41
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Gender-specific considerations in the antiretroviral management of HIV-infected women

&
Pages 213-227 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Hader SL, Smith DK, Moore JS, Holmberg SD. HIV Infection in women in the United States – status at the millennium. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 285(9), 1186–1192 (2001).
  • Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman A et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med.338(13), 853–860 (1998).
  • Poundstone KE, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Differences in HIV disease progression by injection drug use and by sex in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 15(9), 1115–1123 (2001).
  • Friedland GH, Saltzman B, Vileno J, Freeman K, Schrager LK, Klein RS. Survival differences in patients with AIDS. J. Acquir. Immun. Def. Synd.4, 144–153 (1991).
  • Rothenberg R, Woelfel M, Stoneburner R, Milberg J, Parker R, Truman B. Survival with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med.317, 1297–1302 (1997).
  • Chaisson RE, Keruly JC, Moore RD. Race, sex, drug use and progression of HIV disease. N. Engl. J. Med.333(12), 751–756 (1995).
  • Mocroft A, Gill MJ, Davidson W, Phillips AN. Are there gender differences in starting protease inhibitors, HAART, and disease progression despite equal access to care? J. Acquir. Immune Def. Synd.24(5), 475–482 (2000).
  • Evans JS, Nims T, Cooley et al. Serum levels of virus burden in early-stage human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease in women. J. Infect. Dis.175, 795–800 (1997).
  • Sterling TR, Vlahov D, Atemborski J, Hoover DR, Margolick JB, Quinn TC. Initial HIV-1 RNA level and progression to AIDS in women and men. N. Engl. J. Med.334(10), 720–725 (2001).
  • Garcia de la Hera M, Ferreros I, del Amo J et al. Gender differences in progression to AIDS and death from HIV seroconversion in a cohort of intravenous drug users from 1986 to 2001. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, USA (2004) (Abstract 152).
  • Sterling TR, Lyles CM, Vlahov D, Atemborski J, Margolick JB, Quinn TC. Sex differences in longitudinal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels among seroconverters. J. Infect. Dis.180, 666–672 (1999).
  • Junghans C, Ledergerber B, Chan P, Weber R, Egger M. Sex differences in HIV-1 viral load and progression to AIDS. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet 353, 589 (1999).
  • Moroni M. Sex differences in HIV-1 viral load and progression to AIDS. ICONA Study Group. Italian Cohort of HIV-1 positive individuals. Lancet 353(9152), 589–590 (1999).
  • Moore RD, Cheever L, Keruly JC, Chaisson RD. Lack of sex difference in CD4+ to HIV-1 RNA viral load ratio. Lancet 353, 464–4 (1999).
  • Anastos K, Gange SJ, Lau B et al. Association of race and gender with HIV-1 RNA levels and immunologic progression. J. Acquir. Immune Def. Synd.24, 218–226 (2000).
  • Finkel DG, John G, Holland B, Slim J, Smith SM. Women have a greater immunological response to effective virological HIV-1 therapy. AIDS 17(13), 2009–2010 (2003).
  • Giordano TP, Wright JA, Hasan MQ, White C, Graviss EA, Visnegarwala F. Do sex and race/ethnicity influence CD4+ cell response in patients who achieve virologic suppression during antiretroviral therapy? Clin. Infect. Dis.37, 433–437 (2003).
  • Moore AL, Sabin CA, Johnson MA, Phillips AN. Gender and clinical outcomes after starting highly active antiretroviral treatment: a cohort study. J. Acquir. Immune Def. Synd. 29, 197–202 (2002).
  • Ghani AC, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM. Patterns of antiretroviral use in the United States of America: analysis of three observational databases. HIV Med. 4, 24–32 (2003).
  • Mayer KH, Hogan JW, Smith D et al. Clinical and immunologic progression in HIV-infected US women before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Synd.33(5), 614–624 (2003).
  • Cole SR, Hernan MA, Robins JM et al. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on time to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or death using marginal structural models. Am. J. Epidemiol. 158(7), 687–694 (2003).
