References
- Mitchison DA. Development of streptomycin resistant strains of tubercle bacilli in pulmonary tuberculosis; results of simultaneous sensitivity tests in liquid and on solid media. Thorax5(2), 144–161 (1950).
- David HL. Probability distribution of drug-resistant mutants in unselected populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Appl. Microbiol.20(5), 810–814 (1970).
- Watterson SA, Wilson SM, Yates MD, Drobniewski FA. Comparison of three molecular assays for rapid detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.36(7), 1969–1973 (1998).
- Streicher EM, Warren RM, Kewley C et al. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from rural districts of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. J. Clin. Microbiol.42(2), 891–894 (2004).
- Victor TC, Lee H, Cho SN et al. Molecular detection of early appearance of drug resistance during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med.40(9), 876–881 (2002).
- van Rie A, Warren R, Mshanga I et al. Analysis for a limited number of gene codons can predict drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a high-incidence community. J. Clin. Microbiol.39(2), 636–641 (2001).
- Mitchison DA. How drug resistance emerges as a result of poor compliance during short course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.2(1), 10–15 (1998).
- Dooley SW, Simone PM. The extent and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis: the American experience. Clinical tuberculosis Chapman & Hall, London, UK 171–189 (1994).
- Farmer P, Walton D. The social impact of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis: Haiti and Peru. In: The Return of the White Plague. Gandy M, Zumla A (Eds). Verso, London, UK 163–177 (2003).
- Espinal MA, Kim SJ, Suarez PG et al. Standard short-course chemotherapy for drug-resistant tuberculosis: treatment outcomes in 6 countries. JAMA283(19), 2537–2545 (2000).
- Weyer K, Kleeberg HH. Primary and acquired drug resistance in adult black patients with tuberculosis in South Africa: results of a continuous national drug resistance surveillance programme involvement. Tuber. Lung Dis.73(2), 106–112 (1992).
- Kim SJ, Bai GH, Hong YP. Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Korea, 1994. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.1(4), 302–308 (1997).
- Andersson DI, Levin BR. The biological cost of antibiotic resistance. Curr. Opin. Microbiol.2(5), 489–493 (1999).
- Mariam DH, Mengistu Y, Hoffner SE, Andersson DI. Effect of rpoB mutations conferring rifampin resistance on fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.48(4), 1289–1294 (2004).
- Streicher EM, Warren RM, Kewley C et al. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from rural districts of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. J. Clin. Microbiol.42(2), 891–894 (2004).
- Espinal MA. Time to abandon the standard retreatment regimen with first-line drugs for failures of standard treatment. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.7(7), 607–608 (2003).
- Deriemer K, Garcia-Garcia L, Bobadilla-del-Valle M et al. Does DOTS work in populations with drug-resistant tuberculosis? Lancet365(9466), 1239–1245 (2005).
- Suarez PG, Floyd K, Portocarrero J et al. Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of standardised second-line drug treatment for chronic tuberculosis patients: a national cohort study in Peru. Lancet359(9322), 1980–1989 (2002).
- Van Deun A, Salim MA, Das AP, Bastian I, Portaels F. Results of a standardised regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.8(5), 560–567 (2004).
- Tinne JE, Henderson JL. Primary streptomycin-resistant tuberculosis in a newborn child. Simple method of assessing streptomycin resistance. Lancet2(27), 901–904 (1950).
- Zitrin CM, Lincoln EM. Initial tuberculous infection due to drug-resistant organisms. With a review of the world literature on initial infection due to isoniazid-resistant tubercle bacilli. J. Pediatr.58, 219–225 (1961).
- Steiner P, Rao M, Mitchell M, Steiner M. Primary drug-resistant tuberculosis in children. Emergence of primary drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis to rifampin. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.134(3), 446–448 (1986).
- Schaaf HS, Vermeulen HA, Gie RP, Beyers N, Donald PR. Evaluation of young children in household contact with adult multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.18(6), 494–500 (1999).
- Schaaf HS, Gie RP, Kennedy M, Beyers N, Hesseling PB, Donald PR. Evaluation of young children in contact with adult multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis: a 30-month follow-up. Pediatrics109(5), 765–771 (2002).
- van Rie A, Warren R, Richardson M et al. Exogenous reinfection as a cause of recurrent tuberculosis after curative treatment. N. Engl. J. Med.341(16), 1174–1179 (1999).
- Verver S, Warren RM, Beyers N et al. Rate of reinfection tuberculosis after successful treatment is higher than rate of new tuberculosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.171(12), 1430–1435 (2005).
- Wayne LG, Sohaskey CD. Nonreplicating persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol.55, 139–163 (2001).
- Mitchison DA, Coates AR. Predictive in vitro models of the sterilizing activity of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Curr. Pharm. Des.10(26), 3285–3295 (2004).
- Moore DA, Mendoza D, Gilman RH et al. Microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay, a rapid, reliable diagnostic test for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis suitable for use in resource-poor settings. J. Clin. Microbiol.42(10), 4432–4437 (2004).
- Victor TC, van Helden PD, Warren R. Prediction of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis: molecular mechanisms, tools, and applications. IUBMB Life53(4–5), 231–237 (2002).
- Johnson R, Jordaan AM, Pretorius L et al. Ethambutol resistance testing by mutation detection. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.10(1), 68–73 (2006).
- Louw GE, Warren RM, Donald PR et al. Frequency and implications of pyrazinamide resistance in managing previously treated tuberculosis patients. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.10(7), 802–807 (2006).
- van Rie A, Warren R, Richardson M et al. Classification of drug-resistant tuberculosis in an epidemic area. Lancet356(9223), 22–25 (2000).
- Lloyd-Smith JO, Schreiber SJ, Kopp PE, Getz WM. Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence. Nature438(7066), 355–359 (2005).
- Park H, Song EJ, Song ES et al. Comparison of a conventional antimicrobial susceptibility assay to an oligonucleotide chip system for detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol.44(5), 1619–1624 (2006).
- Vernet G, Jay C, Rodrigue M, Troesch A. Species differentiation and antibiotic susceptibility testing with DNA microarrays. J. Appl. Microbiol.96(1), 59–68 (2004).
- Watterson SA, Wilson SM, Yates MD, Drobniewski FA. Comparison of three molecular assays for rapid detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.36(7), 1969–1973 (1998).
- van Rie A, Warren R, Mshanga I et al. Analysis for a limited number of gene codons can predict drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a high-incidence community. J. Clin. Microbiol.39(2), 636–641 (2001).
- Maher D, Raviglione M. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Clin. Chest Med.26(2), 167–182 (2005).
- Cohen T, Murray M. Modeling epidemics of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis of heterogeneous fitness. Nat. Med.10(10), 1117–1121 (2004).
- Blower SM, Chou T. Modeling the emergence of the ‘hot zones’: tuberculosis and the amplification dynamics of drug resistance. Nat. Med.10(10), 1111–1116 (2004).
Website
- WHO website provides extensive epidemiological information and treatment guidelines www.who.int/tb