109
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Vaccine strategies against human cytomegalovirus infection

&
Pages 449-459 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Dolan A, Cunningham C, Hector RD et al. Genetic content of wild-type human cytomegalovirus. J. Gen. Virol.85(Pt 5), 1301–1312 (2004).
  • Griffiths PD, McLean A, Emery VC. Encouraging prospects for immunisation against primary cytomegalovirus infection. Vaccine19(11–12), 1356–1362 (2001).
  • Boppana SB, Pass RF, Britt WJ, Stagno S, Alford CA. Symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: neonatal morbidity and mortality. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.11(2), 93–99 (1992).
  • Gandhi MK, Khanna R. Human cytomegalovirus: clinical aspects, immune regulation, and emerging treatments. Lancet Infect. Dis.4(12), 725–738 (2004).
  • Arvin AM, Fast P, Myers M, Plotkin S, Rabinovich R. Vaccine development to prevent cytomegalovirus disease: report from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Clin. Infect. Dis.39(2), 233–239 (2004).
  • Komanduri KV, Donahoe SM, Moretto WJ et al. Direct measurement of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to CMV in HIV-1-infected subjects. Virology279(2), 459–470 (2001).
  • Gerna G, d’Arminio Monforte A, Zavattoni M et al. Sharp drop in the prevalence of human cytomegalovirus leuko-DNAemia in HIV-infected patients following highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS12(1), 118–120 (1998).
  • Steininger C, Puchhammer-Stockl E, Popow-Kraupp T. Cytomegalovirus disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). J. Clin. Virol.37(1), 1–9 (2006).
  • Jacobson MA, Schrier R, McCune JM et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD4+ T lymphocyte immune function in long-term survivors of AIDS-related CMV end-organ disease who are receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis.183(9), 1399–1404 (2001).
  • Institute of Medicine. Vaccine for the 21st Century. National Academy Press, DC, USA (2000).
  • Reddehase MJ. Antigens and immunoevasins: opponents in cytomegalovirus immune surveillance. Nat. Rev. Immunol.2(11), 831–844 (2002).
  • Borysiewicz LK, Hickling JK, Graham S et al. Human cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Relative frequency of stage-specific CTL recognizing the 72-kD immediate early protein and glycoprotein B expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses. J. Exp. Med.168(3), 919–931 (1988).
  • Falk CS, Mach M, Schendel DJ et al. NK cell activity during human cytomegalovirus infection is dominated by US2-11-mediated HLA class I down-regulation. J. Immunol.169(6), 3257–3266 (2002).
  • Biron CA, Nguyen KB, Pien GC, Cousens LP, Salazar-Mather TP. Natural killer cells in antiviral defense: function and regulation by innate cytokines. Ann. Rev. Immunol.17, 189–220 (1999).
  • Biron CA, Byron KS, Sullivan JL. Severe herpesvirus infections in an adolescent without natural killer cells. N. Engl. J. Med.320(26), 1731–1735 (1989).
  • Yeager AS, Grumet FC, Hafleigh EB et al. Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infections in newborn infants. J. Pediatr.98(2), 281–287 (1981).
  • Plotkin SA. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection and its prevention. Clin. Infect. Dis.38(7), 1038–1039 (2004).
  • Boppana SB, Polis MA, Kramer AA, Britt WJ, Koenig S. Virus-specific antibody responses to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons with HCMV retinitis. J. Infect. Dis.171(1), 182–185 (1995).
  • Urban M, Klein M, Britt WJ, Hassfurther E, Mach M. Glycoprotein H of human cytomegalovirus is a major antigen for the neutralizing humoral immune response. J. Gen. Virol.77(Pt 7), 1537–1547 (1996).
  • Mach M, Kropff B, Dal Monte P, Britt W. Complex formation by human cytomegalovirus glycoproteins M (gpUL100) and N (gpUL73). J. Virol.74(24), 11881–11892 (2000).
  • Rapp M, Messerle M, Buhler B et al. Identification of the murine cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B gene and its expression by recombinant vaccinia virus. J. Virol.66(7), 4399–4406 (1992).
  • Schleiss MR, Bourne N, Stroup G et al. Protection against congenital cytomegalovirus infection and disease in guinea pigs, conferred by a purified recombinant glycoprotein B vaccine. J. Infect. Dis.189(8), 1374–1381 (2004).