  • Cook JA, Cohen MH, Burke J et al. Effects of depressive symptoms and mental health quality of life on use of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-seropositive women. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Synd.30(4), 401–409 (2002).
  • Anastos K, Barron Y, Cohen MH et al. The prognostic importance of changes in CD4+ cell count and HIV-1 RNA level in women after initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 140(4), 256–264 (2004).
  • Gandhi M, Aweeka F, Greenblatt RM, Blaschke TF. Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol.44, 499–523 (2004).
  • Flexner CW. Factors associated with pharmacokinetic variability in HIV-infected patient Imed Options LLC (2004).
  • LaPorte C, Burger D, Gyssens I, Sprenger H, Koopmans P. Gender differences in nevirapine pharmacokinetics, fact or fiction? Program and abstracts of the 4th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV Therapy. Cannes, France (2003) (Abstract 10).
  • Hitti J, Rosenkranz S, Cohn S et al. Sex and weight as covariates in the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz and nelfinavir. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, USA (2004) (Abstract 604).
  • Brundage RC, Acosta EP, Haubrich R et al. Quantitation of sex differences and drug interactions. Pharmacologic studies of saquinavir in ACTG 359. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Seattle, WA, USA (2002) (Abstract 779-W).
  • Burger D, La Porte C, Vander Ende M, Miesen W, Koopmans P. Gender-related differences in efavirenz pharmacokinetics. Program and abstracts of the 4th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV Therapy. Cannes, France 27–29 March 2003.
  • Ribaudo H, Clifford D, Gulick R et al. Relationships between efavirenz pharmacokinetics, side effects, discontinuation, virologic response, and race: results from ACTG A5095/A5097. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, USA (2004) (Abstract 604).
  • Barrett JS, Joshi AS, Chai M, Ludden TM, Fiske WD, Pieniaszek HJ. Population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis with efavirenz. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.40(11), 507–519 (2002).
  • Zhou SJ, Sheiner LB, D’Aquila RTD et al. Population pharmakocinetics of nevirapine, zidovudine, and didanosine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrobial Agents Chemo.43(1), 121–128 (1999).
  • Candaro JA, Morse GD, Baros L et al. Zidovudine pharmacokinetics in HIV-positive women during different phases of the menstrual cycle Pharmacotherapy 13(4), 369–377 (1993).
  • O’Brien M, Clark RA, Besch CL, Myers L, Kissinger P. Patterns and correlates of discontinuation of the initial HAART regimen in an urban outpatient cohort. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Synd.34(4) 407–14 (2003).
  • Chen RY, Westfall AO, Mugavero MJ et al. Duration of highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37, 714–722 (2003).
  • Abel E, Painter L. Factors that influence adherence to HIV medications: perceptions of women and health care providers. J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care14, 61–69 (2003).
  • Silverberg MJ, Gore ME, French AL et al. Prevalence of clinical symptoms associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in the women’s Interagency HIV Study. Clin. Infect. Dis.39, 717–724 (2004).
  • Ofotokun I, Pomeroy C. Sex differences in adverse reactions to antiretroviral drugs. Top. HIV Med. 11(2), 55–59 (2003).
  • Cotton DJ, Finkelstein DM, He W, Feinberg J. Determinants of accrual of women to a large, multicenter clinical trials program of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Synd.6, 1322–1328 (1993).
  • Squires K, Gulick R, Pavia A et al. Sex differences in the selection of thymidine analog regimen therapy trials (START II and START II). 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, USA (2000) (Abstract 516).
  • Currier J, Spino C, Grimes J. Differences between women and men in adverse events and CD4+ responses to nucleoside analog therapy for HIV infection. J. Acquir. Immune Def. Synd. 24(4), 316–324 (2000).
  • Moore RD, Fortgang I, Keruly J, Chaisson RE. Adverse events from drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease. Am. J. Med. 101, 34–40 (1996).
  • Boxwell DE, Styrt BA. Lactic acidosis in patients receiving nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. San Francisco, CA, USA (1999) (Abstract 1284).
