HIV/AIDS pathogenesis and treatment options focusing on the viral entry inhibitors

References

• Gottlieb M, Schroff R, Schanker H et al.Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med.305, 1425–1431 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• No authors. Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men – New York City and California. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.30, 305–308 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• No authors. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among persons with hemophilia A. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.31, 365–367 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stricker R, McHugh T, Moody D et al. An AIDS-related cytotoxic autoantibody reacts with a specific antigen on stimulated CD4+ T cells. Nature327(6124), 710–713 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chermann J, Barre-Sinoussi F, Dauguet C et al. Isolation of a new retrovirus in a patient at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Antibiot. Chemother.32, 48–53 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gelmann E, Popovic M, Blayney D et al. Proviral DNA of a retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia virus, in two patients with AIDS. Science220(4599), 862–865 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goedert J, Gallo R. Epidemiological evidence that HTLV-III is the AIDS agent. Eur. J. Epidemiol.1(3), 155–159 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bennasser Y, Le S, Benkirane M et al. Evidence that HIV-1 encodes an siRNA and a suppressor of RNA silencing. Immunity22, 607–619 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrman G, Hogue IB, Palmer S et al. Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study. Lancet366(9485), 549–555 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson D et al. Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes. Nature397(6718), 436–441 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg B, Stricker RB. Bridging the gap: human diploid cell strains and the origin of AIDS. J. Theor. Biol.204(4), 497–503 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• No authors. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi’s sarcoma among Haitians in the United States’. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.31(26), 353–354, 360–361 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aaron L, Saadoun D, Calatroni I et al. Tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a comprehensive review. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.10(5), 388–398 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffin JM. HIV viral dynamics. AIDS10(Suppl. 3), S75–S84 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima H, Matsui T, Harada S et al. Inhibition of replication and cytopathic effect of human T cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus by 3´-azido-3´-deoxythymidine in vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.30(6), 933–937 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dournon E, Matheron S, Rozenbaum W et al. Effects of zidovudine in 365 consecutive patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. Lancet2(8623), 1297–1302 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischl MA, Richman DD, Grieco MH et al. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N. Engl. J. Med.317(4), 185–191 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concorde Coordinating Committee. Concorde: MRC/ANRS randomised double-blind controlled trial of immediate and deferred zidovudine in symptom-free HIV infection. Lancet343(8902), 871–881 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delta Coordinating Committee. Delta: a randomised double-blind controlled trial comparing combinations of zidovudine plus didanosine or zalcitabine with zidovudine alone in HIV-infected individuals. Lancet348(9023), 283–291 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier AC, Coombs RW, Schoenfeld DA et al. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with saquinavir, zidovudine, and zalcitabine. AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N. Engl. J. Med.334(16), 1011–1017 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulick RM, Mellors JW, Havlir D et al. Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med.337(11), 734–739 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozniak A, Gazzard B, Anderson J et al. British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines for the treatment of HIV-infected adults with antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med.4(Suppl. 1), 1–41 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeni PG, Hammer SM, Hirsch MS et al. IAS guidelines. JAMA292, 251–265 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger M, May M, Chene G et al. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet360(9327), 119–129 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cozzi Lepri A, Phillips AN, d’Arminio Monforte A et al. When to start highly active antiretroviral therapy in chronically HIV-infected patients: evidence from the ICONA study. AIDS15(8), 983–990 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacManus S, Yates PJ, Elston RC et al. GW433908/ritonavir once daily in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected patients: absence of protease resistance at 48 weeks. AIDS18(4), 651–655 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempf DJ, King MS, Bernstein B et al. Incidence of resistance in a double-blind study comparing lopinavir/ritonavir plus stavudine and lamivudine to nelfinavir plus stavudine and lamivudine. J. Infect. Dis.189(1), 51–60 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananworanich J, Ruxrungtham K, Sirivichayakul S et al. Absence of resistance mutations in ART-naive patients treated with ritonavir-boosed saquinavir. Third International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Abstract WePe4.4C12 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Hicks C, da Silva B, King M et al. Extensive resistance testing during 5 years of lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected patients: results from 720. XV International AIDS Conference. Bangkok, Thailand, Abstract WeOrB1291 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Wensing AMJ, van de Vijver DAMC, Asjo B et al. Analysis from more than 1600 newly diagnosed patients with HIV from 17 European countries shows that 10% of the patients carry primary drug resistance: the CATCH-study. Program and abstracts of the 2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Paris, France, Abstract LB 1 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• De Gruttola V, Fleming T, Lin DY et al. Perspective: validating surrogate markers – are we being naive? J. Infect. Dis.175(2), 237–246 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagakos SW. Surrogate markers in AIDS clinical trials: conceptual basis, validation, and uncertainties. Clin. Infect. Dis.16(Suppl. 