Treatment of drug-resistant Shigella infections

References

• Gangarosa EJ, Perera DR, Mata LJ, et al. Epidemic shiga bacillus dysentery in Central America. II. Epidemiologic studies in 1969. J Infect Dis 1970;122:181-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal SC. Epidemic bacillary dysentery in West Bengal, India, 1984. Lancet 1984;1:1462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujibur Rahaman M, Moslemuddin Khan M, Aziz KMS, et al. An outbreak of dysentery caused by Sh. dysenteriae type 1 on a coral island in the Bay of Bengal. J Infect Dis 1975;132:15-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ries AA, Wells JG, Olivola D, et al. Epidemic Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in Burundi: panresistance and implications for prevention. J Infect Dis 1994;169:1035-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostrzewski J, Stypułkowska-Misiurewicz H. Changes in the epidemiology of dysentery in Poland and the situation in Europe. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 1968;16:429-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blaser MJ, Pollard RA, Feldman RA. Shigella infections in the United States. 1974 – 1980. J Infect Dis 1983;147:771-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, et al. Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bull World Health Organ 1999;77:651-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shigellosis: disease burden, epidemiology, and case management. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2005;80:94-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Seidlein L, Kim DR, Ali M, et al. A multicentre study of diarrhoea in six Asian countries: disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology. PLoS Med 2006;3:1556-69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livio S, Strockbine NA, Panchalingam S, et al. Shigella isolates from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study inform vaccine development. Clin Infect Dis 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niyogi SK. Shigellosis. J Microbiol 2005;43:133-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolfo F, Marin GH, Silberman M, et al. Epidemiological study of shigellosis in an urban area of Argentina. J Infect Dis Dev Cties 2012;6:324-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Prada CM, Venkatesan MM, Franco AA, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Shigella flexneri in a diarrhoea-endemic area of Lima, Peru. Epidemiol Infect 2004;132:303-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sack RB, Rahman M, Yunus M. Antimicrobial resistance in organisms causing diarrheal disease. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24(Suppl 1):S102-5
   Google Scholar
• Lanata CF, Fischer-Walker CL, Olascoaga AC, et al. Global causes of diarrheal disease mortality in children < 5 years of age: a systematic review. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e72788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective case-control study. Lancet 2013;382:209-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberti LM, Bourgeois AL, Fischer Walker CL, et al. Estimating diarrheal illness and deaths attributable to Shigellae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among older children, adolescents, and adults in south Asia and Africa. Plos Negl Trop Dis 2014;8:e2705 eCollection 2014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy AV, Halbert SP. Further observations on chemotherapy in shigellosis; the efficacy of streptomycin and sulfacarzole. Pub Health Rep 1948;63:790-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfinkel BT, Martin GM, Watt J, et al. Antibiotics in acute bacillary dysentery. JAMA 1953;151:1157-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haltalin KC, Nelson JD, Ring RIII, et al. Double-blind treatment study of shigellosis comparing ampicillin, sulfadiazine, and placebo. J Pediatr 1967;70:970-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haltalin KC, Nelson JD. Failure of furazolidone therapy in shigellosis. Am J Dis Child 1972;123:40-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haltalin KC, Kusmiesz HT, Hinton LV, et al. Treatment of acute diarrhea in outpatients. Double-blind study comparing ampicillin and placebo. Am J Dis Child 1972;124:554-61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tong MJ, Martin DG, Cunningham JJ, et al. Clinical and bacteriological evaluation of antibiotic treatment in shigellosis. JAMA 1970;214:1841-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David KV, John SM, et al. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(1): Art No: CD006784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shigellosis: disease burden, epidemiology and case management. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2005;80:94-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DuPont HL. Acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent adults. N Engl J Med 2014;370(16):1532-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haltalin KC, Nelson JD, Hinton LV, et al. Comparison of orally absorbable and nonabsorbable antibiotics in shigellosis. A double-blind study with ampicillin and neomycin. J Pediatr 1968;72:708-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang SY, Su TF. Clinical evaluation of streptomycin in the treatment of bacillary dysentery in infancy and childhood. J Pediatr 1951;38:602-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine MM. Bacillary dysentery. Mechanisms and treatment. Med Clin North Am 1982;66:623-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall EK, Bratton C, White JH, et al. Sulfanilylguanidine: a chemotherapeutic agent for intestinal infections. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1940;67:163-88
   Google Scholar
• Neter E. The genus Shigella and shigellosis. Am J Dis Child 1948;15:213-32
   Google Scholar