  • Snydman DR, Werner BG, Meissner HC et al. Use of cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin in multiply transfused premature neonates. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.14(1), 34–40 (1995).
  • Nigro G, Adler SP, La Torre R, Best AM. Passive immunization during pregnancy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N. Engl. J. Med.353(13), 1350–1362 (2005).
  • Snydman DR. Review of the efficacy of cytomegalovirus immune globulin in the prophylaxis of CMV disease in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc.25(5 Suppl. 4), 25–26 (1993).
  • Falagas ME, Snydman DR, Ruthazer R et al. Cytomegalovirus immune globulin (CMVIG) prophylaxis is associated with increased survival after orthotopic liver transplantation. The Boston Center for Liver Transplantation CMVIG Study Group. Clin. Transplant.11(5 Pt 1), 432–437 (1997).
  • Valantine HA. Prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in thoracic organ transplant patients: evidence for a beneficial effect of hyperimmune globulin. Transplant Proc.27(5 Suppl. 1), 49–57 (1995).
  • Bowden RA, Sayers M, Flournoy N et al. Cytomegalovirus immune globulin and seronegative blood products to prevent primary cytomegalovirus infection after marrow transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med.314(16), 1006–1010 (1986).
  • Volpi A, Pica F, Gentile G et al. Neutralizing antibody response against human cytomegalovirus in allogeneic bone marrow-transplant recipients. J. Infect. Dis.180(5), 1747–1748 (1999).
  • Boeckh M. Current antiviral strategies for controlling cytomegalovirus in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: prevention and therapy. Transpl. Infect. Dis.1(3), 165–178 (1999).
  • Messori A, Rampazzo R, Scroccaro G, Martini N. Efficacy of hyperimmune anti-cytomegalovirus immunoglobulins for the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a meta-analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant13(2), 163–167 (1994).
  • Glowacki LS, Smaill FM. Use of immune globulin to prevent symptomatic cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients – a meta-analysis. Clin. Transplant.8(1), 10–18 (1994).
  • Schoppel K, Schmidt C, Einsele H, Hebart H, Mach M. Kinetics of the antibody response against human cytomegalovirus-specific proteins in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. J. Infect. Dis.178(5), 1233–1243 (1998).
  • Reddehase MJ, Weiland F, Munch K et al. Interstitial murine cytomegalovirus pneumonia after irradiation: characterization of cells that limit viral replication during established infection of the lungs. J. Virol.55(2), 264–273 (1985).
  • Lacey SF, Diamond DJ, Zaia JA. Assessment of cellular immunity to human cytomegalovirus in recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplants. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant10(7), 433–447 (2004).
  • Sester M, Sester U, Gartner B et al. Levels of virus-specific CD4 T cells correlate with cytomegalovirus control and predict virus-induced disease after renal transplantation. Transplantation71(9), 1287–1294 (2001).
  • Sester U, Gartner BC, Wilkens H et al. Differences in CMV-specific T-cell levels and long-term susceptibility to CMV infection after kidney, heart and lung transplantation. Am. J. Transplant.5(6), 1483–1489 (2005).
  • Walter EA, Greenberg PD, Gilbert MJ et al. Reconstitution of cellular immunity against cytomegalovirus in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow by transfer of T-cell clones from the donor. N. Engl. J. Med.333(16), 1038–1044 (1995).
  • Riddell SR, Watanabe KS, Goodrich JM et al. Restoration of viral immunity in immunodeficient humans by the adoptive transfer of T cell clones. Science257(5067), 238–241 (1992).
  • Gyulai Z, Endresz V, Burian K et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to human cytomegalovirus pp65, IE1-Exon4, gB, pp150, and pp28 in healthy individuals: reevaluation of prevalence of IE1-specific CTLs. J. Infect. Dis.181(5), 1537–1546 (2000).
  • Adler SP, Hempfling SH, Starr SE, Plotkin SA, Riddell S. Safety and immunogenicity of the Towne strain cytomegalovirus vaccine. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.17(3), 200–206 (1998).
  • Wills MR, Carmichael AJ, Weekes MP et al. Human virus-specific CD8+ CTL clones revert from CD45ROhigh to CD45RAhighin vivo: CD45RAhighCD8+ T cells comprise both naive and memory cells. J. Immunol.162(12), 7080–7087 (1999).
