Male hormonal contraception: a safe option?

References

• Behre HM, Bohmeyer J, Nieschlag E. Prostate volume in testosterone-treated and untreated hypogonadal men in comparison to age-matched normal controls. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 40, 341–349 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aminorroaya A, Kelleher S, Conway AJ et al. Adequacy of androgen replacement influences bone density response to testosterone in androgen-deficient men. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 152, 881–886 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundaram K, Kumar N, Bardin CW. 7α-methyl-nortestosterone (MENT): the optimal androgen for male contraception. Ann. Med. 25, 199–205 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility. Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia and oligozoospermia in normal men. Fertil. Steril. 65, 821–829 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility. Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men. Lancet 336, 955–959 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RA, Wallace AM, Wu FC. Comparison between testosterone enanthate-induced azoospermia and oligozoospermia in a male contraceptive study. III. Higher 5 α-reductase activity in oligozoospermic men administered supraphysiological doses of testosterone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 902–908 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckardstein SV, Schmidt A, Kamischke A et al. CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene and gonadotrophin suppression influence the effectiveness of hormonal male contraception. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 57, 647–655 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Eckardstein S, Syska A, Gromoll J et al. Inverse correlation between sperm concentration and number of androgen receptor CAG repeats in normal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 2585–2590 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu FC, Farley TM, Peregoudov A et al. Effects of testosterone enanthate in normal men: experience from a multicenter contraceptive efficacy study. World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility. Fertil. Steril. 65, 626–636 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerdloff RS, Bagatell CJ, Wang C et al. Suppression of spermatogenesis in man induced by Nal-Glu gonadotrophin releasing hormone antagonist and testosterone enanthate (TE) is maintained by TE alone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 3527–3533 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beral V. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 362, 419–427 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288, 321–333 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RA, Baird DT. Male contraception. Endocr. Rev. 23, 735–762 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes DA, Gallo MF, Grigorieva V et al. Steroid hormones for contraception in men: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Contraception 71, 89–94 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Eckardstein S, Nieschlag E. Treatment of male hypogonadism with testosterone undecanoate injected at extended intervals of 12 weeks: a Phase II study. J. Androl. 23, 419–425 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larsen BA, Nordestgaard BG, Stender S et al. Effect of testosterone on atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits with similar plasma cholesterol levels. Atherosclerosis 99, 79–86 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruck B, Brehme U, Gugel N et al. Gender-specific differences in the effects of testosterone and estrogen on the development of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, 2192–2199 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexandersen P, Haarbo J, Byrjalsen I et al. Natural androgens inhibit male atherosclerosis: a study in castrated, cholesterol-fed rabbits. Circ. Res. 84, 813–819 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams MR, Williams JK, Kaplan JR. Effects of androgens on coronary artery atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related impairment of vascular responsiveness. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15, 562–570 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewdarsen M, Vythilingum S, Jialal I et al. Abnormalities in sex hormones are a risk factor for premature manifestation of coronary artery disease in South African Indian men. Atherosclerosis 83, 111–117 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hauner H, Stangl K, Burger K et al. Sex hormone concentrations in men with angiographically assessed coronary artery disease–relationship to obesity and body fat distribution. Klin. Wochenschr. 69, 664–668 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips GB, Pinkernell BH, Jing TY. The association of hypotestosteronemia with coronary artery disease in men. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 701–706 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-Connor E, Goodman-Gruen D. The epidemiology of DHEAS and cardiovascular disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 774, 259–270 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauley JA, Gutai JP, Kuller LH et al. Usefulness of sex steroid hormone levels in predicting coronary artery disease in men. Am. J. Cardiol. 60, 771–777 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersberger M, von Eckardstein A. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: physiological background, clinical importance and drug treatment. Drugs 63, 1907–1945 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jockenhovel F, Bullmann C, Schubert M et al. Influence of various modes of androgen substitution on serum lipids and lipoproteins in hypogonadal men. Metabolism 48, 590–596 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katznelson L, Finkelstein JS, Schoenfeld DA et al. Increase in bone density and lean body mass during testosterone administration in men with acquired hypogonadism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 4358–4365 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace EM, Wu FCW. Effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and testosterone oenanthate on serum lipoproteins in man. Contraception 41, 63–71 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagatell CJ, Heiman JR, Matsumoto AM et al. Metabolic and behavioural effects of high-dose, exogenous testosterone in healthy men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79, 561–567 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu FCW, Balasubramanian R, Mulders TMT et al. Oral progestogen combined with testosterone as a potential male contraceptive: additive effects between desogestrel and testosterone enanthate in suppression of spermatogenesis, pituitary-testicular axis, and lipid metabolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 112–122 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RA, Wallace EM, Wu FC. Effect of testosterone enanthate on serum lipoproteins in man. Contraception 52, 115–119 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Eckardstein A, Schulte H, Cullen P et al. Lipoprotein(a) further increases the risk of coronary events in men with high global cardiovascular risk. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37, 434–439 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein JH, Rosenson RS. Lipoprotein Lp(a) excess and coronary heart disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 157, 1170–1176 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcovina SM, Lippi G, Bagatell CJ et al. Testosterone-induced suppression of lipoprotein(a) in normal men; relation to basal lipoprotein(a) level. Atherosclerosis 122, 89–95 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Eckardstein A, Kliesch S, Nieschlag E et al. Suppression of endogenous testosterone in young men increases serum levels of high density lipoprotein subclass lipoprotein A-I and lipoprotein(a). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 3367–3372 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell DW, Wilson JD. Steroid 5 α-reductase: two genes/two enzymes. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 63, 25–61 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha GR, Donjacour AA, Cooke PS et al. The endocrinology and developmental biology of the prostate. Endocr. Rev. 8, 338–362 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkonen PL, Makela SI. Role of estrogens in development of prostate cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 92, 297–305 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozata M, Bulur M, Beyhan Z et al. Effects of gonadotropin and testosterone treatments on prostate volume and serum prostate specific antigen levels in male hypogonadism. Endocr. J. 44, 719–724 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallace EM, Pye SD, Wild SR et al. Prostatic specific antigen and prostate gland size in men receiving exogenous testosterone for male contraception. Int. J. Androl. 16(1), 35–40 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaylis FD, Lin DW, Ignatoff JM et al. Prostate cancer in men using testosterone supplementation. J. Urol. 174, 534–538; discussion 538 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A. Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 482–492 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Eckardstein S, Noe G, Brache V et al. A clinical trial of 7 α-methyl-19-nortestosterone implants for possible use as a long-acting contraceptive for men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 5232–5239 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 215–224 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N et al. Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 407–413 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Swerdloff RS, Iranmanesh A et al. Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in hypogonadal men. Testosterone Gel Study Group. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 2839–2853 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauras N, Hayes V, Welch S et al. Testosterone deficiency in young men: marked alterations in whole body protein kinetics, strength, and adiposity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 1886–1892 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R et al. Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 281, E1172–E1181 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodhouse LJ, Reisz-Porszasz S, Javanbakht M et al. Development of models to predict anabolic response to testosterone administration in healthy young men. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 284, E1009–E1017 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R et al. Older men are as responsive as young men to the anabolic effects of graded doses of testosterone on the skeletal muscle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 678–688 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 1–7 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha-Hikim I, Artaza J, Woodhouse L et al. Testosterone-induced increase in muscle size in healthy young men is associated with muscle fiber hypertrophy. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 283, E154–164 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behre HM, Kliesh S, Leifke E et al. Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 2386–2390 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orwoll ES. Osteoporosis in men. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 27, 349–367 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakley GK, Schutte HD Jr, Hannon KS et al. Androgen treatment prevents loss of cancellous bone in the orchidectomized rat. J. Bone Miner. Res. 6, 325–330 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderschueren D, Van Herck E, Suiker AM et al. Bone and mineral metabolism in aged male rats: short and long-term effects of androgen deficiency. Endocrinology 130, 2906–2916 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EP, Boyd J, Frank GR et al. Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N. Engl. J. Med. 331, 1056–1061 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morishima A, Grumbach MM, Simpson ER et al. Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80, 3689–3698 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compston J. Local biosynthesis of sex steroids in bone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 5398–5400 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amin S, Zhang Y, Sawin CT et al. Association of hypogonadism and estradiol levels with bone mineral density in elderly men from the Framingham study. Ann. Intern. Med. 133, 951–963 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosla S, Melton LJ III, Atkinson EJ et al. Relationship of serum sex steroid levels to longitudinal changes in bone density in young versus elderly men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 3555–3561 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ III. Sex steroids and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton. Endocr. Rev. 23, 279–302 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Swerdloff RS, Iranmanesh A et al. Effects of transdermal testosterone gel on bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 54, 739–750 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zitzmann M, Brune M, Vieth V et al. Monitoring bone density in hypogonadal men by quantitative phalangeal ultrasound. Bone 31, 422–429 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schubert M, Bullmann C, Minnemann T et al. Osteoporosis in male hypogonadism: responses to androgen substitution differ among men with primary and secondary hypogonadism. Horm. Res. 60, 21–28 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RA, Wallace AM, Sattar N et al. Evidence for tissue selectivity of the synthetic androgen 7 α-methyl-19-nortestosterone in hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 2784–2793 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollmer E, Gordon A. Effect of sex and gonadotrophic hormones upon the blood picture of the rat. Endocrinology 29, 828–837 (1941).
   Google Scholar
• Steinglass P, Gordon A, Charipper H. Effect of castration and sex hormones on blood of the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 48, 169–177 (1941).
   Google Scholar
• Strum SB, McDermed JE, Scholz MC et al. Anaemia associated with androgen deprivation in patients with prostate cancer receiving combined hormone blockade. Br. J. Urol. 79, 933–941 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Ellegala DB, Alden TD, Couture DE et al. Anemia, testosterone, and pituitary adenoma in men. J. Neurosurg. 98, 974–977 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dobs AS, Meikle AW, Arver S et al. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in comparison with bi-weekly injections of testosterone enanthate for the treatment of hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 3469–3478 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui YG, Tong JS, Pan QQ et al. [Effect of androgen on erythropoientin in patients with hypogonadism]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 9, 248–251 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Eckardstein S, Nieschlag E. Treatment of male hypogonadism with testosterone undecanoate injected at extended intervals of 12 weeks: a Phase II study. J. Androl. 23, 419–425 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jockenhovel F, Vogel E, Reinhardt W et al. Effects of various modes of androgen substitution therapy on erythropoiesis. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2, 293–298 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krauss DJ, Taub HA, Lantinga LJ et al. Risks of blood volume changes in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone enanthate for erectile impotence. J. Urol. 146, 1566–1570 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sih R, Morley JE, Kaiser FE et al. Testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal men: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 1661–1667 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niazi GA, Awada A, al Rajeh S et al. Hematological values and their assessment as risk factor in Saudi patients with stroke. Acta Neurol. Scand. 89, 439–445 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Archer J. The influence of testosterone on human aggression. Br. J. Psychol. 82(Pt 1), 1–28 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricker R, Casaburi R, Storer TW et al. The effects of supraphysiological doses of testosterone on angry behavior in healthy eugonadal men – a clinical research center study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 3754–3758 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RA, Bancroft J, Wu FCW. The effects of exogenous testosterone on sexuality and mood of normal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75, 1503–1507 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skakkebaek NE, Bancroft J, Davidson DW et al. Androgen replacement with oral testosterone undecanoate in hypogondal men: a double-blind controlled study. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 14, 49–61 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor DB, Archer J, Wu FC. Effects of testosterone on mood, aggression, and sexual behavior in young men: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 2837–2845 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmimies P, Kockott G, Pirke KM et al. Effects of testosterone replacement on sexual behavior in hypogonadal men. Arch. Sex. Behav. 11, 345 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Carroll R, Shapiro C, Bancroft J. Androgens, behaviour, and nocturnal erection in hypogonadal men: the effect of varying the replacement dose. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 23, 527–538 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooren LJG. Human male sexual functions do not require aromatization of testosterone: a study using tamoxifen, testolactone, and dihydrotestosterone. Arch. Sex. Behav. 14, 539–548 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar