Bicuspid aortic valve: clinical approach and scientific review of a common clinical entity

References

• Mills P, Leech G, Davies M, Leathan A. The natural history of a non-stenotic bicuspid aortic valve. Br. Heart J.40(9), 951–957 (1978).
   Google Scholar
• Sagie A, Vaturi M, Shapira Y. Update in aortic valve diseases. Harefuah146(11), 867–871, 909 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Williams DS. Bicuspid aortic valve. J. Insur. Med.38(1), 72–74 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Movahed MR, Hepner AD, Ahmadi-Kashani M. Echocardiographic prevalence of bicuspid aortic valve in the population. Heart Lung Circ.15(5), 297–299 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roos-Hesselink J, Scholzel B, Heijdra RJ et al. Aortic valve and aortic arch pathology after coarctattion repair. Heart89, 1074–1077 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond G, Letsou G. Aortic valve disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. In: Glenn’s Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Appleton & Lange, CT, USA, 1981–2003 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Brandenburg RO Jr, Tajik AJ, Edwards WD, Reeder GS, Shub C, Seward JB. Accuracy of 2-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of congenitally bicuspid aortic valve: echocardiographic-anatomic correlation in 115 patients. Am. J. Cardiol.51(9), 1469–1473 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Ward C. Clinical significance of the bicuspid aortic valve. Heart83, 81–85 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies RR, Kaple RK, Mandapati D et al. Natural history of ascending aortic aneurysms in the setting of an unreplaced bicuspid aortic valve. Ann. Thorac. Surg.83(4), 1338–1344 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elefteriades JA. Timing of surgery of dilated aorta with a normal functioning valve. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55th Annual Scientific Session Atlanta,, GA, USA, March 11–14, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Lamers WH, Viragh S, Wessel A, Moorman A, Anderson R. Formation of the tricuspid valve in the human heart. Circulation91, 111–121 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Sans-Coma V, Fernandez B, Duran A. Fusion of valve cushions as a key factor in the formation of congenital bicuspid aortic valves in Syrian hamsters. The Anatomical Records244, 490–498 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sievers HH, Schmidtke C. A classification system for the bicuspid aortic valve from 304 surgical specimens. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.133(5), 1226–1233 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabet HY, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, Daly RC. Congenitally bicuspid aortic valves: a surgical pathology study of 542 cases (1991 through 1996) and a literature review of 2,715 additional cases. Mayo Clin. Proc.74(1), 14–26 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahey JT. Bicuspid Aortic Valves, Aortic Stenosis, and Dilation of the Ascending Aorta. Lecture at Yale University (2007).
   Google Scholar
• de Sa M, Moshkovitz Y, Butany J, David TE. Histologic abnormalities of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk in patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease: clinical relevance to the ross procedure. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.118(4), 588–594 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Pasic M, Meyer R et al. Morphometric analysis of aortic media in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve. Ann. Thorac. Surg.74(1), 58–62 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington K, Hunter AG, Chan KL. A prospective study to assess the frequency of familial clustering of congenital bicuspid aortic valve. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.30(7), 1809–1812 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale AN, McKusick VA, Hutchins GM, Gott VL. Familial congenital bicuspid aortic valve: secondary calcific aortic stenosis and aortic aneurysm. Chest72(5), 668–670 (1977).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godden DJ, Sandhu PS, Kerr F. Stenosed bicuspid aortic valves in twins. Eur. Heart J.8(3), 316–318 (1987).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clementi M, Notari L, Borghi A, Tenconi R. Familial congenital bicuspid aortic valve: a disorder of uncertain inheritance. Am. J. Med. Genet.62(4), 336–338 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emanuel R, Withers R, O’Brien K, Ross P, Feizi O. Congenitally bicuspid aortic valves. Clinicogenetic study of 41 families. Br. Heart J.40(12), 1402–1407 (1978).