• Hardy AV, Burns W, DeCapito T. Studies of the acute diarrheal diseases. Cultural observations on the relative efficacy of sulfonamides in Shigella dysenteriae infections. Pub Health Rep 1943;58:689-99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardy AV. Studies of the acute diarrheal diseases. Further cultural observations on the relative efficacy of sulfonamides in Shigella infections. Pub Health Rep 1945;60:1037-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy AV. Studies of the acute diarrheal diseases. The sulfonamides in shigellosis. Pub Health Rep 1946;61:857-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheever FS. The treatment of shigellosis with antibiotics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1952;55:1063-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheever FS. Dysentery outbreak aboard naval vessels in San Pedro Bay, Philippine Islands. US Navy Med Bull 1946;46:479-94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tateno I. Studies on the treatment of bacillary dysentery. Jpn J Exp Med 1950;20:795-802
   Google Scholar
• Garfinkel BT, Martin GM, Watt J, et al. Antibiotics in acute bacillary dysentery. JAMA 1953;151:1157-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein H, Shaff G. Antibiotics in the treatment of Shigella and Salmonella enteritis. S Afr Med J 1958;32:1161-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies JR. A simple method for determining the sulphonamide sensitivity of Shigella sonnei. Mon Bull Minist Health Pub Health Lab Serv 1954;13:114-17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marberg K, Altmann G, Eshkol-Bruck A. Observations on resistance to sulfadiazine and antibiotics in shigellosis. Am J Dis Child 1950;7:51-7
   Google Scholar
• Mitsuhashi S, Harada K, Kameda M, et al. On the drug-resistance of enteric bacteria. Transmission of the drug-resistance from Shigella to F- or Hfr strains of E. coli K-12. Jpn J Exp Med 1960;30:301-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitsuhashi S. Review: The R factors. J Infect Dis 1969;119:89-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsuhashi S. Epidemiology and genetics of R factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1971;182:141-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marberg K, Altmann G, Eshkol-Bruck A. Sulfadiazine and antibiotics in Shigellosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1958;7:51-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haltalin KC, Nelson JD. In vitro susceptibility of shigellae to sodium sulfadiazine and to eight antibiotics. JAMA 1965;193:705-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson GG, Gocke TM, Collins HS, et al. In vitro sensitivity of pathogenic enteric bacteria to various antibiotics. J Infect Dis 1950;87:63-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy AV, Halbert SP. Further observations on chemotherapy in shigellosis; the efficacy of streptomycin and sulfacarzole. Pub Health Rep 1948;63:790-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross S, Burke FG, Rice EC, et al. Treatment of Shigella enteritis with oral streptomycin. JAMA 1949;141:183-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes GB. Sensitivity studies on Shigella sonnei. Br Med J 1953;1:1139-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross S, Burke FG, Rice EC, et al. Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) therapy in Shigella enteritis. JAMA 1950;143:1459-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott JD, Parry HE. Sonne dysentery treated with tetracycline. A comparison with phthalyl sulphathiazole and oral streptomycin. Lancet 1955;1:16-19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunstadter RH, Milser A, Kagan BM. Chloramphenicol and Terramycin in the treatment of Salmonella and Shigella infections. J Pediatr 1951;39:687-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy AV, Mason RP, Martin GA. The antibiotics in acute bacillary dysentery. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1952;55:1070-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle J, Tauxe RV. Antimicrobial-resistant Shigella: the growing need for prevention strategies. Infect Dis Clin Pract 1993;2:55-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson JD, Haltalin KC. In vitro susceptibility of E. coli, shigellae and salmonellae to kanamycin and therapeutic implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1966;132:1006-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe M, Saito M, Esaki T, et al. Chemotherapy of acute dysentery caused by antibiotic-resistant Shigella. J Antibiot [Tokyo] 1964;17:82-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki S, Nakazawa S, Ushioda T. Drug resistance of Shigella strains isolated in Kyoto [in Japanese]. Chemotherapy 1956;4:336-8
   Google Scholar
• Mitsuhashi S, Harada K, Hashimoto H, et al. On the drug-resistance of enteric bacteria. Drug-resistance of Shigella prevalent in Japan. Jpn J Exp Med 1961;31:47-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe T. Infective heredity of multiple drug resistance in bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 1963;27:87-115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craven JD. Transferable antibiotic resistance. Br Med J 1965;1:1325-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe T. Infectious drug resistance in enteric bacteria. NEJM 1966;275:888-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsuhashi S. Epidemiology and genetics of R factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1971;182:141-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta N, Kontomichalou P. Penicillinase synthesis controlled by infectious R factors in Enterbacteriaceae. Nature 1965;208:239-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies JR, Farrant WN, Tomlinson AJH. Further studies on the antibiotic resistance of Shigella sonnei. II. The acquisition of transferable antibiotic resistance in vivo. J Hyg (Lond) 1968;66:479-87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farrar WEJr, Eidson M. R factors in strains of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 isolated in the Western Hemisphere during 1969-1970. J Infect Dis 1971;124:327-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrar WEJr, Eidson M. Antibiotic resistance in Shigella mediated by R factors. J Infect Dis 1971;123:477-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupp MA, Chatton MJ. Current diagnosis and treatment. Los Altos, CA: Lange Medical Publications, Inc; 1973. p. 773