  • Mazhude C, Jones S, Taylor C. Ethnic and gender differences in non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) induces rash. 1st International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Buenos Aires, Argentina (2001) (Abstract 526).
  • Bersoff-Matcha SJ, Miller WC, Aberg JA et al. Sex difference in nevirapine rash. Clin. Infect. Dis.32, 124–129 (2001).
  • Wong KH, Chan KC, Lee SS. Sex differences in nevirapine rash. Clin. Infect. Dis.33, 2096–2098 (2001).
  • Antinori A, Baldini F, Girardi E et al. Female sex and the use of anti-allergic agents increase the risk of developing coetaneous rash associated with nevirapine therapy. AIDS 15(12), 1579–1581 (2001).
  • Barlett J. Severe liver toxicity in patients receiving two nucleoside analogs and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. 8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Chicago, IL, USA (2001) (Abstract 19).
  • Sanne I. Severe liver toxicity in patients receiving two nucleoside analogs and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. AIDS 14(Suppl. 4), S12 (2000).
  • Currier JS, Yetzer E, Potthoff A et al. Gender differences in adverse events on ritonavir. An analysis from Abbott 247. 1st National Conference on Women and HIV. Pasadena, CA, USA (1997) (Abstract 304.7).
  • Gatti G, Di Biagnio A, Beltrame A et al. Gender as a risk factor for ritonavir intolerance. 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco, CA, USA (1999) (Abstract 2210).
  • Gersten M, Chapman S, Farnsworth A et al. The safety and efficacy of Viracept (nelfinavir mesylate) in female patients who participated in pivotal II/III double blind randomized controlled trials. 1st National Conference on Women and HIV. Pasadena, CA, USA (1997) (Abstract 304.1).
  • Wit FW, Weverling GJ, Weel J, Jurriaans S, Lange JM. Incidence of and risk factors for severe hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral combination therapy. J. Infect. Dis.186, 23–31 (2002).
  • Nguyen ML, Nagy GS, Hernandez I et al. Use of HAART in women: similar response but greater toxicity. 14th International AIDS Conference. Boston, MA, USA (2003) (Abstract WePeB5968).
  • Jacobson DL, Knox T, Gorback S, Wanke C. Evolution of fat atrophy (FA) and fat deposition (FD) over 1 year in a cohort of HIV-infected men and women. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Seattle, WA (2002) (Abstract 685T).
  • Koko-Ekong S, Azubike U, Edong E, Uwah A, Akinlade O. Fat redistribution in HIV patients on non-protease inhibitor (PI) Regimens–Study in 6 Centers in Nigeria. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Seattle, WA (2002) (Abstract 684T).
  • McDermott AY, Shevitz A, Knox T, Roubenoff R, Kehayias J, Gorbach S. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on fat, lean, and bone mass in HIV-seropositive men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.74, 679–686 (2001).
  • Galli M, Veglia F, Angarano G et al. Risk of developing metabolic and morphological alterations under antiretroviral therapy according to drug combinations. Antivir. Ther.5(Suppl 5), 59–60 (2000) (Abstract P61).
  • Thiebaut R, Daucourt V, Mercei P et al. Lipodystrophy, metabolic disorders, and human immunodeficiency virus infection: Aquitaine cohort, France, 1999. Clin. Infect. Dis.31,1482–1487 (2000).
  • Martinez E, Mocroft A, Garcia-Viejo M et al. Risk of lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 357, 592–598 (2001).
  • Falutz J, Murrahainen N, Workman C et al. Gender is associated with increased body size but not fat depletion in patients with HIV-associated adipose redistribution (HARS). Programs and Abstracts of the 13th International AIDS Conference. Durban, South Africa (2000) (Abstract WePeB4273).
  • Lichenstien K, Delaney K, Ward D, Patella F. Clinical factors associated with incidence and prevalence of fat atrophy and accumulation. Antivir. Ther.5(Suppl. 5), 61–62 (2000) (Abstract P64).
