70
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Obesity and the renin– angiotensin–aldosterone system

&
Pages 255-264 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • WHO Consultation on Obesity. Obesity – Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland, 3–5 June (1997).
  • Han TS, Van Leer EM, Seidell JC, Lean ME. Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample. Brit. Med. J. 311, 1401–1405 (1995).
  • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S et al. (INTERHEART study investigators). Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 366, 1640–1649 (2005).
  • Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Sullivan L et al. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch. Intern. Med. 162, 1867–1872 (2002).
  • Hall JE, Henegar JR, Dwyer TM et al. Is obesity a major cause of chronic kidney disease? Adv. Ren. Replace. Ther. 11, 41–54 (2004).
  • Hall JE. The kidney, hypertension, and obesity. Hypertension 41, 625–633 (2003).
  • Rocchini AP. Cardiovascular regulation in obesity-induced hypertension. Hypertension 19(Suppl.), I56–I60 (1992).
  • Licata G, Volpe M, Scaglione R, Rubattu S. Salt-regulating hormones in young normotensive obese subjects: effects of saline load. Hypertension 23(Suppl.), I20–I24 (1994).
  • Dahl LK, Silver L, Christie RW. The role of salt in the fall of blood pressure accompanying reduction in obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 258, 1186–1192 (1958).
  • Rocchini AP, Key J, Bondie D et al. The effect of weight loss on the sensitivity of blood pressure to sodium in obese adolescents. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 580–585 (1989).
  • Bloem LJ, Manatunga AK, Tewksbury DA, Pratt JH. The serum angiotensinogen concentration and variants of the angiotensinogen gene in white and black children. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 948–953 (1995).
  • Cooper R, McFarlane Anderson N, Bennett FI et al. ACE, angiotensinogen and obesity: a potential pathway leading to hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. 11, 107–111 (1997).
  • Cooper R, Forrester T, Ogunbiyi O, Muffinda J. (ICSHIB Investigators). Angiotensinogen levels and obesity in four black populations. J. Hypertens. 16, 571–575 (1998).
  • Umemura S, Nyui N, Tamura K et al. Plasma angiotensinogen concentrations in obese patients. Am. J. Hypertens. 10, 629–633 (1997).
  • Goodfriend TL, Kelley DE, Goodpaster BH, Winters SJ. Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are associated with plasma aldosterone levels in women. Obes. Res. 7, 355–362 (1999).
  • Licata G, Scaglione R, Ganguzza A et al. Central obesity and hypertension: relationship between fasting serum insulin, plasma renin activity, and diastolic blood pressure in young obese subjects. Am. J. Hypertens. 7, 314–320 (1994).
  • Boustany CM, Bharadwaj K, Daugherty A et al. Activation of the systemic and adipose renin-angiotensin system in rats with diet-induced obesity and hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 287, R943–R949 (2004).
  • Engeli S, Böhnke J, Gorzelniak K et al. Weight loss and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Hypertension 45, 356–362 (2005).
  • Schorr U, Blaschke K, Turan S et al. Relationship between angiotensinogen, leptin and blood pressure levels in young normotensive men. J. Hypertens. 16, 1475–1480 (1998).
  • Uckaya G, Ozata M, Sonmez A et al. Plasma leptin levels strongly correlate with plasma renin activity in patients with essential hypertension. Horm. Metab. Res. 31, 435–438 (1999).
  • Egan BM, Stepniakowski K, Goodfriend TL. Renin and aldosterone are higher and the hyperinsulinemic effect of salt restriction greater in subjects with risk factors clustering. Am. J. Hypertens. 7, 886–893 (1994)
  • Vaz M, Jennings G, Turner A et al. Regional sympathetic nervous activity and oxygen consumption in obese normotensive human subjects. Circulation 96, 3423–3429 (1997).
  • Grekin RJ, Ngarmukos CO, Williams DM, Supiano MA. Renal norepinephrine spillover during infusion of nonesterified fatty acids. Am. J. Hypertens. 18, 422–426 (2005).
  • Rahmouni K, Morgan DA, Morgan GM et al. Role of selective leptin resistance in diet-induced obesity hypertension. Diabetes 54, 2012–2018 (2005).
  • Eikelis N, Lambert G, Wiesner G et al. Extra-adipocyte leptin release in human obesity and its relation to sympathoadrenal function. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 286, E744–E752 (2004).
  • Goodfriend TL, Ball DL, Egan BM et al. Epoxy-keto derivative of linoleic acid stimulates aldosterone secretion. Hypertension 43, 358–363 (2004).
  • Couillard C, Ruel G, Archer WR et al. Circulating levels of oxidative stress markers and endothelial adhesion molecules in men with abdominal obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 6454–6459 (2005).