  • Bunde T, Kirchner A, Hoffmeister B et al. Protection from cytomegalovirus after transplantation is correlated with immediate early 1-specific CD8 T cells. J. Exp. Med.201(7), 1031–1036 (2005).
  • Gratama JW, van Esser JW, Lamers CH et al. Tetramer-based quantification of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in T-cell-depleted stem cell grafts and after transplantation may identify patients at risk for progressive CMV infection. Blood98(5), 1358–1364 (2001).
  • Heijnen IA, Barnett D, Arroz MJ et al. Enumeration of antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes by single-platform, HLA tetramer-based flow cytometry: a European multicenter evaluation. Cytometry B Clin. Cytom.62(1), 1–13 (2004).
  • Hobeika AC, Morse MA, Osada T et al. Enumerating antigen-specific T-cell responses in peripheral blood: a comparison of peptide MHC Tetramer, ELISpot, and intracellular cytokine analysis. J. Immunother.28(1), 63–72 (2005).
  • Elkington R, Walker S, Crough T et al.Ex vivo profiling of CD8+-T-cell responses to human cytomegalovirus reveals broad and multispecific reactivities in healthy virus carriers. J. Virol.77(9), 5226–5240 (2003).
  • Sylwester AW, Mitchell BL, Edgar JB et al. Broadly targeted human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells dominate the memory compartments of exposed subjects. J. Exp. Med.202(5), 673–685 (2005).
  • Manley TJ, Luy L, Jones T et al. Immune evasion proteins of human cytomegalovirus do not prevent a diverse CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell response in natural infection. Blood104(4), 1075–1082 (2004).
  • Tu W, Chen S, Sharp M et al. Persistent and selective deficiency of CD4+ T cell immunity to cytomegalovirus in immunocompetent young children. J. Immunol.172(5), 3260–3267 (2004).
  • Einsele H, Roosnek E, Rufer N et al. Infusion of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells for the treatment of CMV infection not responding to antiviral chemotherapy. Blood99(11), 3916–3922 (2002).
  • Gamadia LE, Remmerswaal EB, Weel JF et al. Primary immune responses to human CMV: a critical role for IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells in protection against CMV disease. Blood101(7), 2686–2692 (2003).
  • van Zanten J, Harmsen MC, van der Meer P et al. Proliferative T cell responses to four human cytomegalovirus-specific proteins in healthy subjects and solid organ transplant recipients. J. Infect. Dis.172(3), 879–882 (1995).
  • He H, Rinaldo CR Jr, Morel PA. T cell proliferative responses to five human cytomegalovirus proteins in healthy seropositive individuals: implications for vaccine development. J. Gen. Virol.76(Pt 7), 1603–1610 (1995).
  • Beninga J, Kropff B, Mach M. Comparative analysis of fourteen individual human cytomegalovirus proteins for helper T cell response. J. Gen. Virol.76(Pt 1), 153–160 (1995).
  • Elkington R, Shoukry NH, Walker S et al. Cross-reactive recognition of human and primate cytomegalovirus sequences by human CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for glycoprotein B and H. Eur. J. Immunol.34(11), 3216–3226 (2004).
  • Davignon JL, Castanie P, Yorke JA et al. Anti-human cytomegalovirus activity of cytokines produced by CD4+ T-cell clones specifically activated by IE1 peptides in vitro.J. Virol.70(4), 2162–2169 (1996).
  • Plotkin SA. Is there a formula for an effective CMV vaccine? J. Clin. Virol.25(Suppl. 2), S13–S21 (2002).
  • Sachs GW, Simmons RL, Balfour HH Jr. Cytomegalovirus vaccine: persistence of humoral immunity following immunization of renal transplant candidates. Vaccine2(3), 215–218 (1984).
  • Plotkin SA. Vaccination against cytomegalovirus. Arch. Virol. Suppl.17, 121–134 (2001).
  • Plotkin SA, Starr SE, Friedman HM et al. Effect of Towne live virus vaccine on cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplant. A controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med.114(7), 525–531 (1991).
  • Plotkin SA, Higgins R, Kurtz JB et al. Multicenter trial of Towne strain attenuated virus vaccine in seronegative renal transplant recipients. Transplantation58(11), 1176–1178 (1994).
  • Jacobson MA, Sinclair E, Bredt B et al. Antigen-specific T cell responses induced by Towne cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine in CMV-seronegative vaccine recipients. J. Clin. Virol.35(3), 332–337 (2006).