   Google Scholar
• Weissman JB, Gangarosa J, Dupont HL, et al. Shigellosis. To treat or not to treat? JAMA 1974;229:1215-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerman SJ, Waller JM, Simms DH. Resistance of shigellae to ampicillin and other antibiotic in South Bronx, New York (1971 and 1972). J Pediatr 1973;83:500-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman RH, Koster F, Islam S, et al. Randomized trial of high- and low-dose ampicillin therapy for treatment of severe dysentery due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980;17:402-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers PA, Dupont HL, Goldschmidt MC. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of shigellae isolated in Houston, Texas, in 1974. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976;9:288-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson JD, Haltalin KC. Amoxicillin less effective than ampicillin against Shigella in vitro and in vivo: relationship of efficacy. J Infect Dis 1974;129:S222-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies JR, Farrant WN, Tomlinson AJH. Further studies on the antibiotic resistance of Shigella sonnei. I. Transferable antibiotic resistance. J Hyg (Lond) 1968;66:471-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith JT, Bremner DA, Datta N. Ampicillin resistance of Shigella sonnei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1974;6:418-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peñaranda ME, Mata LJ. Transfer of ampicillin resistance from Shigella dysenteriae type 1 to Escherichia coli. Lancet 1976;2:154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olarte J, Filly L, Galindo E. Resistance of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 to ampicillin and other antimicrobial agents: strains isolated during a dysentery outbreak in a hospital in Mexico City. J Infect Dis 1976;133:572-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince A, Neu HC. Beta-lactamase activity in Shigella sonnei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976;9:776-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahaman MM, Huq I, Dey CR, et al. Ampicillin-resistant Shiga bacillus in Bangladesh. Lancet 1974;1:406-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson JD, Kusmiesz H, Jackson LH, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for shigellosis. JAMA 1976;235:1239-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barada FAJr, Guerrant RL. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim versus ampicillin in treatment of acute invasive diarrhea in adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980;17:961-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes AM. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections, including enteric fever and typhoid carriers. Can Med Assoc J 1975;112:35S-40S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gedebou M, Tassew A. Shigella species from Addis Ababa: frequency of isolation and in vitro drug sensitivity. J Hyg (Lond) 1982;88:47-55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson JD, Kusmiesz H, Shelton S. Oral or intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for shigellosis. Rev Infect Dis 1982;4:546-50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macaden R, Bhat P. The changing pattern of resistance to ampicillin and co-trimoxazole in Shigella serotypes in Bangalore, southern India. J Infect Dis 1985;152:1348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor DE, Keystone JS, Devlin HR. Resistance to trimethoprim and other antibiotics in Ontario shigellae. Lancet 1980;1:426
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finlay M. Shigella sonnei resistant to cotrimoxazole. Can Med Assoc J 1980;123:718-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun D, Seol SY, Suh MH. Transferable resistance to trimethoprim in Shigella. J Infect Dis 1981;143:742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikkila E, Siitonen A, Jahkola M, et al. Increase of trimethoprim resistance among Shigella species, 1975–1988: Analysis of resistance mechanisms. J Infect Dis 1990;1242-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman K, Yunus MD, Baqui AH, et al. Co-trimoxazole-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1 outbreak in a family in Bangladesh. Lancet 1983;2:796-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost JA, Willshaw GA, Barclay EA. Plasmid characterization of drug-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1 from an epidemic in Central Africa. J Hyg (Lond) 1985;94:163-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frost JA, Rowe B, Vandepitte J. Acquisition of trimethoprim resistance in epidemic strain of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 from Zaire. Lancet 1982;1:963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogerie F, Ott D, Vandepitte J, et al. Comparison of norfloxacin and nalidixic acid for treatment of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986;29:883-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lexomboon U, Mansuwan P, Duangmani C, et al. Clinical trial of co-trimoxazole and furazolidone in treatment of shigelloisis in children. Br Med J 1972;3:23-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dutta P, Sett A, Sarkar A, et al. Comparative efficacy of furazolidone and nalidixic acid in the empirical treatment of acute invasive diarrhea: randomized clinical trial. Indian Pediatr 1995;32:13-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Panhotra BR, Desai B. Resistant Shigella dyesenteriae. Lancet 1983;2:1420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bose R, Nashipuri JN, Sen PK. Epidemic of dysentery in West Bengal: clinicians’ enigma. Lancet 1984;2:1160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haltalin KC, Nelson JD, Kusmiesz HT. Comparative efficacy of nalidixic acid and ampicillin for severe shigellosis. Arch Dis Child 1973;48:305-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry HE. Nalidixic acid for shigellosis. Lancet 1983;2:1206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack JG. Nalidixic acid for shigellosis. Lancet 1983;2:1091