  • Hattori Y, Akimoto K, Gross SS et al. Angiotensin-II-induced oxidative stress elicits hypoadiponectinaemia in rats. Diabetologia 48, 1066–1074 (2005).
  • Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Lamounier-Zepter V, Schraven A et al. Human adipocytes secrete mineralocorticoid-releasing factors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 100, 14211–14216 (2003).
  • Re RN. Mechanisms of disease: local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems and the pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Nature. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. 1, 42–47 (2004).
  • Tamura K, Umemura S, Yamakawa T et al. Modulation of tissue angiotensinogen gene expression in genetically obese hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. Reg. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 272, R1704–R1711 (1997).
  • Barton M, Carmona R, Morawietz H et al. Obesity is associated with tissue-specific activation of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme in vivo: evidence for a regulatory role of endothelin. Hypertension 35, 329–336 (2000).
  • Xu ZG, Lanting L, Vaziri ND et al. Upregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor, inflammatory mediators, and enzymes of arachidonate metabolism in obese Zucker rat kidney: reversal by angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade. Circulation 111, 1962–1969 (2005).
  • Ahmed SB, Fisher NDL, Stevanovic R, Hollenberg NK. Body mass index and angiotensin-dependent control of the renal circulation in healthy humans. Hypertension 46, 1316–1320 (2005).
  • Hopkins PN, Lifton RP, Hollenberger NK et al. Blunted renal vascular response to angiotensin II is associated with a common variant of the angiotensinogen gene and obesity. J. Hypertens. 14, 199–207 (1996).
  • Engeli S, Schling P, Gorzelniak K et al. The adipose-tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: role in the metabolic syndrome? Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 35, 807–825 (2003).
  • Schling P, Schäfer T. Human adipose cells keep tight control on the angiotensin II levels in their vicinity. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 48066–48075 (2002).
  • Boschmann M, Engeli S, Adams F et al. Adipose tissue metabolism and CD11b expression on monocytes in obese hypertensives. Hypertension 46, 130–136 (2005).
  • Gorzelniak K, Engeli S, Janke J et al. Hormonal regulation of the human adipose-tissue renin-angiotensin system: relationship to obesity and hypertension. J. Hypertens. 20, 965–973 (2002).
  • Giacchetti G, Faloia E, Mariniello B et al. Overexpression of the renin-angiotensin system in human visceral adipose tissue in normal and overweight subjects. Am. J. Hypertens. 15, 381–388 (2002).
  • Faloia E, Gatti C, Camilloni MA et al. Comparison of circulating and local adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system in normotensive and hypertensive obese subjects. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 25, 309–314 (2002).
  • Davis D, Liyou N, Lockwood D, Johnson A. Angiotensinogen genotype, plasma protein and mRNA concentration in isolated systolic hypertension. Clin. Genet. 61, 363–368 (2002).
  • Prat-Larquemin L, Oppert JM, Clement C et al. Adipose angiotensinogen secretion, blood pressure, and AGT M235T polymorphism in obese patients. Obes. Res. 12, 556–561 (2004).
  • Van Harmelen V, Elizalde M, Ariapart P et al. The association of human adipose angiotensinogen gene expression with abdominal fat distribution in obesity. Int. J. Obes. 24, 673–678 (2000).
  • Van Harmelen V, Ariapart P, Hoffstedt J et al. Increased adipose angiotensinogen gene expression in human obesity. Obes. Res. 8, 337–341 (2000).
  • Hainault I, Nebout G, Turban S et al. Adipose tissue-specific increase in angiotensinogen expression and secretion in the obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat. Am. J. Physiol. 282, E59–E66 (2002).
  • Rahmouni K, Mark AL, Haynes WG, Sigmund CD. Adipose depot-specific modulation of angiotensinogen gene expression in diet-induced obesity. Am. J. Physiol. 286, E891–E895 (2004).
  • Massiera F, Bloch-Faure M, Ceiler D et al. Adipose angiotensinogen is involved in adipose tissue growth and blood pressure regulation. FASEB J. 15, 2727–2729 (2001).
  • Masuzaki H, Yamamoto H, Kenyon CJ et al. Transgenic amplification of glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue causes high blood pressure in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 112, 83–90 (2003).
  • Tsai YS, Kim HJ, Takahashi N et al. Hypertension and abnormal fat distribution but not insulin resistance in mice with P465L PPARγ. J. Clin. Invest. 114, 240–249 (2004).
  • Harte A, McTernan P, Chetty R et al. Insulin-mediated upregulation of the renin angiotensin system in human subcutaneous adipocytes is reduced by rosiglitazone. Circulation 111, 1954–1961 (2005).