  • Khanna R, Diamond DJ. Human cytomegalovirus vaccine: time to look for alternative options. Trends Mol. Med.12(1), 26–33 (2006).
  • Jacobson MA, Sinclair E, Bredt B et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Towne cytomegalovirus vaccine with or without adjuvant recombinant interleukin-12. Vaccine24(25), 5311–5319 (2006).
  • Kemble G, Duke G, Winter R, Spaete R. Defined large-scale alterations of the human cytomegalovirus genome constructed by cotransfection of overlapping cosmids. J. Virol.70(3), 2044–2048 (1996).
  • Mocarski ES Jr, Kemble GW. Recombinant cytomegaloviruses for study of replication and pathogenesis. Intervirology39(5–6), 320–330 (1996).
  • Gonczol E, Plotkin S. Development of a cytomegalovirus vaccine: lessons from recent clinical trials. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther.1(3), 401–412 (2001).
  • Heineman TC, Schleiss M, Bernstein DI et al. A Phase 1 study of 4 live, recombinant human cytomegalovirus Towne/Toledo chimeric vaccines. J. Infect. Dis.193(10), 1350–1360 (2006).
  • Pepperl-Klindworth S, Plachter B. Current perspectives in vaccine development. In: Cytomegaloviruses Molecular Biology and Immunology. Reddehase M (Ed.). Caister Academic Press Ltd, Norfolk, UK 551–572 (2006).
  • Schleiss M. Progress in cytomegalovirus vaccine development. Herpes12(3), 66–75 (2005).
  • Pass RF, Duliege AM, Boppana S et al. A subunit cytomegalovirus vaccine based on recombinant envelope glycoprotein B and a new adjuvant. J. Infect. Dis.180(4), 970–975 (1999).
  • Frey SE, Harrison C, Pass RF et al. Effects of antigen dose and immunization regimens on antibody responses to a cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B subunit vaccine. J. Infect. Dis.180(5), 1700–1703 (1999).
  • Mitchell DK, Holmes SJ, Burke RL, Duliege AM, Adler SP. Immunogenicity of a recombinant human cytomegalovirus gB vaccine in seronegative toddlers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.21(2), 133–138 (2002).
  • Zhang C, Pass RF. Detection of cytomegalovirus infection during clinical trials of glycoprotein B vaccine. Vaccine23(4), 507–510 (2004).
  • Skinner MA, Laidlaw SM, Eldaghayes I, Kaiser P, Cottingham MG. Fowlpox virus as a recombinant vaccine vector for use in mammals and poultry. Expert Rev. Vaccines4(1), 63–76 (2005).
  • Adler SP, Plotkin SA, Gonczol E et al. A canarypox vector expressing cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoprotein B primes for antibody responses to a live attenuated CMV vaccine (Towne). J. Infect. Dis.180(3), 843–846 (1999).
  • Berencsi K, Gyulai Z, Gonczol E et al. A canarypox vector-expressing cytomegalovirus (CMV) phosphoprotein 65 induces long-lasting cytotoxic T cell responses in human CMV-seronegative subjects. J. Infect. Dis.183(8), 1171–1179 (2001).
  • Berencsi K, Gonczol E, Endresz V et al. The N-terminal 303 amino acids of the human cytomegalovirus envelope glycoprotein B (UL55) and the exon 4 region of the major immediate early protein 1 (UL123) induce a cytotoxic T-cell response. Vaccine14(5), 369–374 (1996).
  • Shanley JD, Wu CA. Mucosal immunization with a replication-deficient adenovirus vector expressing murine cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B induces mucosal and systemic immunity. Vaccine21(19–20), 2632–2642 (2003).
  • Wang Z, La Rosa C, Maas R et al. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing a soluble form of glycoprotein B causes durable immunity and neutralizing antibodies against multiple strains of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol.78(8), 3965–3976 (2004).
  • Wang Z, La Rosa C, Lacey SF et al. Attenuated poxvirus expressing three immunodominant CMV antigens as a vaccine strategy for CMV infection. J. Clin. Virol.35(3), 324–331 (2006).
  • Wang Z, Rosa CL, Li Z et al. Vaccine properties of a novel marker gene-free recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara expressing immunodominant CMV antigens pp65 and IE1. Vaccine25(6), 1132–1141 (2007).