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salam MA, Bennish ML. Therapy for shigellosis. I. Randomized double-blind trial of nalidixic acid in childhood shigellosis. J Pediatr 1988;113:901-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj G, Panhotra BR. Which chemotherapy for Shigella dysentery? Indian J Pediatr 1985;52:451-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munshi MH, Sack DA, Haider K, et al. Plasmid-mediated resistance to nalidixic acid in Shigella dysenteriae type 1. Lancet 1987;2:419-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ries AA, Wells JG, Olivola D, et al. Epidemic Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in Burundi: panresistance and implications for prevention. J Infect Dis 1994;169:1035-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman M, Gottfried M, Levy J, et al. Detection of 4-quinolone resistance mutation in gyrA gene of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 by PCR. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:2488-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya D, Bhattacharya H, Thamizhmani R. Shigellosis in Bay of Bengal Islands in India: clinical and seasonal patterns, surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Shigella strains isolated during a six-year period from 2006 to 2011. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014;33:157-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu B, Cao Y, Pan S, et al. Comparison of the prevalence and changing resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin of Shigella between Europe–America and Asia–Africa from 1998 to 2009. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;40:9-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2005
   Google Scholar
• Islam MR, Alam AN, Hossain MS, et al. Double-blind comparison of oral gentamicin and nalidixic acid in the treatment of acute shigellosis in children. J Trop Pediatr 1994;40:320-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haltalin KC, Nelson JD, Hinton LV, et al. Comparison of orally absorbable and nonabsorbable antibiotics in shigellosis. A double-blind study with ampicillin and neomycin. J Pediatr 1968;72:708-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong MJ, Martin DG, Cunningham JJ, et al. Clinical and bacteriological evaluation of antibiotic treatment in shigellosis. JAMA 1970;214:1841-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson JD, Haltalin KC. Comparative efficacy of cephalexin and ampicillin for shigellosis and other types of acute diarrhea in infants and children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1975;7:415-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landa L. Cephradine in the treatment of intestinal infections caused by Shigella or Salmonella organisms. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1972;14:496-502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orenstein WA, Ross L, Overturf GD, et al. Antibiotic treatment of acute shigellosis: failure of cefamandole compared with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin. Am J Med Sci 1981;282:27-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrower VG. Comparison of cefaclor and ampicillin in the treatment of shigellosis. Postgrad Med J 1979;55(Suppl 4):82-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark PD, Geddes AM, McGhie M, et al. Mecillinam: a new antibiotic for enteric fever. Br Med J 1976;2:14-15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dewar S, Reed LC, Koerner RJ. Emerging clinical role of pivmecillinam in the treatment of urinary tract infection in the context of multidrug-resistant infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:303-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam AN, Islam MR, Hossain MS, et al. Comparison of pivmecillinam and nalidixic acid in the treatment of acute shigellosis in children. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:313-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennish ML, Salam MA, Hossain MA, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Bangladesh, 1983-1990: Increasing frequency of strains multiply resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and nalidixic acid. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:1055-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabir I, Rahaman MM, Ahmed SM, et al. Comparative efficacies of pivmecillinam and ampicillin in acute shigellosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;25:643-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salam MA, Dhar U, Khan WA, et al. Randomised comparison of ciprofloxacin suspension and pivmecillinam for childhood shigellosis. Lancet 1998;352:522-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klontz EH, Das SK, Ahmed D, et al. Long-term comparison of antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae O1 and Shigella species between urban and rural Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:e133-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennish M, Eusof A, Kay B. Multiresistant Shigella infections in Bangladesh. Lancet 1985;2:441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiologic notes and reports. multiply resistant shigellosis in a day-care center – Texas. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1986;35:753-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nationwide dissemination of multiply resistant Shigella sonnei following a common-source outbreak. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly rep 1987;36:633-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wharton M, Spiegel RA, Horan JM, et al. A large outbreak of antibiotic-resistant shigellosis at a mass gathering. J Infect Dis 1990;162:1324-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tauxe RV, Puhr ND, Wells JG, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in the USA: the importance of international travelers. J Infect Dis 1990;162:1107-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dan M. Marked decrease in susceptibility of Shigella to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole in Israel. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;12:143-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling J, Kam KM, Lam AW, et al. Susceptibilities of Hong Kong isolates of multiply resistant Shigella spp. to 25 antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin plus sulbactam and new 4-quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:20-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper DC, Wolfson JS. The fluoroquinolones: pharmacology, clinical uses, and toxicities in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;28:716-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotuzzo E, Oberhelman RA, Maguiña C, et al. Comparison of single-dose treatment with norfloxacin and standard 5-day treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for acute shigellosis in adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:1101-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya MK, Dutta P, et al. Randomized clinical trial of norfloxacin for shigellosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991;45:683-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennish ML, Salam MA, Khan WA. Treatment of shigellosis: III. Comparison of one- or two-dose ciprofloxacin with standard 5-day therapy. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:727-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennish ML, Salam MA, Haider R, et al. Therapy for shigellosis. II. Randomized, double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. J Infect Dis 1990;162:711-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks GD, Smoak BL, Aleman FM, et al. Single dose of azithromycin or three-day course of ciprofloxacin as therapy for epidemic dysentery in Kenya. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:942-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyon P, Cassel-Beraud MC, Rakotonirina G, et al. Short-term pefloxacin therapy in Madagascan children with shigellosis due to multiresistant organisms. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:1172-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendrel D, Moreno JL, Nduwimana M, et al. One-dose treatment with pefloxacin for infection due to multidrug-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in Burundi. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya MK, Dutta D, et al. Double-blind, randomized clinical trial for safety and efficacy of norfloxacin for shigellosis in children. Acta Paediatr 1997;86:319-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goma Epidemiology Group. Public health impact of Rwandan refugee crisis: what happened in Goma, Zaire, in July, 1994? Lancet 1995;345:339-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinh H, Wain J, Chinh MT, et al. Treatment of bacillary dysentery in Vietnamese children: two doses of ofloxacin versus 5-days nalidixic acid. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000;94:323-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibovitz E, Janco J, Piglansky L, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin vs. intramuscular ceftriaxone as empiric treatment of acute invasive diarrhea in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:1060-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, South Africa (Zimbasa) Dysentery Study Group. Multicenter, randomized, double blind clinical trial of short course versus standard course oral ciprofloxacin for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 dysentery in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:1136-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Antibiotics in the management of shigellosis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2004;79:355-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gendrel D, Moulin F. Fluoroquinolones in paediatrics. Paediatr Drugs 2001;3:365-77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Shigella Infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, et al. editor. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics 2012;645-7
   Google Scholar
• Folster JP, Pecic G, Bowen A, et al. Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among Shigella isolates in the United States, 2006 to 2009. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:1758-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavío MM, Vila J, Ruiz J, et al. Mechanisms involved in the development of resistance to fluroquinolones in Escherichia coli isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;44:735-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sur D, Niyogi SK, Sur S, et al. Multidrug-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1: forerunners of a new epidemic strain in Eastern India? Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:404-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naheed A, Kalluri P, Talukder KA, et al. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in northeastern Bangladesh. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:607-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Luo Y, Li J, et al. Wide dissemination of multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates in China. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:2527-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National antimicrobial resistance monitoring system: enteric bacteria. 2012. Human isolates final report, 2012. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC;2012. Available from: www.cdc.gov/narms/pdf/2012-annual-report-narms.508c.pdf [Last accessed 8 August 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Shiferaw B, Solghan S, Palmer A, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella isolates in Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) sites, 2000-2010. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(S5):S458-63
