868
Views
71
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates

&

References

  • Cattoir V, Leclercq R. Twenty-five years of shared life with vancomycin-resistant enterococci: is it time to divorce? J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68(4):731-42
  • DiazGranados CA, Zimmer SM, Klein M, Jernigan JA. Comparison of mortality associated with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal bloodstream infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41(3):327-33
  • Arias CA, Murray BE. The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012;10(4):266-78
  • Rice LB. Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE. J Infect Dis 2008;197(8):1079-81
  • Top J, Willems R, Bonten M. Emergence of CC17 Enterococcus faecium: from commensal to hospital-adapted pathogen. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2008;52(3):297-308
  • Rice LB. Mechanisms of resistance and clinical relevance of resistance to beta-lactams, glycopeptides, and fluoroquinolones. Mayo Clin Proc 2012;87(2):198-208
  • Pfaller MA, Sader HS, Jones RN. Evaluation of the in vitro activity of daptomycin against 19,615 clinical isolates of Gram-positive cocci collected in North American hospitals. 2002Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;57(4):459-65
  • Putnam SD, Sader HS, Moet GJ, et al. Worldwide summary of telavancin spectrum and potency against Gram-positive pathogens. 2007 to 2008 surveillance results. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;67(4):359-68
  • Bourdon N, Fines-Guyon M, Thiolet JM, et al. Changing trends in vancomycin-resistant enterococci in French hospitals. 2001-08. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66(4):713-21
  • Dowzicky MJ, Chmelarova E. Global in vitro activity of tigecycline and linezolid against Gram-positive organisms collected between. 2004 and 2009. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011;37(6):562-6
  • Dowzicky MJ. Susceptibility to tigecycline and linezolid among gram-positive isolates collected in the United States as part of the tigecycline evaluation and surveillance trial (TEST) between. 2004 and 2009. Clin Ther 2011;33(12):1964-73
  • Balode A, Punda-Polic V, Dowzicky MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria collected from countries in Eastern Europe: results from the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.). 2004-2010. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013;41(6):527-35
  • Brandon M, Dowzicky MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility among Gram-positive organisms collected from pediatric patients globally between. 2004 and 2011: results from the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51(7):2371-8
  • Sader HS, Flamm RK, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity of daptomycin tested against Gram-positive pathogens collected in Europe, Latin America. and selected countries in the Asia-Pacific Region (2011). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013;75(4):417-22
  • Fontana R, Grossato A, Rossi L, et al. Transition from resistance to hypersusceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics associated with loss of a low-affinity penicillin-binding protein in a Streptococcus faecium mutant highly resistant to penicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;28(5):678-83
  • Williamson R, le Bouguenec C, Gutmann L, Horaud T. One or two low affinity penicillin-binding proteins may be responsible for the range of susceptibility of Enterococcus faecium to benzylpenicillin. J Gen Microbiol 1985;131(8):1933-40
  • Fontana R, Aldegheri M, Ligozzi M, et al. Overproduction of a low-affinity penicillin-binding protein and high-level ampicillin resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38(9):1980-3
  • Mainardi JL, Legrand R, Arthur M, et al. Novel mechanism of beta-lactam resistance due to bypass of D,D-transpeptidation in Enterococcus faecium. J Biol Chem 2000;275(22):16490-6
  • Mainardi JL, Hugonnet JE, Rusconi F, et al. Unexpected inhibition of peptidoglycan L,D-transpeptidase from Enterococcus faecium by the beta-lactam imipenem. J Biol Chem 2007;282(42):30414-22
  • Zhang X, Paganelli FL, Bierschenk D, et al. Genome-wide identification of ampicillin resistance determinants in Enterococcus faecium. PLoS Genet 2012;8(6):e1002804
  • Becker B, Cooper MA. Aminoglycoside antibiotics in the 21st century. ACS Chem Biol 2013;8(1):105-15
  • Zembower TR, Noskin GA, Postelnick MJ, et al. The utility of aminoglycosides in an era of emerging drug resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1998;10(2):95-105
  • Barnes AI, Herrero IL, Albesa I. New aspect of the synergistic antibacterial action of ampicillin and gentamicin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;26(2):146-51
  • Chow JW. Aminoglycoside resistance in enterococci. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31(2):586-9
  • Hollenbeck BL, Rice LB. Intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in enterococcus. Virulence 2012;3(5):421-33
  • Costa Y, Galimand M, Leclercq R, et al. Characterization of the chromosomal AAC(6')-Ii gene specific for Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37(9):1896-903
  • Galimand M, Schmitt E, Panvert M, et al. Intrinsic resistance to aminoglycosides in Enterococcus faecium is conferred by the 16S rRNA m5C1404-specific methyltransferase EfmM. RNA 2011;17(2):251-62
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available from www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/antimicrobial_resistance/database/Pages/database.aspx.