  • Schleiss MR, Lacayo JC, Belkaid Y et al. Preconceptual administration of an alphavirus replicon UL83 (pp65 homolog) vaccine induces humoral and cellular immunity and improves pregnancy outcome in the guinea pig model of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J. Infect. Dis.195(6), 789–798 (2007).
  • Robinson HL, Pertmer TM. DNA vaccines for viral infections: basic studies and applications. Adv. Virus Res.55, 1–74 (2000).
  • Endresz V, Burian K, Berencsi K et al. Optimization of DNA immunization against human cytomegalovirus. Vaccine19(28–29), 3972–3980 (2001).
  • Endresz V, Kari L, Berencsi K et al. Induction of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-glycoprotein B (gB)-specific neutralizing antibody and phosphoprotein 65 (pp65)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by naked DNA immunization. Vaccine17(1), 50–58 (1999).
  • Selinsky C, Luke C, Wloch M et al. A DNA-based vaccine for the prevention of human cytomegalovirus-associated diseases. Hum. Vaccin.1(1), 16–23 (2005).
  • Evans TG, Wloch M, Hermanson G et al. Phase I trial of a bivalent, formulated plasmid DNA CMV vaccine for use in the transplant population. Presented at: 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington DC, USA, October 30–November 2, 2004 (Abstract).
  • Wloch MK, Reyes LR, Boutsaboualoy S et al. Immunogenicity of a DNA-based CMV vaccine in humans. Presented at: 43rd Annual Meeting of Infectious Disease Society of America. CA, USA, October 6–9, 2005.
  • Gandhi MK, Wills MR, Sissons JG, Carmichael AJ. Human cytomegalovirus-specific immunity following haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood Rev.17(4), 259–264 (2003).
  • Morello CS, Ye M, Hung S, Kelley LA, Spector DH. Systemic priming-boosting immunization with a trivalent plasmid DNA and inactivated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) vaccine provides long-term protection against viral replication following systemic or mucosal MCMV challenge. J. Virol.79(1), 159–175 (2005).
  • Paston SJ, Dodi IA, Madrigal JA. Progress made towards the development of a CMV peptide vaccine. Hum. Immunol.65(5), 544–549 (2004).
  • BenMohamed L, Krishnan R, Longmate J et al. Induction of CTL response by a minimal epitope vaccine in HLA A*0201/DR1 transgenic mice: dependence on HLA class II restricted T(H) response. Hum. Immunol.61(8), 764–779 (2000).
  • La Rosa C, Wang Z, Brewer JC et al. Preclinical development of an adjuvant-free peptide vaccine with activity against CMV pp65 in HLA transgenic mice. Blood100(10), 3681–3689 (2002).
  • Stinski MF. Human cytomegalovirus: glycoproteins associated with virions and dense bodies. J. Virol.19(2), 594–609 (1976).
  • Vonka V, Anisimova E, Macek M. Replication of cytomegalovirus in human epitheloid diploid cell line. Arch. Virol.52(4), 283–296 (1976).
  • Gerna G, Gullino M, Gerna MT, Achilli G. Differential ultrastructural elements in human cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex virus replication in cultures of human cells. G. Batteriol. Virol. Immunol.68(1–6), 50–64 (1975).
  • Pepperl-Klindworth S, Frankenberg N, Plachter B. Development of novel vaccine strategies against human cytomegalovirus infection based on subviral particles. J. Clin. Virol.25(Suppl. 2), S75–S85 (2002).
  • Pepperl S, Munster J, Mach M, Harris JR, Plachter B. Dense bodies of human cytomegalovirus induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in the absence of viral gene expression. J. Virol.74(13), 6132–6146 (2000).
  • Pepperl-Klindworth S, Frankenberg N, Riegler S, Plachter B. Protein delivery by subviral particles of human cytomegalovirus. Gene Ther.10(3), 278–284 (2003).
  • Thomson SA, Khanna R, Gardner J et al. Minimal epitopes expressed in a recombinant polyepitope protein are processed and presented to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells: implications for vaccine design. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA92(13), 5845–5849 (1995).
  • Duraiswamy J, Bharadwaj M, Tellam J et al. Induction of therapeutic T-cell responses to subdominant tumor-associated viral oncogene after immunization with replication-incompetent polyepitope adenovirus vaccine. Cancer Res.64(4), 1483–1489 (2004).