  • Clark RA, Theall K, Abernathy R, Arora A. Antiretroviral class effect on risk for selected metabolic complications. Infectious Diseases Society of America Meeting, Boston MA (2004) (Abstract 931).
  • Pernerstorfer-Schoen H, Jilma B, Perschler A et al. Sex differences in HAART-associated dyslipidaemia. AIDS 15, 725–734 (2001).
  • Hadigan C, Miller K, Corcoran C, Anderson E, Basgoz N, Grinspoon S. Fasting hyperinsulinemia and changes in regional body composition in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84(6), 1932–1937 (1999).
  • Dong KL, Bausserman LL, Flynn MM et al. Changes in body habitus and serum lipid abnormalities in HIV-positive women on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) J. Acquir. Immune Defic.21(2), 107–113 (1999).
  • Gervasoni C, Ridolfo AL, Trifiro G et al. Redistribution of body fat in HIV-infected women undergoing combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 13(4), 465–471 (1999).
  • Tien PC, Cole SR, Williams CM et al. Incidence of lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston. MA, USA (2003) (Abstract 736).
  • Howard AA, Freeman R, Santoro N, Schoenbaum EE. Body composition and antiretroviral use in older HIV-infected women. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston MA, USA (2003) (Abstract 735).
  • Justman JE, Benning L, Danoff A et al. Protease inhibitor use and the incidence of diabetes mellitus in a large cohort of HIV-infected women. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Synd.32(3), 298–302 (2003).
  • Arnsten JH, Freeman R, Santoro N, Kunins H, Schoenbaum EE. Bone mineral density and protease inhibitor use in older HIV-infected women. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Seattle WA, USA (2002) (Abstract 717-T).
  • Anastos K, Hessol N, Lincoln et al. The association of bone mineral density with HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment in women. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic infections. San Francisco, CA, USA (2004) (Abstract 744).
  • Jacobson D, Knox T, Shevitz A, Gorbach S. Low bone mineral density in HIV-infected women. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, MA, USA (2003) (Abstract 102).
  • Arnsten JH, Freeman R, Santoro N, Schoenbaum EE. HIV infection and protease inhibitor use are not associated with reduced bone mineral density in older HIV-infected women. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, MA, USA (2003) (Abstract 103).
  • Clark RA, Theall K. Population-based study evaluating association between selected antiretroviral therapies and potential oral contraceptive pill failure J. Acquir. Immune Def. Synd.(2004) (In Press).
  • Frohlich M, Burhenne J, Martin-Facklam M et al. Oral contraception does not alter single dose saquinavir pharmacokinetics in women. Brit. J. Clin. Pharmacol.57(3), 244–252 (2004).
  • Cejtin HE, Jacobson L, Springer G et al. Effect of hormonal contraceptive use on plasma HIV-1-RNA levels among HIV-infected women. AIDS 17(11), 1702–1704 (2003).
  • Watts DH. Drug therapy: management of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med.346(24), 1879–1891 (2002).
  • Baylor M, Truffa M, Gibbs N. Hepatic toxicity of antiretrovirals in HIV-infected pregnant women: the FDA’s adverse-event reporting system. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, USA (2004) (Abstract 944).
  • Ibdah JA, Yang Z, Bennett MJ. Liver disease in pregnancy and fetal fatty acid oxidation defects. Mol. Genet. Metab. 71, 182–189 (2000).
  • Blanche S, Tardieu M, Rustin P et al. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Lancet 354, 1084–1089 (1999).
  • The Perinatal Safety Review Working Group. Nucleoside exposure in the children of HIV-infected women receiving antiretroviral drugs: absence of clear evidence for mitochondrial disease in children who died before 5 years of age in five United States cohorts. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Synd. Hum. Retrovirol. 25, 261–268 (2000).
  • Stek A, Khoury M, Kramer F, Homans J, Rogher C, Kovacs A. Maternal and infant outcomes with highly active antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy. 6th Retrovirus Conference. Chicago, IL, USA (1999) (Abstract 683).