   Google Scholar
• Baxter BT. Heritable diseases of the blood vessels. Cardiovasc. Pathol.14(4), 185–188 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Braverman AC, Guven H, Beardslee MA, Makan M, Kates AM, Moon MR. The bicuspid aortic valve. Curr. Probl. Cardiol.30(9), 470–522 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg V, Muth AN, Ransom JF et al. Mutations in NOTCH1 cause aortic valve disease. Nature437(7056), 270–274 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman LA, Grego-Bessa J, Raya A et al. Notch promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition during cardiac development and oncogenic transformation. Genes Dev.18(1), 99–115 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iso T, Hamamori Y, Kedes L. Notch signaling in vascular development. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.23(4), 543–553 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artavanis-Tsakonas S, Rand MD, Lake RJ. Notch signaling: cell fate control and signal integration in development. Science284(5415), 770–776 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed SA, Aherrahrou Z, Liptau H et al. Novel missense mutations (p.T596M and p.P1797H) in NOTCH1 in patients with bicuspid aortic valve. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.345(4), 1460–1465 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnes CA. Bicuspid aortic valve and coarctation: two villains part of a diffuse problem. Heart89(9), 965–966 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Abbott M. Coarctation of the aorta of adult-type. Am. Heart J.3, 574–628 (1928).
   Google Scholar
• Cohen M, Fuster V, Steele PM, Driscoll D, McGoon DC. Coarctation of the aorta. Long-term follow-up and prediction of outcome after surgical correction. Circulation80(4), 840–845 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Divitiis M, Pilla C, Kattenhorn M et al. Vascular dysfunction after repair of coarctation of the aorta: impact of early surgery. Circulation104(12 Suppl. 1), I165–I170 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prandstraller D, Mazzanti L, Picchio FM et al. Turner’s syndrome: cardiologic profile according to the different chromosomal patterns and long-term clinical follow-up of 136 nonpreselected patients. Pediatr. Cardiol.20(2), 108–112 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delius RE, Samyn MM, Behrendt DM. Should a bicuspid aortic valve be replaced in the presence of subvalvar or supravalvar aortic stenosis? Ann. Thorac. Surg.66(4), 1337–1342 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Robicsek F, Thubrikar MJ, Cook JW, Fowler B. The congenitally bicuspid aortic valve: how does it function? Why does it fail? Ann. Thorac. Surg.77(1), 177–185 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nataatmadja M, West M, West J et al. Abnormal extracellular matrix protein transport associated with increased apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in marfan syndrome and bicuspid aortic valve thoracic aortic aneurysm. Circulation108(Suppl. 1), II329–II334 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koullias GJ, Korkolis DP, Ravichandran P, Psyrri A, Hatzaras I, Elefteriades JA. Tissue microarray detection of matrix metalloproteinases, in diseased tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valves with or without pathology of the ascending aorta. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.26(6), 1098–1103 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koullias GJ, Ravichandran P, Korkolis DP, Rimm DL, Elefteriades JA. Increased tissue microarray matrix metalloproteinase expression favors proteolysis in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Ann. Thorac. Surg.78(6), 2106–2110; discussion 2110–2101 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedak PW, Verma S, David TE, Leask RL, Weisel RD, Butany J. Clinical and pathophysiological implications of a bicuspid aortic valve. Circulation106(8), 900–904 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferencik M, Pape LA. Changes in size of ascending aorta and aortic valve function with time in patients with congenitally bicuspid aortic valves. Am. J. Cardiol.92(1), 43–46 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn RT, Roman MJ, Mogtader AH, Devereux RB. Association of aortic dilation with regurgitant, stenotic and functionally normal bicuspid aortic valves. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.19(2), 283–288 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane MG, Wiegers SE, Plappert T, Pochettino A, Bavaria JE, Sutton MG. Bicuspid aortic valves are associated with aortic dilatation out of proportion to coexistent valvular lesions. Circulation102(19 Suppl. 3), III35–II39 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nistri S, Sorbo MD, Marin M, Palisi M, Scognamiglio R, Thiene G. Aortic root dilatation in young men with normally functioning bicuspid aortic valves. Heart82(1), 19–22 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linhartova K, Beranek V, Sefrna F, Hanisova I, Sterbakova G, Peskova M. Aortic stenosis severity is not a risk factor for poststenotic dilatation of the ascending aorta. Circ. J.71(1), 84–88 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt NF, Sivarajan M, Mandapati D, Printsev Y, Elefteriades JA. Quadricuspid aortic valve with aortic insufficiency: case report and review of the literature. J. Card. Surg.22(3), 235–237 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Kim HS, McBride RA, Titus JL. Quadricuspid aortic valve and single coronary ostium. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.112(8), 842–844 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Robicsek F, Sanger PW, Daugherty HK, Montgomery CC. Congenital quadricuspid aortic valve with displacement of the left coronary orifice. Coll. Works Cardiopulm. Dis.14, 87–90 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• Hurwitz L, Roberts W. Quadricuspid semilunar valve. Am. J. Med. Sci.31, 623–626 (1973).