  • Hidron AI, Edwards JR, Patel J, et al. National Healthcare Safety Network Team; Participating National Healthcare Safety Network Facilities. NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29(11):996-1011
  • Lebreton F, van Schaik W, McGuire AM, et al. Emergence of epidemic multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium from animal and commensal strains. MBio 2013;4(4):e00534-13
  • Lester CH, Sandvang D, Olsen SS, et al. Emergence of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Danish hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62(6):1203-6
  • Werner NL, Hecker MT, Sethi AK, Donskey CJ. Unnecessary use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in hospitalized patients. BMC Infect Dis 2011;5(11):187
  • Galloway-Peña JR, Rice LB, Murray BE. Analysis of. PBP5 of early U.S. isolates of Enterococcus faecium: sequence variation alone does not explain increasing ampicillin resistance over time. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55(7):3272-7
  • Galloway-Peña J, Roh JH, Latorre M, et al. Genomic and SNP analyses demonstrate a distant separation of the hospital and community-associated clades of Enterococcus faecium. PLoS ONE 2012;7(1):e30187
  • Uttley AH, Collins CH, Naidoo J, George RC. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 1988;1(8575-6):57-8
  • Leclercq R, Derlot E, Duval J, Courvalin P. Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med 1988;319(3):157-61
  • Werner G, Coque TM, Hammerum AM, et al. Emergence and spread of vancomycin resistance among enterococci in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(47): pii : 19046
  • Gilmore MS, Lebreton F, van Schaik W. Genomic transition of enterococci from gut commensals to leading causes of multidrug-resistant hospital infection in the antibiotic era. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013;16(1):10-16
  • Arias CA, Murray BE. Emergence and management of drug-resistant enterococcal infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008;6(5):637-55
  • Gold HS. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: mechanisms and clinical observations. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33(2):210-19
  • Courvalin P. Vancomycin resistance in Gram-positive cocci. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42(Suppl 1):S25-34
  • Hegstad K, Mikalsen T, Coque TM, et al. Mobile genetic elements and their contribution to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16(6):541-54
  • Watanabe S, Kobayashi N, Quiñones D, et al. Genetic diversity of the low-level vancomycin resistance gene vanC-2/vanC-3 and identification of a novel vanC subtype (vanC-4) in Enterococcus casseliflavus. Microb Drug Resist 2009;15(1):1-9
  • Lebreton F, Depardieu F, Bourdon N, et al. D-Ala-D-Ser VanN-type transferable vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55(10):4606-12
  • Nomura T, Tanimoto K, Shibayama K, et al. Identification of VanN-type vancomycin resistance in an Enterococcus faecium isolate from chicken meat in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(12):6389-92
  • Cremniter J, Mainardi JL, Josseaume N, et al. Novel mechanism of resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics in Enterococcus faecium. J Biol Chem 2006;281(43):32254-62
  • Hooper DC. Fluoroquinolone resistance among Gram-positive cocci. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2(9):530-8
  • Leavis HL, Willems RJ, Top J, Bonten MJ. High-level ciprofloxacin resistance from point mutations in gyrA and parC confined to global hospital-adapted clonal lineage CC17 of Enterococcus faecium. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44(3):1059-64
  • Werner G, Fleige C, Ewert B, et al. High-level ciprofloxacin resistance among hospital-adapted Enterococcus faecium (CC17). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;35(2):119-25
  • Oyamada Y, Ito H, Fujimoto K, et al. Combination of known and unknown mechanisms confers high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in Enterococcus faecium. J Med Microbiol 2006;55(Pt 6):729-36
  • Canu A, Leclercq R. Overcoming bacterial resistance by dual target inhibition: the case of streptogramins. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 2001;1(2):215-25
  • Cocito C, Di Giambattista M, Nyssen E, Vannuffel P. Inhibition of protein synthesis by streptogramins and related antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39(Suppl A):7-13
