63
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Metabolic syndrome and risk for Type 2 diabetes

Pages 57-66 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Festa A, D’Agostino R Jr, Howard G, Mykkanen L, Tracy RP, Haffner SM. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation 102, 42–47 (2000).
  • Meigs JB, Mittleman MA, Nathan DM et al. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and impaired hemostasis: the Framingham Offspring Study. JAMA 283, 221–228 (2000).
  • Sakkinen PA, Wahl P, Cushman M, Lewis MR, Tracy RP. Clustering of procoagulation, inflammation, and fibrinolysis variables with metabolic factors of the insulin resistance syndrome. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152(10), 897–907 (2000).
  • Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37, 1595–1607 (1988).
  • Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP. Prospective analysis of the insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 41, 715–722 (1992).
  • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112(17), 2735–2752 (2005).
  • Balkau B, Charles MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet. Med. 16(5), 442–443 (1999).
  • Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet. Med. 15, 539–553 (1998).
  • Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH et al. American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr. Pract. 9, 237–252 (2003).
  • Alexander CM. The coming of age of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 26, 3180–3181 (2003).
  • Vinicor F, Bowman B. The metabolic syndrome: the emperor needs some consistent clothes. Diabetes Care 27, 1243; author reply 1244 (2004).
  • Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 28, 2289–2304 (2005).
  • Ford ES. Rarer than a blue moon: the use of a diagnostic code for the metabolic syndrome in the US. Diabetes Care 28, 1808–1809 (2005).
  • Boyle JP, Honeycutt AA, Narayan KM et al. Projection of diabetes burden through 2050: impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in the US. Diabetes Care 24, 1936–1940 (2001).
  • Jemal A, Ward E, Hao Y, Thun M. Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970–2002. JAMA 294, 1255–1259 (2005).
  • Fox CS, Coady S, Sorlie PD et al. Trends in cardiovascular complications of diabetes. JAMA 292, 2495–2499 (2004).
  • Shulman GI. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 106, 171–176 (2000).
  • Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Garcia R, Shulman GI. Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 664–671 (2004).
  • Clark MG, Wallis MG, Barrett EJ et al. Blood flow and muscle metabolism: a focus on insulin action. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 284, E241–E258 (2003).
  • Meigs JB, Muller DC, Nathan DM, Blake DR, Andres R. The natural history of progression from normal glucose tolerance to Type 2 diabetes in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Diabetes 52, 1475–1484 (2003).
  • Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Haffner SM, Solomon CG, Willett WC, Manson JE. Elevated risk of cardiovascular disease prior to clinical diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25, 1129–1134 (2002).
  • Despres J-P, Lamarche B, Mauriege P et al. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 952–957 (1996).
  • Rewers M, Zaccaro D, D'Agostino R et al. Insulin sensitivity, insulinemia, and coronary artery disease: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 27, 781–787 (2004).
  • D’Agostino RB, Hamman RF, Karter AJ, Mykkanen L, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM. Cardiovascular disease risk factors predict the development of Type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care 27, 2234–2240 (2004).
  • Cnop M, Havel PJ, Utzschneider KM et al. Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex. Diabetologia 46, 459–469 (2003).
  • Tschritter O, Fritsche A, Thamer C et al. Plasma adiponectin concentrations predict insulin sensitivity of both glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetes 52, 239–243 (2003).
  • Meigs JB, Hu FB, Rifai N, Manson JE. Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 291, 1978–1986 (2004).
  • Yarnell JW, Patterson CC, Bainton D, Sweetnam PM. Is metabolic syndrome a discrete entity in the general population? Evidence from the Caerphilly and Speedwell population studies. Heart 79, 248–252 (1998).
  • Schmidt MI, Watson RL, Duncan BB et al. Clustering of dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, diabetes, and hypertension and its association with fasting insulin and central and overall obesity in a general population. Metabolism 45, 699–706 (1996).
  • Bonora E, Kiechl S, Willeit J et al. Prevalence of insulin resistance in metabolic disorders. Diabetes 47, 1643–1649 (1998).
  • Wilson PWF, Kannel WB, Silbershatz H, D’Agostino RB. Clustering of metabolic factors and coronary heart disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 159, 1104–1109 (1999).
  • Liese AD, Mayer-Davis EJ, Tyroler HA et al. Development of the multiple metabolic syndrome in the ARIC cohort: joint contribution of insulin, BMI, and WHR. Atherosclerosis risk in communities. Ann. Epidemiol. 7, 407–416 (1997).
  • Wei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican–Americans: a 7-year prospective study. Obes. Res. 5, 16–23 (1997).
  • Palaniappan L, Carnethon MR, Wang Y et al. Predictors of the incident metabolic syndrome in adults: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 27, 788–793 (2004).
  • Carr DB, Utzschneider KM, Hull RL et al. Intra-abdominal fat is a major determinant of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 53, 2087–2094 (2004).
  • Meigs JB. Invited commentary: insulin resistance syndrome? Syndrome X? Multiple metabolic syndrome? A syndrome at all? Factor analysis reveals patterns in the fabric of correlated metabolic risk factors. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152, 908–911 (2000).
  • Wilson PWF, D’Agostino RB Sr, Parise H, Sullivan L, Meigs JB. The metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 112, 3066–3072 (2005).
  • Cheal KL, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, McLaughlin T, Reaven GM, Ford ES. Relationship to insulin resistance of the adult treatment panel III diagnostic criteria for identification of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 53, 1195–1200 (2004).