   Google Scholar
• Simonds J. Congenital malformations of the aortic and pulmonary valves. Am. J. Med. Sci.166, 584–595 (1923).
   Google Scholar
• Barbosa MM, Motta MS. Quadricuspid aortic valve and aortic regurgitation diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography: report of two cases and review of the literature. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.4(1), 69–74 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Davia JE, Fenoglio JJ, DeCastro CM, McAllister HA Jr, Cheitlin MD. Quadricuspid semilunar valves. Chest72(2), 186–189 (1977).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer MH, de Graaf JJ, Ebels T. Congenital quadricuspid aortic valve. Int. J. Cardiol.38(2), 196–198 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Burri MV, Nanda NC, Singh A, Panwar SR. Live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic identification of quadricuspid aortic valve. Echocardiography24(6), 653–655 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Nanda NC, Miller AP. Real time three-dimensional echocardiography: specific indications and incremental value over traditional echocardiography. J. Cardiol.48(6), 291–303 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Collins MJ, Butany J, Borger MA, Strauss BH, David TE. Implications of a congenitally abnormal valve: a study of 1025 consecutively excised aortic valves. J. Clin. Pathol. (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Novaro GM, Mishra M, Griffin BP. Incidence and echocardiographic features of congenital unicuspid aortic valve in an adult population. J. Heart Valve Dis.12(6), 674–678 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts WC, Ko JM, Filardo G et al. Valve structure and survival in quinquagenarians having aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis (±aortic regurgitation) with versus without coronary artery bypass grafting at a single US medical center (1993 to 2005). Am. J. Cardiol.100(10), 1584–1591 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts WC, Ko JM, Filardo G et al. Valve structure and survival in quadragenarians having aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis (±aortic regurgitation) with versus without coronary artery bypass grafting at a single US medical center (1993 to 2005). Am. J. Cardiol.100(11), 1683–1690 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelini A, Ho SY, Anderson RH et al. The morphology of the normal aortic valve as compared with the aortic valve having two leaflets. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.98(3), 362–367 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elefteriades JA. Timing of Surgery of Dilated Aorta with a Normal Functioning Valve. In: American College of Cardiology. 55th Annual Session, Atlanta, GA, USA (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Hammond GL et al. What is the appropriate size criterion for resection of thoracic aortic aneurysms? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.113(3), 476–491; discussion 489–491 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies RR, Goldstein LJ, Coady MA et al. Yearly rupture or dissection rates for thoracic aortic aneurysms: simple prediction based on size. Ann. Thorac. Surg.73(1), 17–27; discussion 27–18 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies RR, Gallo A, Coady MA et al. Novel measurement of relative aortic size predicts rupture of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Ann. Thorac. Surg.81(1), 169–177 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinal M, Fuisz AR, Nanda NC, Aaluri SR, Mukhtar O, Sekar PC. Sensitivity and specificity of transesophageal echocardiography for determination of aortic valve morphology. Am. Heart J.139(6), 1071–1076 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Saha S, Bastiaenen R, Hayward M, McEwan JR. An undiagnosed bicuspid aortic valve can result in severe left ventricular failure. BMJ334(7590), 420–422 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Lesauskaite V, Tanganelli P, Sassi C et al. Smooth muscle cells of the media in the dilatative pathology of ascending thoracic aorta: morphology, immunoreactivity for osteopontin, matrix metalloproteinases, and their inhibitors. Hum. Pathol.32(9), 1003–1011 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks WC. A confederacy of proteinases. J. Clin. Invest.110(5), 613–614 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Longo GM, Xiong W, Greiner TC, Zhao Y, Fiotti N, Baxter BT. Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 work in concert to produce aortic aneurysms. J. Clin. Invest.110(5), 625–632 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman KM, Ogata Y, Malon AM et al. Identification of matrix metalloproteinases 3 (stromelysin-1) and 9 (gelatinase B) in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler. Thromb.14(8), 1315–1320 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vu TH, Werb Z. Matrix metalloproteinases: effectors of development and normal physiology. Genes Dev.14(17), 2123–2133 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts W. The congenitally bicuspid aortic valve. Am. J. Cardiol.26, 72–83 (1970).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts WC. The structure of the aortic valve in clinically isolated aortic stenosis: an autopsy study of 162 patients over 15 years of age. Circulation42(1), 91–97 (1970).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenoglio JJ Jr, McAllister HA Jr, DeCastro CM, Davia JE, Cheitlin MD. Congenital bicuspid aortic valve after age 20. Am. J. Cardiol.39(2), 164–169 (1977).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomerance A. Pathogenesis of aortic stenosis and its relation to age. Br. Heart J.34(6), 569–574 (1972).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mautner GC, Mautner SL, Cannon RO 3rd, Hunsberger SA, Roberts WC. Clinical factors useful in predicting aortic valve structure in patients > 40 years of age with isolated valvular aortic stenosis. Am. J. Cardiol.72(2), 194–198 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiney TE, Davies MJ, Parker DJ, Leech GJ, Leatham A. The aetiology and course of isolated severe aortic regurgitation: a clinical, pathological, and echocardiographic study. Br. Heart J.58(4), 358–368 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Niles NW et al. Aortic root dilatation as a cause of isolated, severe aortic regurgitation. Prevalence, clinical and echocardiographic patterns, and relation to left ventricular hypertrophy and function. Ann. Intern. Med.106(6), 800–807 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson LJ, Subramanian R, Edwards WD. Surgical pathology of pure aortic insufficiency: a study of 225 cases. Mayo Clin. Proc.59(12), 835–841 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beppu S, Suzuki S, Matsuda H, Ohmori F, Nagata S, Miyatake K. Rapidity of progression of aortic stenosis in patients with congenital bicuspid aortic valves. Am. J. Cardiol.71(4), 322–327 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton M, Levine S. Sub-acute bacterial endocarditis with special reference to valvular lesions and previous history. Am. J. Med. Sci.183, 60–77 (1932).
   Google Scholar
• Grant R, Wood J, Jones T. Heart valve irregularities in realtion to sub-acute bacterial endocarditis. Heart (14), 247–255 (1928).