  • Poehlsgaard J, Douthwaite S. The bacterial ribosome as a target for antibiotics. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005;3(11):870-81
  • Johnston NJ, Mukhtar TA, Wright GD. Streptogramin antibiotics: mode of action and resistance. Curr Drug Targets 2002;3(4):335-44
  • De Graef EM, Decostere A, De Leener E, et al. Prevalence and mechanism of resistance against macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins among Enterococcus faecium isolates from food-producing animals and hospital patients in Belgium. Microb Drug Resist 2007;13(2):135-41
  • López F, Culebras E, Betriú C, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and macrolide resistance genes in Enterococcus faecium with reduced susceptibility to quinupristin-dalfopristin: level of quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance is not dependent on erm(B) attenuator region sequence. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;66(1):73-7
  • Isnard C, Malbruny B, Leclercq R, Cattoir V. Genetic basis for in vitro and in vivo resistance to lincosamides, streptogramins A, and pleuromutilins (LSAP phenotype) in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57(9):4463-9
  • Jackson CR, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Barrett JB, et al. Prevalence of streptogramin resistance in enterococci from animals: identification of vatD from animal sources in the USA. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007;30(1):60-6
  • Hancock RE. Mechanisms of action of newer antibiotics for Gram-positive pathogens. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5(4):209-18
  • Livermore DM. Linezolid in vitro: mechanism and antibacterial spectrum. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51(Suppl 2):ii9-16
  • Bozdogan B, Appelbaum PC. Oxazolidinones: activity, mode of action, and mechanism of resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004;23(2):113-19
  • Denys GA, Koch KM, Dowzicky MJ. Distribution of resistant Gram-positive organisms across the census regions of the United States and in vitro activity of tigecycline, a new glycylcycline antimicrobial. Am J Infect Control 2007;35(8):521-6
  • Norskov-Lauritsen N, Marchandin H, Dowzicky MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility of tigecycline and comparators against bacterial isolates collected as part of the TEST study in Europe. (2004-2007). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;34(2):121-30
  • Jones RN, Ross JE, Castanheira M, Mendes RE. United States resistance surveillance results for linezolid (LEADER Program for. 2007). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;62(4):416-26
  • Berenger R, Bourdon N, Auzou M, et al. In vitro activity of new antimicrobial agents against glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates from France between. 2006 and 2008. Med Mal Infect 2011;41(8):405-9
  • Meka VG, Gold HS. Antimicrobial resistance to linezolid. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39(7):1010-15
  • Gonzales RD, Schreckenberger PC, Graham MB, et al. Infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistant to linezolid. Lancet 2001;357(9263):1179
  • Seedat J, Zick G, Klare I, et al. Rapid emergence of resistance to linezolid during linezolid therapy of an Enterococcus faecium infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50(12):4217-19
  • Herrero IA, Issa NC, Patel R. Nosocomial spread of linezolid-resistant, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med 2002;346(11):867-9
  • Johnson AP, Tysall L, Stockdale MV, et al. Emerging linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from two Austrian patients in the same intensive care unit. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002;21(10):751-4
  • Rahim S, Pillai SK, Gold HS, et al. Linezolid-resistant, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infection in patients without prior exposure to linezolid. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36(11):E146-8
  • Werner G, Bartel M, Wellinghausen N, et al. Detection of mutations conferring resistance to linezolid in Enterococcus spp. by fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45(10):3421-3
  • Schnitzler P, Schulz K, Lampson C, et al. Molecular analysis of linezolid resistance in clinical Enterococcus faecium isolates by polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30(1):121-5