  • Rist M, Cooper L, Elkington R et al.Ex vivo expansion of human cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T cells by recombinant polyepitope: implications for HCMV immunotherapy. Eur. J. Immunol.35(3), 996–1007 (2005).
  • Riddell SR, Warren EH, Gavin MA et al. Immunotherapy of human viral and malignant diseases with genetically modified T-cell clones. Cancer J.6(Suppl. 3), S250–S258 (2000).
  • Waner JL, Weller TH. Analysis of antigenic diversity among human cytomegaloviruses by kinetic neutralization tests with high-titered rabbit antisera. Infect. Immun.21(1), 151–157 (1978).
  • Baboonian C, Blake K, Booth JC, Wiblin CN. Complement-independent neutralising monoclonal antibody with differential reactivity for strains of human cytomegalovirus. J. Med. Virol.29(2), 139–145 (1989).
  • Simpson JA, Chow JC, Baker J et al. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that distinguish three antigenic sites on human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein H have conformationally distinct binding sites. J. Virol.67(1), 489–496 (1993).
  • Klein M, Schoppel K, Amvrossiadis N, Mach M. Strain-specific neutralization of human cytomegalovirus isolates by human sera. J. Virol.73(2), 878–886 (1999).
  • Boppana SB, Rivera LB, Fowler KB, Mach M, Britt WJ. Intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus to infants of women with preconceptional immunity. N. Engl. J. Med.344(18), 1366–1371 (2001).
  • Smith MG. Propagation in tissue cultures of a cytopathogenic virus from human salivary gland virus (SGV) disease. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.92(2), 424–430 (1956).
  • Craig JM, Macauley JC, Weller TH, Wirth P. Isolation of intranuclear inclusion producing agents from infants with illnesses resembling cytomegalic inclusion disease. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.94(1), 4–12 (1957).
  • Quinnan GV Jr, Delery M, Rook AH et al. Comparative virulence and immunogenicity of the Towne strain and a nonattenuated strain of cytomegalovirus. Ann. Intern. Med.101(4), 478–483 (1984).
  • Reddehase MJ, Mutter W, Munch K, Buhring HJ, Koszinowski UH. CD8-positive T lymphocytes specific for murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early antigens mediate protective immunity. J. Virol.61(10), 3102–3108 (1987).
  • Koszinowski UH, Reddehase MJ, Keil GM et al. Molecular analysis of herpesviral gene products recognized by protective cytolytic T lymphocytes. Immunol. Lett.16(3–4), 185–192 (1987).
  • Berencsi K, Rando RF, deTaisne C et al. Murine cytotoxic T cell response specific for human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (gB) induced by adenovirus and vaccinia virus recombinants expressing gB. J. Gen. Virol.74(Pt 11), 2507–2512 (1993).
  • Pande H, Campo K, Tanamachi B, Forman SJ, Zaia JA. Direct DNA immunization of mice with plasmid DNA encoding the tegument protein pp65 (ppUL83) of human cytomegalovirus induces high levels of circulating antibody to the encoded protein. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl.99, 117–120 (1995).
  • Diamond DJ, York J, Sun JY, Wright CL, Forman SJ. Development of a candidate HLA A*0201 restricted peptide-based vaccine against human cytomegalovirus infection. Blood90(5), 1751–1767 (1997).
  • Adler SP, Starr SE, Plotkin SA et al. Immunity induced by primary human cytomegalovirus infection protects against secondary infection among women of childbearing age. J. Infect. Dis.171(1), 26–32 (1995).
  • Plotkin SA, Starr SE, Friedman HM, Gonczol E, Weibel RE. Protective effects of Towne cytomegalovirus vaccine against low-passage cytomegalovirus administered as a challenge. J. Infect. Dis.159(5), 860–865 (1989).
  • Plotkin SA, Smiley ML, Friedman HM et al. Towne-vaccine-induced prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplants. Lancet1(8376), 528–530 (1984).
  • Bernstein DI, Schleiss MR, Berencsi K et al. Effect of previous or simultaneous immunization with canarypox expressing cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoprotein B (gB) on response to subunit gB vaccine plus MF59 in healthy CMV-seronegative adults. J. Infect. Dis.185(5), 686–690 (2002).
  • BenMohamed L, Krishnan R, Auge C, Primus JF, Diamond DJ. Intranasal administration of a synthetic lipopeptide without adjuvant induces systemic immune responses. Immunology106(1), 113–121 (2002).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.