  • Joao E, Calvet GA, Menezes JA. Evaluation of nevirapine toxicity in a cohort of pregnant women. 15th International AIDS Conference, Bangkok. Thailand (2004) (Abstract ThOrB1354).
  • Gonzalez-Garcia A, Fernandez MI, Cotter A. Nevirapine toxicity in the obstetric population when used in combination with other ARV. 15th International AIDS Conference. Bangkok, Thailand (2004) (Abstract WePeB5918).
  • Kramer F, Stek A, Du WB, Kovacs A. Nevirapine tolerability in HIV infected women in pregnancy. 11th Retrovirus Conference. San Francisco, CA, USA (2004) (Abstract 923).
  • Hitti J, Frenkel L, Huang S et al. Toxicity with continuous nevirapine in pregnancy: results from PACTG 1022. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections San Francisco. CA, USA (2004) (Abstract 938).
  • Scarsi KK, Postelnick MJ. The impact of gender and pregnancy on antiretroviral therapy for HIV: pharmacokinetic and disease-related differences. J. Gend. Specif. Med. 6(1), 7–16 (2003).
  • Dorenbaum A, Cunningham CK, Gelber RD et al. Two-dose intrapartum/newborn nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission: a randomized trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 288, 189–98 (2002).
  • Kosel BW, Beckerman KP, Hayashi S, Homma M, Aweeka FT. Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and indinavir in HIV-1-infected pregnant women. AIDS 17(8), 1195–1199 (2003).
  • Nellen JFJB, Schillevoort I, Wit FWNM et al. Nelfinavir plasma concentrations are low during pregnancy. Clin. Infect. Dis.39, 736–740 (2004).
  • Bryson Y, Stek A, Mirochnik M et al. A phase I study of safety, pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity of combination nelfinavir, ZDV and 3TC in HIV-infected pregnant women and their infants. 7th Retrovirus Conference. San Francisco, CA, USA (2002) (Poster presentation 715).
  • Bryson Y, Stek A, Mirochnik et al. Pharmacokinetics (PK), antiviral activity and safety of nelfinavir (NFV) with ZDV/3TC in pregnant HIV-infected women and their infants: PACTG 353 Cohort 2. 9th Retrovirus Conference. Seattle. WA, USA (2002) (Poster presentation 795-W).
  • Acosta EP, Bardeguez A, Zorrilla CD et al. Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir plus low-dose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(2), 430–436 (2004).
  • Lopez-Cortes LF, Ruiz-Valderas R, Pascual R et al. Once-daily saquinavir-hgc plus low-dose ritonavir (1200/100 mg) in HIV-infected pregnant women: pharmacokinetics and efficacy. HIV Clin. Trials4(3), 227–229 (2003).
  • Stek A, Mirochnick, Capparelli E et al. Reduced lopinavir exposure during pregnancy: preliminary pharmacokinetic results from PACTG 1026. XVth International AIDS Conference. Bangkok, Thailand July 11–16 (2004) (Abstract Lb0rB08).
  • Guay LA, Muoke P, Fleming T et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 trial. Lancet 354, 795–802 (1999).
  • Coovadia H. Antiretroviral agents – how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(3), 289–290 (2004).
  • Taha TE, Kumwenda NI, Hoover DR et al. Nevirapine and zidovudine at birth to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV in an African setting. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 292, 202–209 (2004).
  • Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S et al. Single-dose perinatal nevirapine plus standard zidovudine to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. N. Engl. J. Med.351(3), 217–228 (2004).
  • Eastman PS, Shapiro DE, Coombs RW et al. Maternal viral genotypic zidovudine resistance and infrequent failure of zidovudine therapy to prevent perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076. J. Infect. Dis.177(3), 557–564 (1998).
  • Mofenson L, Lmabert J, Stiehm et al. Association of ZDV genotypic resistance with perinatal HIV transmission in women receiving ZDV in pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) Protocol 185. XIII International AIDS Conference. Durban, South Africa (2000) (Abstract TuPpB1229).