  • Marshall SH, Donskey CJ, Hutton-Thomas R, et al. Gene dosage and linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46(10):3334-6
  • Prystowsky J, Siddiqui F, Chosay J, et al. Resistance to linezolid: characterization of mutations in rRNA and comparison of their occurrences in vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45(7):2154-6
  • Auckland C, Teare L, Cooke F, et al. Linezolid-resistant enterococci: report of the first isolates in the United Kingdom. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;50(5):743-6
  • Meka VG, Pillai SK, Sakoulas G, et al. Linezolid resistance in sequential Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with a T2500A mutation in the 23S rRNA gene and loss of a single copy of rRNA. J Infect Dis 2004;190(2):311-17
  • Livermore DM, Warner M, Mushtaq S, et al. In vitro activity of the oxazolidinone RWJ-416457 against linezolid-resistant and -susceptible staphylococci and enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51(3):1112-14
  • Livermore DM, Mushtaq S, Warner M, Woodford N. Activity of oxazolidinone TR-700 against linezolid-susceptible and -resistant staphylococci and enterococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;63(4):713-15
  • Locke JB, Hilgers M, Shaw KJ. Novel ribosomal mutations in Staphylococcus aureus strains identified through selection with the oxazolidinones linezolid and torezolid (TR-700). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53(12):5265-74
  • Locke JB, Hilgers M, Shaw KJ. Mutations in ribosomal protein. L3 are associated with oxazolidinone resistance in staphylococci of clinical origin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53(12):5275-8
  • Endimiani A, Blackford M, Dasenbrook EC, et al. Emergence of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after prolonged treatment of cystic fibrosis patients in Cleveland. Ohio. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55(4):1684-92
  • Kehrenberg C, Schwarz S, Jacobsen L, et al. A new mechanism for chloramphenicol, florfenicol and clindamycin resistance: methylation of 23S ribosomal RNA at A2503. Mol Microbiol 2005;57(4):1064-73
  • Schwarz S, Werckenthin C, Kehrenberg C. Identification of a plasmid-borne chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistance gene in Staphylococcus sciuri. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44(9):2530-3
  • Toh SM, Xiong L, Arias CA, et al. Acquisition of a natural resistance gene renders a clinical strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus resistant to the synthetic antibiotic linezolid. Mol Microbiol 2007;64(6):1506-14
  • Diaz L, Kiratisin P, Mendes RE, et al. Transferable plasmid-mediated resistance to linezolid due to cfr in a human clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(7):3917-22
  • Long KS, Poehlsgaard J, Kehrenberg C, et al. The Cfr rRNA methyltransferase confers resistance to Phenicols, Lincosamides, Oxazolidinones, Pleuromutilins, and Streptogramin A antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50(7):2500-5
  • Fines M, Leclercq R. Activity of linezolid against Gram-positive cocci possessing genes conferring resistance to protein synthesis inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45(6):797-802
  • Sader HS, Farrell DJ, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity of daptomycin tested against Gram-positive strains collected in European hospitals: results from 7 years of resistance surveillance. (2003-2009). J Chemother 2011;23(4):200-6
  • Kanafani ZA, Corey GR. Daptomycin: a rapidly bactericidal lipopeptide for the treatment of Gram-positive infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007;5(2):177-84
  • Mave V, Garcia-Diaz J, Islam T, Hasbun R. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia: is daptomycin as effective as linezolid? J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;64(1):175-80
  • Crank CW, Scheetz MH, Brielmaier B, et al. Comparison of outcomes from daptomycin or linezolid treatment for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infection: a retrospective, multicenter, cohort study. Clin Ther 2010;32(10):1713-19
  • Canton R, Ruiz-Garbajosa P, Chaves RL, Johnson AP. A potential role for daptomycin in enterococcal infections: what is the evidence? J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65(6):1126-36
  • Twilla JD, Finch CK, Usery JB, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus bacteremia: an evaluation of treatment with linezolid or daptomycin. J Hosp Med 2012;7(3):243-8
