papillary muscle in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation.Ann. Thorac. Surg.74, 600–601 (2002).
  • Maniu CV, Patel JB, Reuter DG et al. Acute and chronic reduction of functional mitral regurgitation in experimental heart failure by percutaneous mitral annuloplasty. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.44, 1652–1661 (2004).
  • Webb JG, Harnek J, Munt BI et al. Percutaneous transvenous mitral annuloplasty: initial human experience with device implantation in the coronary sinus. Circulation113, 851–855 (2006).
  • Wong DR, Agnihotri, AK, Hung JW et al. Long-term survival after surgical revascularization for moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann. Thorac. Surg.80, 570–578 (2005).
  • Diodato MD, Moon MR, Pasque MK et al. Repair of ischemic mitral regurgitation does not increase mortality or improve long-term survival in patients undergoing coronary artery revascularization: a propensity analysis. Ann. Thorac. Surg.78, 794–799 (2004).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.