1), S22–S25 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett JA, Fath M, DeMasi R et al. An updated meta-analysis of triple combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults. Program and abstracts of the 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. MA, USA, February 22–25, Abstract 586 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med.338(13), 853–860 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterne JA, Hernan MA, Ledergerber B et al. Long-term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death: a prospective cohort study. Lancet366(9483), 378–384 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen C, Pedersen C, Lundgren JD et al. Biological properties of HIV isolates in primary HIV infection: consequences for the subsequent course of infection. AIDS7(8), 1035–1040 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daar ES, Li XL, Moudgil T et al. High concentrations of recombinant soluble CD4 are required to neutralize primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA87(17), 6574–6578 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna G, Lalezari J, Hellinger J et al. Antiviral activity, safety and tolerability of a novel oral small molecule HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-488043 in HIV-1 infected subjects. 11th Conference on Reroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. CA, USA, Abstract 141 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Kuritzkes D, Jacobson J, Powderly W et al. Safety and preliminary anti-HIV activity of an anti-CD4 mAb (TNX-355; formerly Hu5A8) in HIV-infected patients. 10th Conference on Reroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. MA, USA, Abstract 13 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson J, Kuritzkes D, Godofsky E et al. Phase 1b study of the anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody TNX-355 in HIV-1-infected subjects: safety and antiretroviral activity of multiple doses. 11th Conference on Reroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. CA, USA, Abstract 536 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson J, Israel R, Lowy et al. Treatment of advanced human immunodeficiency type 1 disease with the viral entry inhibitor PRO 542. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.48, 423–429 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Roda Husman AM, Koot M, Cornelissen M et al. Association between CCR5 genotype and the clinical course of HIV-1 infection. Ann. Intern. Med.127(10), 882–890 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart GJ, Ashton LJ, Biti RA et al. Increased frequency of CCR-5 delta 32 heterozygotes among long-term non-progressors with HIV-1 infection. The Australian Long-Term Non-Progressor Study Group. AIDS11(15), 1833–1838 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalezari J, Thompson M, Kumar P et al. 873140, a novel CCR5 antagonist: antiviral activity and safety during short-term monotherapy in HIV-infected adults. 44th Interscience Conference on Antiretroviral Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC, USA, Abstract H-1137b (2004).
   Google Scholar
• McHale M, Abel S, Russel D et al. Overview of phase 1 and 2a safety and efficacy data of maraviroc (UK-427,857). 3rd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 24–27, Abstract TuOa0204 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Schurmann D, Rouzier R, Nougarede R et al. SCH D: antiviral activity of a CCR5 receptor antagonist. Eleventh Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. CA, USA, Abstract 140LB (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Abel S, Russell D, Ridgeway C et al. Overview of the drug–drug interaction data for miraviroc (UK-427, 857). 6th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV Therapy. Quebec, Canada, Abstract 76 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Schols D, Claes S, De Clerq E et al. AMD-3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, reduced HIV viral load and X4 virus levels in humans. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. WA, USA, Abstract 2 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Stone N, Dunaway S, Flexner C et al. Biologic activity of an orally bioavailable CXCR4 antagonist in human subjects. Program and Abstracts of the XV International AIDS Conference. Bangkok, Thailand, Abstract TuPeB4475 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Hazuda D. A novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitor mediates sustained suppression of viral replication and CD4 depletion in a SHIV rhesus macaque model of infection. Antiviral Ther.7(Suppl. 1), S3 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozniak A, Gallant J, DeJesus E et al. Superior outcome for tenofovir DF, emtricitabine and efavirenz compared to fixed dose zidovudine/ lamivudine and EFV in antiretroviral naive patients. 3rd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 24–27 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• DeJesus E, Herrera G, TeofiloE et al. Efficacy and safety of abacavir (ABC) versus zidovusine (ZDV) in antiretroviral therapy naive adults with HIV infection (study CNA30024). Program and abstracts of the 43rd Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; Program and abstracts of the 43rd Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. IL, USA, Abstract H-446 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Mannheimer S, Friedland G, Matts J et al. The consistency of adherence to antiretroviral therapy predicts biological outcomes for Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected persons in clinical trials. Clin. Infect. Dis.34, 1115–1121 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher K, Kliman N, Fletcher MA et al. Disease progression, adherence, and response to protease inhibitor therapy for HIV infection in an Urban Veterans Affairs Medical Center. J. AIDS22, 358–363 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg R, Yip B, Chan K et al. Non-adherence to a triple class combination is predictive of AIDS progression and death in HIV-positive men and women. 13th International AIDS Conference. Durban, July, Abstract ThOrB419 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Cote HC, Brumme ZL, Craib KJ et al. Changes in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients. N. Engl. J. Med.346(11), 811–820 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friis-Moller N, Sabin CA, Weber R et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.349(21), 1993–2003 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint-Marc T, Partisani M, Poizot-Martin I et al. Fat distribution evaluated by computed tomography and metabolic abnormalities in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy: preliminary results of the LIPOCO study. AIDS14(1), 37–49 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones R, Mandalia S, Bower M et al. Triple class antiretroviral agent resistance in a large UK cohort – prevalence and risk factors for acquisition. BHIVA Conf.11, O45 (2005).
   Google Scholar