Toll-like receptor signaling in HIV-1 infection: a potential target for therapy?

References

• Fahey JL, Taylor JM, Detels R et al. The prognostic value of cellular and serologic markers in infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N. Engl. J. Med.322(3), 166–172 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douek DC, Brenchley JM, Betts MR et al. HIV preferentially infects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells. Nature417(6884), 95–98 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvestri G, Sodora DL, Koup RA et al. Nonpathogenic SIV infection of sooty mangabeys is characterized by limited bystander immunopathology despite chronic high-level viremia. Immunity18(3), 441–452 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvestri G, Fedanov A, Germon S et al. Divergent host responses during primary simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm infection of natural sooty mangabey and nonnatural rhesus macaque hosts. J. Virol.79(7), 4043–4054 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol.21, 335–376 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook DN, Pisetsky DS, Schwartz DA. Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of human disease. Nat. Immunol.5(10), 975–979 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda K, Akira S. TLR signaling pathways. Semin. Immunol.16(1), 3–9 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isogawa M, Robek MD, Furuichi Y, Chisari FV. Toll-like receptor signaling inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vivo.J. Virol.79(11), 7269–7272 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabeta K, Georgel P, Janssen E. Toll-like receptors 9 and 3 as essential components of innate immune defense against mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101(10), 3516–3521 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou S, Kurt-Jones EA, Fitzgerald KA et al. Role of MyD88 in route-dependent susceptibility to vesicular stomatitis virus infection. J. Immunol.178(8), 5173–5181 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki N, Suzuki S, Duncan GS et al. Severe impairment of interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor signalling in mice lacking IRAK-4. Nature416(6882), 750–756 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansur DS, Kroon EG, Nogueira ML et al. Lethal encephalitis in myeloid differentiation factor 88-deficient mice infected with herpes simplex virus 1. Am. J. Pathol.166(5), 1419–1426 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurt-Jones EA, Popova L, Kwinn L et al. Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat. Immunol.1(5), 398–401 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kash JC, Muhlberger E, Carter V et al. Global suppression of the host antiviral response by Ebola- and Marburg viruses: increased antagonism of the type I interferon response is associated with enhanced virulence. J. Virol.80(6), 3009–3020 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stack J, Haga IR, Schroder M et al. Vaccinia virus protein A46R targets multiple Toll-like-interleukin-1 receptor adaptors and contributes to virulence. J. Exp. Med.201(6), 1007–1018 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahm B, Arbour N, Oldstone MB. Measles virus interacts with human SLAM receptor on dendritic cells to cause immunosuppression. Virology323(2), 292–302 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahm B, Cho JH, Oldstone MB. Measles virus-dendritic cell interaction via SLAM inhibits innate immunity: selective signaling through TLR4 but not other TLRs mediates suppression of IL-12 synthesis. Virology358(2), 251–257 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashkar AA, Bauer S, Mitchell WJ, Vieira J, Rosenthal KL. Local delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces rapid changes in the genital mucosa and inhibits replication, but not entry, of herpes simplex virus type 2. J. Virol.77(16), 8948–8956 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst-Kralovetz MM, Pyles RB. Quantification of poly(I:C)-mediated protection against genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. J. Virol.80(20), 9988–9997 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsmans Y, Berg T, Desager JP et al. Isatoribine, an agonist of TLR7, reduces plasma virus concentration in chronic hepatitis C infection. Hepatology42(3), 724–731 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CC, Hayashi T, Takabayashi K et al. Immunotherapeutic activity of a conjugate of a Toll-like receptor 7 ligand. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(10), 3990–3995 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark KE, Corey L, Meng TC et al. Topical resiquimod 0.01% gel decreases herpes simplex virus type 2 genital shedding: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Infect. Dis.195(9), 1324–1331 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed TA, Hadi SM, Qureshi ZA, Ali SM, Kwah MS. Treatment of external genital warts in men with imiquimod 2% in cream. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J. Infect.41(2), 148–151 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR Jr, Gupta P, White RM, Todd JA, Kingsley LA. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science272(5265), 1167–1170 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW et al. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat. Med.12(12), 1365–1371 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Ruff LE et al. CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. J. Exp. Med.200(6), 749–759 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K et al. Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract. J. Exp. Med.200(6), 761–770 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes BF. Gut microbes out of control in HIV infection. Nat. Med.12(12), 1351–1352 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libois A, Lopez A, Garcia F et al. Dynamics of T cells subsets and lymphoproliferative responses during structured treatment interruption cycles and after definitive interruption of HAART in early chronic HIV type-1-infected patients. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses22(7), 657–666 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diebold SS, Kaisho T, Hemmi H, Akira S, Reis e Sousa C. Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. Science303(5663), 1529–1531 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H et al. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via Toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science303(5663), 1526–1529 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier A, Alter G, Frahm N et al. MyD88-dependent Immune Activation mediated by HIV-1-encoded TLR Ligands. J. Virol. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00421-07 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Beignon AS, McKenna K, Skoberne M et al. Endocytosis of HIV-1 activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor- viral RNA interactions. J. Clin. Invest.115(11), 3265–3275 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrat FJ, Meeker T, Gregorio J et al. Nucleic acids of mammalian origin can act as endogenous ligands for Toll-like receptors and may promote systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Exp. Med.202(8), 1131–1139 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin LN, Murphey-Corb M, Mack P et al. Cyclosporin A modulation of early virologic and immunologic events during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeys. J. Infect. Dis.176(2), 374–383 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzardi GP, Harari A, Capiluppi B et al. Treatment of primary HIV-1 infection with cyclosporin A coupled with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Clin. Invest.109(5), 681–688 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar