Dialysis patients and cardiovascular problems: can technology solve the complex equation?

References

• Go AS, Chertow GM, Dongjie F et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalisation. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1296–1305 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culleton BF, Larson MG, Wilson PW et al. Cardiovascular disease and mortality in a community-based cohort with mild renal insufficiency. Kidney Int. 56(6), 2214–2219 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkin DA, Bragg-Gresham JL, Koenig KG et al. Association of comorbid conditions and mortality in hemodialysis patients in Europe, Japan, and the United States; the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 14, 3270–3277 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley RN. Cardiac disease in chronic uremia: can it explain the reverse epidemiology of hypertension and survival in dialysis patients? Semin. Dial. 17(5), 275–278 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barret BJ. Reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease in patients on dialysis. Dial. Transplant. 31(3), 155–163 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Culleton BF, Hemmelgram B. Inadequate treatment of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease risk factors in dialysis patients. Semin. Dial. 17(5), 342–345 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Port FK, Eknoyan G. The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) and the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI): a co-operative initiative to improve outcomes for hemodialysis patients worldwide. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 44(5 Suppl. 3), 1–6 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Sarnak MJ, Coronado BE, Greene T et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic renal insufficiency. Clin. Nephrol. 57(5), 327–335 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon LP. Hemodynamic cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease: what are the effects of intervention? Semin. Dial. 16(2), 128–139 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, Humphreys MH et al. Reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance dialysis. Kidney Int. 63, 793–808 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch M, Franke S, Müller A et al. Potential cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease: AGEs, total homocyteine and metabolites, and the C-reactive protein. Kidney Int. 66, 338–347 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhlig K, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ. Traditional cardiac risk factors in individuals with chronic kidney disease. Semin. Dial. 16(2), 118–127 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G. Tradional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors in end stage renal disease. Kidney Int.63(Suppl. 85), S105–S110 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Levin A. Cardiac disease in chronic kidney disease: current understandings and opportunities for change. Blood Purif. 22, 21–27 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Sarnak MJ. Cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 41(Suppl. 5), S11–S17 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krane V, Wanner C. Cardiovascular disease and predisposing factors in chronic renal failure. J. Clin. Basic Cardiol. 4, 97–100 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Coresh J, Astor B, Sarnak MJ. Evidence for increased cardiovascular disease risk in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13, 73–81 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritz E. Atherosclerosis in dialyzed patients. Blood Purif. 22, 28–37 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinsky MR, Vincent JL, Deviere J, Alegre M, Kahn RJ, Duont E. Serum cytokine levels in human septic shock. Relation to multiple-system organ failure and mortality. Chest 103, 565–575 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann J, Herrlinger S, Pruy A, Metzger T, Wanner C. Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 55, 648–658 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bologa RM, Levine DM, Parker TS et al. Interleukin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 32, 107–114 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culleton BF, Larson MG, Wilson PWF, Evans JC, Parfrey PS, Levy D. Cardiovascular disease and mortality in a community-based cohort with mild renal insufficiency. Kidney Int. 56, 2214–2219 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungers P, Massy ZA, Khoa TN et al. Incidence and risk factors of atherosclerotic accidents in predialysis chronic renal failure patients: a prospective study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 12, 2597–2607 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarnak MJ, Levey AS. Cardiovascular disease and chronic renal disease: a new paradigm. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 35, S117–S131 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harjai KJ. Potentially new cardiovascular risk factors: left ventricular hypertrophy, homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), triglycerides, oxidative stress, and fibrinogen. Ann. Intern. Med.131, 376–386 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B, Heimburger M, Heimburger O. Elevated serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules predict death in pre-dialysis patients: association with malnutrition, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 15, 1624–1630 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaysen GA, Chertow GM, Adhikarla R, Young B, Ronco C, Levin N. Inflammation and dietary protein intake exert competing effects on serum albumin and creatinine in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 60, 333–340 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bammens B, Evenepoel P, Verbeke K et al. Protein bound solutes: explaining the dissociation between urea reduction ratio and patient outcome? J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 14, 911 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Jolivot A, Combarnous F, Geleen G et al. Leptin kinetics and clearance during maintenance hemodialysis: effect of high flux membranes. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 18(Suppl. 4), M617 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Wanner C, Bahner U, Mattern R et al. Effect of dialysis flux and membrane material on dyslipidemia and inflammation in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 19, 2570–2575 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowry SK. Dialysis membranes today. Int. J. Artif. Organs 25, 447–460 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayli D, Ayli M, Yuksei C et al. The effect of high-flux hemodialysis on renal anemia. J. Nephrol. 17, 701–706 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappelli G, Tetta C, Canaud B. Is biofilm a cause of silent chronic inflammation in haemodialysis patient? A fascinating working hypothesis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 20, 266–270 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weber V, Linsberger I, Rossmanith E et al. Pyrogen transfer across high- and low-flux hemodialysis membranes. Artif. Organs 28(2), 210–217 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Schindler R, Christ-Kohlrausch F, Frei U, Shaldon S. Differences in the permeability of high-flux dialyser membranes for bacterial pyrogens. Clin. Nephrol. 59(6), 447–454 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Reznikov LL, Waksman J, Azam T et al. Effect of advanced glycation end products on endotoxin-induced TNF, IL-1 and IL-8 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin. Nephrol. 61(5), 324–336 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Hsu P-Y, Lin C-L, Yu C-C et al. Ultrapure dialysate improves iron utilisation and erythropoetin response in chronic hemodialysis patients – a prospective cross-over study. J. Nephrol. 17, 693–700 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Best Practice Guidelines for Haemodialysis (Part 1). Produced by the EBPG Expert Group on Haemodialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17(Suppl. 7), (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Bammens B, Evenepoel P, Verbeke K et al. Removal of protein-bound solute p-cresol by convective transport: a randomized crossover study. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 44(2), 278–285 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Ahrenholz PG, Winkler RE, Bowry SK et al. Dialysis membrane-dependent removal of middle molecules during hemodiafiltration: the β2-microglobulin/albumin relationship. Clin. Nephrol. 62(1), 21–28 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Bonomini M, Ballone E, Di Stante S et al. Removal of uraemic plasma factor(s) using different dialysis modalities reduces phosphatidylserine exposure in red blood cells. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 19, 68–74 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Locatelli F, Buoncristiani U, Canaud B et al. Haemodialysis with on-line monitoring equipment: tools or toys? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 20(1), 22–33 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Fillipo S, Manzoni C, Andrulli S et al. How to determine ionic dialysance for the online assessment of delivered dialysis dose. Kidney Int. 59, 774–782 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Donauer J, Böhler J. Rational for the use of blood volume and temperature control devices during haemodialysis. Kidney Blood Press. Res. 26, 82–89 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Boer W, Claus M, Cremaschi L et al. Less intradialytic complications with blood volume control. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17(Suppl. 1), 127–128 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Maggiore Q, Pizzarelli F, Santoro A et al. The effects of control of thermal balance on vascular stability in hemodialysis patients: results of the European randomised clinical trial. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 40(2), 280–290 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passlick-Deetjen J, Pohlmeier R. On-line hemodiafiltration. Gold standard or top therapy. Contrib. Nephrol. 137, 201–211 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Canaud B, Bragg-Gresham JL, Marshall MR et al. Patients receiving hemodiafiltration of haemofiltration have lower mortality risk than patients receiving hemodialysis without replacement fluid (HD) in Europe: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). American Society of Nephrology Renal Week (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Steil H, Amato C, Carioni C et al. EuCliD – a medical registry. Methods Inf. Med. 43(1), 83–88 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Vaslaki LR, Berta K, Major L et al. On-line hemodiafiltration does not induce inflammatory response in end stage renal disease patients: results from a multicenter cross over study. Artif. Organs 29(5), 406–412 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedrini LA, De Cristofaro VA. On-line mixed hemodiafiltration with a feedback for ultrafiltration control: effect on middle-molecule removal. Kidney Int. 4(4), 1505–1513 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Man NK. Controversies and isssues in hemodiafiltration therapy. Blood Purif. 22(Suppl. 2), 2–7 (2004).
   Google Scholar