  • Silverman JA, Oliver N, Andrew T, Li T. Resistance studies with daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45(6):1799-802
  • Lewis JS II, Owens A, Cadena J, et al. Emergence of daptomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium during daptomycin therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49(4):1664-5
  • Montero CI, Stock F, Murray PR. Mechanisms of resistance to daptomycin in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52(3):1167-70
  • Kelesidis T, Tewhey R, Humphries RM. Evolution of high-level daptomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium during daptomycin therapy is associated with limited mutations in the bacterial genome. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68(8):1926-8
  • Arias CA, Panesso D, McGrath DM, et al. Genetic basis for in vivo daptomycin resistance in enterococci. N Engl J Med 2011;365(10):892-900
  • Munita JM, Panesso D, Diaz L, et al. Correlation between mutations in liaFSR of Enterococcus faecium and MIC of daptomycin: revisiting daptomycin breakpoints. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(8):4354-9
  • Mascher T, Zimmer SL, Smith TA, Helmann JD. Antibiotic-inducible promoter regulated by the cell envelope stress-sensing two-component system LiaRS of Bacillus subtilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(8):2888-96
  • Wolf D, Kalamorz F, Wecke T, et al. In-depth profiling of the LiaR response of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2010;192(18):4680-93
  • Humphries RM, Kelesidis T, Tewhey R, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic evaluation of the evolution of high-level daptomycin nonsusceptibility in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(11):6051-3
  • Tran TT, Panesso D, Gao H, et al. Whole-genome analysis of a daptomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium strain and its daptomycin-resistant variant arising during therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57(1):261-8
  • Mishra NN, Bayer AS, Tran TT, et al. Daptomycin resistance in enterococci is associated with distinct alterations of cell membrane phospholipid content. PLoS ONE 2012;7(8):e43958
  • Arias CA, Torres HA, Singh KV, et al. Failure of daptomycin monotherapy for endocarditis caused by an Enterococcus faecium strain with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible subpopulations and evidence of in vivo loss of the vanA gene cluster. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45(10):1343-6
  • Schwartz BS, Ngo PD, Guglielmo BJ. Daptomycin treatment failure for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infective endocarditis: impact of protein binding? Ann Pharmacother 2008;42(2):289-90
  • Noskin GA. Tigecycline: a new glycylcycline for treatment of serious infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41(Suppl 5):S303-14
  • Borbone S, Lupo A, Mezzatesta ML, et al. Evaluation of the in vitro activity of tigecycline against multiresistant Gram-positive cocci containing tetracycline resistance determinants. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31(3):209-15
  • Rubinstein E, Vaughan D. Tigecycline: a novel glycylcycline. Drugs 2005;65(10):1317-36
  • Aznar J, Lepe JA, Dowzicky MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility among E. faecalis and E. faecium from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK (T.E.S.T. Surveillance Study. 2004-2009). J Chemother 2012;24(2):74-80
  • Shen J, Wang Y, Schwarz S. Presence and dissemination of the multiresistance gene cfr in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68(8):1697-706
  • Zhanel GG, Sniezek G, Schweizer F, et al. Ceftaroline: a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Drugs 2009;69(7):809-31
  • Arias CA, Contreras GA, Murray BE. Management of multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16(6):555-62
  • Zhanel GG, Lawson CD, Zelenitsky S, et al. Comparison of the next-generation aminoglycoside plazomicin to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012;10(4):459-73
  • Roux D, Pier GB, Skurnik D. Magic bullets for the 21st century: the reemergence of immunotherapy for multi- and pan-resistant microbes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67(12):2785-7
  • Deresinski S. Bacteriophage therapy: exploiting smaller fleas. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48(8):1096-101

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.