  • Janke J, Engeli S, Gorzelniak K et al. Mature adipocytes inhibit in vitro differentiation of human preadipocytes via angiotensin type 1 receptors. Diabetes 51, 1699–1707 (2002).
  • Smith SA. Central role of the adipocyte in the insulin-sensitising and cardiovascular risk modifying actions of the thiazolidinediones. Biochimie 85, 1219–1230 (2003).
  • Sharma AM, Janke J, Gorzelniak K et al. Angiotensin blockade prevents Type 2 diabetes by formation of fat cells. Hypertension 40, 609–611 (2002).
  • Katovich MJ, Pachori A. Effects of inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system on the cardiovascular actions of insulin. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2, 3–14 (2000).
  • Kouyama R, Suganami T, Nishida J et al. Attenuation of diet-induced weight gain and adiposity through increased energy expenditure in mice lacking angiotensin II type 1-α receptor. Endocrinology 146, 3481–3492 (2005).
  • Yvan-Charvet L, Even P, Bloch-Faure M et al. Deletion of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) reduces adipose cell size and protects from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 54, 991–999 (2005).
  • Cassis L, Helton M, English V, Burke G. Angiotensin II regulates oxygen consumption. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 282, R445–R453 (2002).
  • Kim S, Dugail I, Standridge M et al. Angiotensin II-responsive element is the insulin-responsive element in the adipocyte fatty acid synthase gene: role of adipocyte determination and differentiation factor 1/sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein 1c. Biochem. J. 357, 899–904 (2001).
  • Townsend RR. The effects of angiotensin-II on lipolysis in humans. Metabolism 50, 468–472 (2001).
  • Hennes MMI, O’Shaughnessy IM, Kelly TM et al. Insulin-resistant lipolysis in abdominally obese hypertensive individuals – role of the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension 28, 120–126 (1996).
  • Boschmann M, Ringel J, Klaus S, Sharma AM. Metabolic and hemodynamic response of adipose tissue to angiotensin II. Obes. Res. 9, 486–491 (2001).
  • Boschmann M, Jordan J, Adams F et al. Tissue-specific response to interstitial angiotensin II in humans. Hypertension 41, 37–41 (2003).
  • Boschmann M, Engeli S, Adams F et al. Influences of AT1 receptor blockade on tissue metabolism in obese men. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 290, R219–R223 (2006).
  • Goossens GH, Blaak EE, Saris WH, van Baak MA. Angiotensin II-induced effects on adipose and skeletal muscle tissue blood flow and lipolysis in normal-weight and obese subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 2690–2696 (2004).
  • Berg AH, Scherer PE. Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circ. Res. 96, 939–949 (2005).
  • Skurk T, van Harmelen V, Blum WF, Hauner H. Angiotensin II promotes leptin production in cultured human fat cells by an ERK1/2-dependent pathway. Obes. Res. 13, 969–973 (2005).
  • Kim S, Whelan J, Claycombe K et al. Angiotensin II increases leptin secretion by 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes via a prostaglandin-independent mechanism. J. Nutr. 132, 1135–1140 (2002).
  • Cassis LA, English VL, Bharadwaj K, Boustany CM. Differential effects of local versus systemic angiotensin II in the regulation of leptin release from adipocytes. Endocrinology 145, 169–174 (2004).
  • Fasshauer M, Klein J, Neumann S et al. Hormonal regulation of adiponectin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290, 1084–1092 (2002).
  • Clasen R, Schupp M, Foryst-Ludwig A et al. PPARγ-activating angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers induce adiponectin. Hypertension 46, 137–143 (2005).
  • Furuhashi M, Ura N, Higashiura K et al. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system increases adiponectin concentrations in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 42, 76–81 (2003).
  • Schupp M, Janke J, Clasen R et al. Angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activity. Circulation 109, 2054–2057 (2004).
  • Benson SC, Pershadsingh HA, Ho CI et al. Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPARγ-modulating activity. Hypertension 43, 993–1002 (2004).
  • Fujimoto M, Masuzaki H, Tanaka T. An angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist, telmisartan augments glucose uptake and GLUT4 protein expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. FEBS Lett. 576, 492–497 (2004).
  • Furuhashi M, Ura N, Takizawa H et al. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system decreases adipocyte size with improvement in insulin sensitivity. J. Hypertens. 22, 1977–1982 (2004).
  • Skurk T, Lee YM, Hauner H. Angiotensin II and its metabolites stimulate PAI-1 protein release from human adipocytes in primary culture. Hypertension 37, 1336–1340 (2001).
  • Skurk T, Lee YM, Nicuta-Rolfs TO et al. Effect of the angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan on fibrinolysis in patients with mild hypertension. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 6, 56–62 (2004).