  • Nolan M, Fowler MG, Mofenson LM. Antiretroviral prophylaxis of perinatal HIV-1 transmission and the potential impact of antiretroviral resistance. J. Acquir. Immune Def. Synd.30, 216–229 (2002).
  • Welles SL, Pitt J, Colgrove R et al. HIV-1 genotypic zidovudine drug resistance and the risk of maternal-infant transmission in the Women and Infants Transmission Study Group. AIDS. 14(3) 263–271 (2000).
  • Palumbo P, Holland B, Dobbs T et al. Antiretroviral resistance mutations among pregnant HIV-1-infected women and their newborns in the US: Vertical transmission and clades. J. Infect. Dis.184(11), 1120–1126 (2001).
  • Kully C, Yerly S, Erb P et al. Codon 215 mutations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women. J. Infect. Dis. 179(3), 705–708 (1999).
  • Mandelbrot L, Landreau-Mascaro A, Rekacewicz C et al. Lamivudine-zidovudine combination for prevention of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 285(16), 2083–2093 (2001).
  • Cunningham CK, Britto P, Gelber R et al.: Genotypic resistance analysis in women participating in PACTG 316 with HIV-1 RNA > 400 copies/ml. 8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Chicago, IL, USA (2001) (Abstract 712).
  • Guiliano M, Palmisano L, Galluzzo CM et al. Selection of resistance mutations in pregnant women receiving zidovudine and lamivudine to prevent HIV perinatal transmission. AIDS 17(10), 1570–1572 (2003).
  • Eshleman SJ, Becker-Pergola G, Deseyve M et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype on women receiving single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission (HIV Network for Prevention Trials 012 Study). J. Infect. Dis.184(10), 914–917 (2001).
  • Eshleman SH, Mracna M, Guay LA et al. Selection and fading of resistance mutations in women and infants receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission (HIVNET 012). AIDS. 15(15), 1951–1957 (2001).
  • Lallemant M, Jourdain G, LeCoeur S et al. A randomized, double-blind trial assessing the efficacy of single dose nevirapine added to a standard zidovudine regimen for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, USA (2004) (Abstract 40 LB).
  • Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Tungyai P et al. Exposure to intrapartum single-dose nevirapine and subsequent maternal 6-month response to NNRTI regimens. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, USA (2004) (Abstract 41 LB).
  • Martinson N, Morris L, Gray G et al. HIV resistance and transmission following single-dose nevirapine in a PMTCT cohort. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, USA (2004) (Abstract 38).
  • Antinori A, Zaccarelli M, Cingolani A et al. Cross-resistance among nonnucleoside reverse trascriptase inhibitors limits recycling efavirenz after NVP failure. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 18, 838–8 (2002).
  • Jourain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Le Coeur S et al. Intrapartum exposure to nevirapine and subsequent maternal responses to nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med.351(3), 229–240 (2004).
  • Burke JK, Cook JA, Cohen MH et al. Dissatisfaction with medical care among women with HIV: dimensions and associated factors AIDS Care 15(4), 451–462 (2003).

Websites

  • AIDS Epidemic Update 2004 www.unaids.org (Accessed March 2005)
  • Department of Health and Human Services Antiretroviral Treatment Adult and Adolescent Guidelines www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/ (Accessed March 2005)
  • Fletcher C. Gender differences in antiretroviral therapy pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics www.retroconference.org/2004/pages/webcast.htm (Accessed March 2005)
  • US Public Health Service Task Force Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. www.aidsinfo.nih.gov (Accessed March 2005)
  • Updated Package Insert for Efavirenz (Sustiva), dated April 2003. www.sustiva.com (Accessed March 2005)
  • VIRAMUNE Donation Programme for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. www.viramune-donation-program.org (Accessed March 2005)
  • World Health Organization (WHO). New data on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and their policy implications; conclusions and recommendations. WHO document WHO/RHR/01.28. Geneva; WHO, 2001 www.who.int/ (Accessed March 2005)
  • ARV pregnancy registry. www.apregistry.com (Accessed March 2005)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.