  • Liao Y, Kwon S, Shaughnessy S et al. Critical evaluation of adult treatment panel III criteria in identifying insulin resistance with dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 27, 978–983 (2004).
  • Bonora E, Targher G, Formentini G et al. The metabolic syndrome is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Prospective data from the Verona Diabetes Complications Study. Diabet. Med. 21, 52–58 (2004).
  • Bruno G, Merletti F, Biggeri A et al. Metabolic syndrome as a predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Type 2 diabetes: the Casale Monferrato Study. Diabetes Care 27, 2689–2694 (2004).
  • Lorenzo C, Okoloise M, Williams K, Stern MP, Haffner SM. The metabolic syndrome as predictor of Type 2 diabetes: the San Antonio heart study. Diabetes Care 26, 3153–3159 (2003).
  • Resnick HE, Jones K, Ruotolo G et al. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in nondiabetic American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 26, 861–867 (2003).
  • Hanson RL, Imperatore G, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Components of the ‘metabolic syndrome’ and incidence of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51, 3120–3127 (2002).
  • Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Niskanen LK, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT, Lakka TA. Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus: application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 156, 1070–1077 (2002).
  • Klein BE, Klein R, Lee KE. Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in beaver dam. Diabetes Care 25, 1790–1794 (2002).
  • Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 108, 414–419 (2003).
  • Ford ES. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 28, 1769–1778 (2005).
  • Edelstein SL, Knowler WC, Bain RP et al. Predictors of progression from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM: an analysis of six prospective studies. Diabetes 46, 701–710 (1997).
  • Pepe MS, Janes H, Longton G, Leisenring W, Newcomb P. Limitations of the odds ratio in gauging the performance of a diagnostic, prognostic, or screening marker. Am. J. Epidemiol. 159, 882–890 (2004).
  • Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Bang H et al. Identifying individuals at high risk for diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care 28, 2013–2018 (2005).
  • National Cholesterol Education Program. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285, 2486–2497 (2001).
  • Stern MP, Williams K, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Hunt KJ, Haffner SM. Does the metabolic syndrome improve identification of individuals at risk of Type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease? Diabetes Care 27, 2676–2681 (2004).
  • Stern MP, Williams K, Haffner SM. Identification of persons at high risk for Type 2 diabetes mellitus: do we need the oral glucose tolerance test? Ann. Intern. Med. 136, 575–581 (2002).
  • Bonora E, Kiechl S, Willeit J et al. Metabolic syndrome: epidemiology and more extensive phenotypic description. Cross-sectional data from the Bruneck Study. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 27, 1283–1289 (2003).
  • Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 107, 391–397 (2003).
  • Rutter MK, Meigs JB, Sullivan LM, D’Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PW. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and prediction of cardiovascular events in the Framingham Offspring Study. Circulation 110, 380–385 (2004).
  • Wilson PWF, Meigs JB, Sullivan L, Nathan DM, D’Agostino Sr RB. Prediction rule for incident Type 2 diabetes in Framingham offspring. Diabetes 54(Suppl. 1), A91 (2005).
  • Pinkney JH, Stehouwer CD, Coppack SW, Yudkin JS. Endothelial dysfunction: cause of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes 46(Suppl. 2), S9–S13 (1997).
  • Caballero AE, Arora S, Saouaf R et al. Microvascular and macrovascular reactivity is reduced in subjects at risk for Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 48, 1856–1862 (1999).
  • Meigs JB, Wilson PWF, Tofler GH et al. Markers of endothelial dysfunction predict incident Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 54(Suppl. 1), A90 (2005).
  • Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M et al. Adiponectin and protection against Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 361, 226–228 (2003).
  • Lindsay RS, Funahashi T, Hanson RL et al. Adiponectin and development of Type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Lancet 360, 57–58 (2002).
  • LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Jurca R, Kampert JB, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: a prospective study of men and women. Circulation 112, 505–512 (2005).
  • Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M et al. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 292, 1440–1446 (2004).
  • Orchard TJ, Temprosa M, Goldberg R et al. The effect of metformin and intensive lifestyle intervention on the metabolic syndrome: the Diabetes Prevention Program randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 142, 611–619 (2005).
  • Ilanne-Parikka P, Eriksson JG, Lindstrom J et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components: findings from a Finnish general population sample and the Diabetes Prevention Study cohort. Diabetes Care 27, 2135–2140 (2004).
  • Yudkin JS, Eringa E, Stehouwer CD. ‘Vasocrine’ signalling from perivascular fat: a mechanism linking insulin resistance to vascular disease. Lancet 365, 1817–1820 (2005).
  • Tan KC, Chow WS, Tam SC, Ai VH, Lam CH, Lam KS. Atorvastatin lowers C-reactive protein and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 563–568 (2002).
  • O’Driscoll G, Green D, Maiorana A, Stanton K, Colreavy F, Taylor R. Improvement in endothelial function by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33, 1506–1511 (1999).
  • Golay A, Despres JP, Sjostrom L. Rimonabant improves glycemic control parameters and glucose tolerance in overweight/obese nondiabetic subjects with dyslipidemia. RIO-lipids trial. Diabetologia 47(Suppl. 1), A71 (2004).

Website

  • International Diabetes Federation. Worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome, 2005. www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Metasyndrome_definition.pdf

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.