  • Erlinger TP, Conlin PR, Macko RF et al. The impact of angiotensin II receptor blockade and the DASH diet on markers of endogenous fibrinolysis. J. Hum. Hypertens. 16, 391–397 (2002).
  • Fasshauer M, Klein J, Lossner U, Paschke R. Interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression is stimulated by insulin, isoproterenol, tumour necrosis factor-α, growth hormone, and IL-6 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Horm. Metab. Res. 35, 147–152 (2003).
  • Skurk T, van Harmelen V, Hauner H. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 from cultured human adipocytes by activation of NF-κB. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24, 1199–1203 (2004).
  • Sola S, Mir MQ, Cheema FA et al. Irbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: results of the Irbesartan and Lipoic Acid in Endothelial Dysfunction (ISLAND) study. Circulation 111, 343–348 (2005).
  • Fliser D, Buchholz K, Haller H. European trial on olmesartan and pravastatin in inflammation and atherosclerosis (EUTOPIA) investigators. Anti-inflammatory effects of angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor blockade in hypertensive patients with microinflammation. Circulation 110, 1103–1107 (2004).
  • Tuck ML, Sowers J, Dornfeld L et al. The effect of weight reduction on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone levels in obese patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 304, 930–933 (1981).
  • Blaufox MD, Lee HB, Davis B et al. Renin predicts diastolic blood pressure response to nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 267, 1221–1225 (1992).
  • Harp JB, Henry SA, DiGirolamo M. Dietary weight loss decreases serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in obese adults. Obes. Res. 10, 985–990 (2002).
  • Sowers JR, Nyby M, Stern N et al. Blood pressure and hormone changes associated with weight reduction in the obese. Hypertension 4, 686–691 (1982).
  • Hegele RA, Brunt JH, Connelly PW. Genetic variation on chromosome 1 associated with variation in body fat distribution in men. Circulation 92, 1089–1093 (1995).
  • Rankinen T, Gagnon J, Perusse L et al. Body fat, resting and exercise blood pressure and the angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism: the heritage family study. Obes. Res. 7, 423–430 (1999).
  • Ishigami T, Tamura K, Fujita T et al. Angiotensinogen gene polymorphism near transcription start site and blood pressure: role of a T-to-C transition at intron I. Hypertension 34, 430–434 (1999).
  • Tiago AD, Samani NJ, Candy GP et al. Angiotensinogen gene promoter region variant modifies body size-ambulatory blood pressure relations in hypertension. Circulation 106, 1483–1487 (2002).
  • Strazzullo P, Iacone R, Iacoviello L et al. Genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin system and abdominal adiposity in men: the Olivetti Prospective Heart Study. Ann. Intern. Med. 138, 17–23 (2003).
  • Hunt SC, Cook NR, Oberman A et al. Angiotensinogen genotype, sodium reduction, weight loss, and prevention of hypertension: trials of hypertension prevention, phase II. Hypertension 32, 393–401 (1998).
  • Grassi G, Seravalle G, Colombo M et al. Body weight reduwild-typection, sympathetic nerve traffic, and arterial baroreflex in obese normotensive humans. Circulation 97, 2037–2042 (1998).
  • Straznicky NE, Lambert EA, Lambert GW et al. Effects of dietary weight loss on sympathetic activity and cardiac risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 5998–6005 (2005).
  • Kostis JB, Wilson AC, Hooper WC et al. Association of ACE DD genotype with blood pressure sensitivity to weight loss. Am. Heart J. 144, 625–629 (2002).
  • Scheen AF. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus through inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. Drugs 64, 2537–2565 (2004)
  • Gradman AH, Schmieder RE, Lins RL et al. Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent antihypertensive efficacy and placebo-like tolerability in hypertensive patients. Circulation 111, 1012–1018 (2005).
  • Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Holman R et al for the DREAM Trial Investigators. Rationale, design and recruitment characteristics of a large, simple international trial of diabetes prevention: the DREAM trial. Diabetologia 47, 1519–1527 (2004).
  • McMurray JJ, Califf R, Holman R et al. Cardiologists should care about glucose: most people with CV disease or risk factors have diabetes or significant glycaemic abnormalities. Results of screening over 39,000 subjects for NAVIGATOR. Eur. Heart J. 25(Suppl.), 239 (2004).
  • The ONTARGET/TRANSCEND Investigators. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of 2 large, simple, randomized trials evaluating telmisartan, ramipril, and their combination in high-risk patients: the ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global endpoint trial/telmisartan randomized assessment study in ACE intolerant subjects with cardiovascular disease (ONTARGET/TRANSCEND) trials. Am. Heart J. 148, 52–61 (2004).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.