   Google Scholar
• Edwards WD, Leaf DS, Edwards JE. Dissecting aortic aneurysm associated with congenital bicuspid aortic valve. Circulation57(5), 1022–1025 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotrufo M, Della Corte A, De Santo LS et al. Different patterns of extracellular matrix protein expression in the convexity and the concavity of the dilated aorta with bicuspid aortic valve: preliminary results. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.130(2), 504–511 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helske S, Kupari M, Lindstedt KA, Kovanen PT. Aortic valve stenosis: an active atheroinflammatory process. Curr. Opin. Lipidol.18(5), 483–491 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohler ER, 3rd, Wang H, Medenilla E, Scott C. Effect of statin treatment on aortic valve and coronary artery calcification. J. Heart Valve Dis.16(4), 378–386 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elefteriades JA, Halperin JL, Olin JW. Diseases of the Aorta. In: Hurst’s The Heart. 12th Edition, McGraw–Hill, NY, USA (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation114(5), e84–e231 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aicher D, Langer F, Adam O, Tscholl D, Lausberg H, Schafers HJ. Cusp repair in aortic valve reconstruction: does the technique affect stability? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.134(6), 1533–1538; discussion 1538–1539 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Fedak PW, David TE, Borger M, Verma S, Butany J, Weisel RD. Bicuspid aortic valve disease: recent insights in pathophysiology and treatment. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther.3(2), 295–308 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borger MA, Preston M, Ivanov J et al. Should the ascending aorta be replaced more frequently in patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.128(5), 677–683 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters RG, Haddad M, Pipe AL, Veinot JP, Mesana T. Clinical outcomes with the Hancock II bioprosthetic valve. Ann. Thorac. Surg.78(3), 832–836 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Dellgren G, David TE, Raanani E, Armstrong S, Ivanov J, Rakowski H. Late hemodynamic and clinical outcomes of aortic valve replacement with the Carpentier–Edwards Perimount pericardial bioprosthesis. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.124(1), 146–154 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David TE, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, Feindel CM, Cohen G. Late results of heart valve replacement with the Hancock II bioprosthesis. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.121(2), 268–277 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirer NC, Pelletier LC, Pellerin M, Carrier M. 15-year experience with the Carpentier–Edwards pericardial bioprosthesis. Ann. Thorac. Surg.66(6 Suppl), S57–61 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Gaudiani VA, Grunkemeier GL, Castro LJ, Fisher AL, Wu Y. The risks and benefits of reoperative aortic valve replacement. Heart Surg. Forum7(2), E170–E173 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Silversides CK, Colman JM, Sermer M, Farine D, Siu SC. Early and intermediate-term outcomes of pregnancy with congenital aortic stenosis. Am. J. Cardiol.91(11), 1386–1389 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap SC, Drenthen W, Pieper PG et al. Risk of complications during pregnancy in women with congenital aortic stenosis. Int. J. Cardiol. (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Thornburg KL, Jacobson SL, Giraud GD, Morton MJ. Hemodynamic changes in pregnancy. Semin. Perinatol.24(1), 11–14 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siu SC, Colman JM. Heart disease and pregnancy. Heart85(6), 710–715 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erel CT, Erkan S, Simsek OY, Kucukoglu S. Successful pregnancy achieved by assisted reproductive techniques in a woman with severe congenital bicuspid aortic valve stenosis. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet.275(4), 299–300 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Uebing A, Steer PJ, Yentis SM, Gatzoulis MA. Pregnancy and congenital heart disease. BMJ332(7538), 401–406 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elefteriades J, Barrett P, Kopf G. Litigation in non-traumatic aortic diseases – a tempest in the malpractice maelstrom. Cardiology109, 263–272 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Immer FF, Bansi AG, Immer-Bansi AS et al. Aortic dissection in pregnancy: analysis of risk factors and outcome. Ann. Thorac. Surg.76(1), 309–314 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani A. Bicuspid Aortic Valve: An interview with Dr Mani Friedman T. Yale University, CT, USA (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Gelb BD, Zhang J, Sommer RJ, Wasserman JM, Reitman MJ, Willner JP. Familial patent ductus arteriosus and bicuspid aortic valve with hand anomalies: a novel heart-hand syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet.87(2), 175–179 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Mani A, Radhakrishnan J, Farhi A et al. Syndromic patent ductus arteriosus: evidence for haploinsufficient TFAP2B mutations and identification of a linked sleep disorder. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102(8), 2975–2979 (2005).
   Google Scholar