   Google Scholar
• Baer JT, Vugia DJ, Reingold AL, et al. HIV infection as a risk factor for shigellosis. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:820-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudreau C, Ratnayake R, Pilon PA, et al. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei among men who have sex with men, Canada, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1747-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman C, Sahly H, Jessen A, et al. High rates of quinolone-resistant strains of Shigella sonnei in HIV-infected MSM. Infection 2013;41:999-1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong MR, Reddy V, Hanson H, et al. Antimicrobial resistance trends of Shigella serotypes in New York City, 2006-2009. Microb Drug Resist 2010;16:155-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivapalasingam S, Nelson JM, Joyce K, et al. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Shigella isolates in the United States tested by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System from 1999 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:49-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensa L, Marco F, Vila J, et al. Quinolone resistance among Shigella spp. isolated from travelers returning from India. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008;14:279-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan WA, Seas C, Dhar U, et al. Treatment of shigellosis: V. Comparison of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. A double-blind, controlled, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:697-703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basualdo W, Arbo A. Randomized comparison of azithromycin versus cefixime for treatment of shigellosis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:374-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miron D, Torem M, Merom R, et al. Azithromycin as an alternative to nalidixic acid in the therapy of childhood shigellosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23:367-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TS, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:331-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladue RP, Bright GM, Isaacson RE, et al. In vitro and in vivo uptake of azithromycin (CP-62,993) by phagocytic cells: possible mechanisms of delivery and release at sites of infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:277-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howie RL, Folster JP, Bowen A, et al. Reduced azithromycin susceptibility in Shigella sonnei, United States. Microb Drug Resist 2010;16:245-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain SK, Gupta A, Glanz B, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant Shigella sonnei. Limited antimicrobial treatment options for children and challenges of interpreting in vitro azithromycin susceptibility. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24:494-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-second informational supplement. 2012. M100-S22.CLSI; Wayne, PA
   Google Scholar
• Boumghar-Bourtchai L, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Bingen E, et al. Macrolide-resistant Shigella sonnei. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1297-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudreau C, Barkati S, Leduc JM, et al. Shigella spp. with reduced azithromycin susceptibility, Quebec, Canada, 2012-1013. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:854-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson MS, Bowen A, Reporter R, et al. Outbreak of infections with Shigella sonnei with reduced susceptibility to azithromycin in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:1559-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiman KE, Karlsson M, Grass J, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Shigella with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin among men who have sex with men — United States, 2002-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:132-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassing RJ, Melles DC, Goessens WHF, et al. Case of Shigella flexneri infection with treatment failure due to azithromycin resistance in an HIV-positive patient. Infection 2014;42:789-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varsano I, Eidlitz-Marcus T, Nussinovitch M, et al. Comparative efficacy of ceftriaxone and ampicillin for treatment of severe shigellosis in children. J Pediatr 1991;118:627-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eidlitz-Marcus T, Cohen YH, Nussinovitch M, et al. Comparative efficacy of 2- and 5-day courses of ceftriaxone for treatment of severe shigellosis in children. J Pediatr 1993;123:822-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibovitz E, Janco J, Piglansky L, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intramuscular ceftriaxone as empiric treatment of acute invasive diarrhea in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:1060-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee W, Chung HS, Lee H, et al. CTX-M-55-type extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Shigella sonnei isolated from a Korean patient who had traveled to China. Ann Lab Med 2013;33:141-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radice M, Gonzéález C, Power P, et al. Third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Shigella sonnei in Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:442-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acikqoz ZC, Gulay Z, Bicmen M, et al. CTX-M-3 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in a Shigella sonnei clinical isolate: first report from Turkey. Scand J Infect Dis 2003;35:503-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fortineau N, Naas T, Gaillot O, et al. SHV-type extended-spectrum β-lactamase in a Shigella flexneri clinical isolate. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;47:685-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai H, Choi EH, Lee HJ, et al. Identification of CTX-M-14 extended-spectrum β-lactamase in clinical isolates of Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia in Korea. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:3747-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagano Y, Nagano N, Wachino J, et al. Novel chimeric beta-lactamase CTX-M-64, a hybrid of CTX-M-15-like and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamases, found in a Shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:69-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen NT, Ha V, Tran NV, et al. The sudden dominance of blaCTX-M harbouring plasmids in Shigella spp. circulating in southern Vietnam. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4(6):e702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinh H, Baker S, Campbell J, et al. Rapid emergence of third generation cephalosporin resistant Shigella spp. in southern Vietnam. J Med Microbiol 2009;58(Pt 2):281-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinh H Nhu NTK, Nga TVT, et al. A changing picture of shigellosis in southern Vietnam: shifting species dominance, antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical presentation. BMC Infect Dis 2009;9:204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notes from the field: emergence of Shigella flexneri 2a resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin – South Carolina, October 2010. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:1619
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit M, Kornschober C, et al. Emergence of multidrug –resistant Salmonella Concord infections in Europe and the United States in children adopted from Ethiopia, 2003-2007. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:814-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont HL. Acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent adults. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1532-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashkenazi S, Cohen D. An update on vaccines against Shigella. Ther Adv Vaccines 2013;1:113-23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chompook P, Todd J, Wheeler JG, et al. Risk factors for shigellosis in Thailand. Int J Infect Dis 2006;10:425-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed F, Clemens JD, Rao MR, et al. Epidemiology of shigellosis among children exposed to cases of Shigella dysentery: a multivariate assessment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997;56:258-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens JD, Stanton B, Stoll B, et al. Breast feeding as a determinant of severity in shigellosis. Am J Epidemiol 1986;123:710-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle J, Reis AA, Chimba RM, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant epidemic Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in Zambia: modes of transmission. J Infect Dis 1995;171:371-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy SK, Raqib R, Khatun W, et al. Zinc supplementation in the management of shigellosis in malnourished children in Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62:849-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik M, Li L, Zhao X, et al. Lethal synergy involving bicyclomycin: an approach for reviving old antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; Epub ahead of print
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DM, Neupane GP, Jang SJ, et al. In vitro efficacy of the combination of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime against nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;36:155-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering LK, DuPont HL, Olarte J. Single-dose tetracycline therapy for shigellosis in adults. JAMA 1978;239:853-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont HL, Hornick RB. Clinical approach to infectious diarrheas. Medicine (Baltimore) 1973;52:265-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons MJ, Gomes C, Martínez-Puchol S, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Shigella spp. causing traveler’s diarrhea (1995-2010): a retrospective analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013;11:315-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reina J, Gomez J. Decrease in resistance to ampicillin and co-trimoxazole in Shigella species isolated from faeces, 1983 – 1992. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994;33:1257-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olarte J, de la Torre JA. Resistance of Shigella flexneri to tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and streptomycin. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1959;8:324-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arman D, Willke A, Tural D. In vitro activity of eight antibiotics against Salmonella and Shigella species. Eur J Epidemiol 1994;10:345-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malengreau M. Nalidixic acid in Shigella dysenteriae outbreaks. Lancet 1994;1:172
   Google Scholar
• Gross RJ, Rowe B, Cheasty T, et al. Increase in drug resistance among Shigella dysenteriae, Sh flexneri, and Sh boydii. Br Med J 1981;283:575-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar