46
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Endocannabinoid system and its role in energy regulation

&
Pages 557-569 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R. Isolation, structure, and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish. J. Am. Chem. Soc.86, 1646–1647 (1964).
  • Devane WA, Dysarz FA, Johnson MR, Melvin LS Howlett AC. Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol. Pharmacol.34, 605–613 (1988).
  • Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature365, 61–65 (1993).
  • Schlicker E, Kathmann M. Modulation of transmitter release via presynaptic cannabinoid receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.22, 565–572 (2001).
  • Klein TW. Cannabinoid-based drugs as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Immunol.5, 400–411 (2005).
  • Di Marzo V, De Petrocellis L. Non-CB1, Non-CB2 receptors for endocannabinoids. In: Endocannabinoids: The Brain and Body’s Marijuana and Beyond. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group 151–174 (2006).
  • Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science258, 1946–1949 (1992).
  • Mechoulam R, Ben-Shabat S, Hanus L et al. Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol.50, 83–90 (1995).
  • Sugiura T, Kondo S, Sukagawa A et al. 2-arachidonoylglycerol: a possible endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand in brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.215, 89–97 (1995).
  • Di Marzo V, Bifulco M, De Petrocellis L. The endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic exploitation. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.3, 771–784 (2004).
  • Glass M, Northup JK. Agonist selective regulation of G proteins by cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Mol. Pharmacol.56, 1362–1369 (1999).
  • Glass M, Felder CC. Concurrent stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D2 receptors augments cAMP accumulation in striatal neurons: evidence for a Gs linkage to the CB1 receptor. J. Neurosci.17, 5327–5333 (1997).
  • McAllister SD, Glass M. CB1 and CB2 receptor-mediated signalling: a focus on endocannabinoids. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids66, 161–171 (2002).
  • Wilson RI, Nicoll RA. Endocannabinoid signaling in the brain. Science296, 678–682 (2002).
  • Diaz-Laviada I, Ruiz-Llorente L. Signal transduction activated by cannabinoid receptors. Mini Rev. Med .Chem.5, 619–630 (2005).
  • Bisogno T, Howell F, Williams G et al. Cloning of the first sn1-DAG lipases points to the spatial and temporal regulation of endocannabinoid signaling in the brain. J. Cell. Biol.163, 463–468 (2003).
  • Okamoto Y, Morishita J, Tsuboi K, Tonai T, Ueda N. Molecular characterization of a phospholipase D generating anandamide and its congeners. J. Biol. Chem.279, 5298–5305 (2004).
  • Sun YX, Tsuboi K, Okamoto Y et al. Biosynthesis of anandamide and N-palmitoylethanolamine by sequential actions of phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase D. Biochem. J.380(Pt 3), 749–756 (2004).
  • Natarajan V, Reddy PV, Schmid PC, Schmid HH. On the biosynthesis and metabolism of N-acylethanolamine phospholipids in infarcted dog heart. Biochim. Biophys. Acta.664, 445–448 (1981).
  • Di Marzo V, De Petrocellis L, Sugiura T, Waku K. Potential biosynthetic connections between the two cannabimimetic eicosanoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol, in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.227, 281–288 (1996).
  • Bisogno T, Melck D, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. Phosphatidic acid as the biosynthetic precursor of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol in intact mouse neuroblastoma cells stimulated with ionomycin. J. Neurochem.72, 2113–2119 (1999).
  • Cravatt BF, Giang DK, Mayfield SP, Boger DL, Lerner RA, Gilula NB. Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides. Nature384, 83–87 (1996).
  • Thomas EA, Cravatt BF, Danielson PE, Gilula NB, Sutcliffe JG. Fatty acid amide hydrolase, the degradative enzyme for anandamide and oleamide, has selective distribution in neurons within the rat central nervous system. J. Neurosi. Res.50, 1047–1052 (1997).
  • Tsou K, Nogueron MI, Muthian S et al. Fatty acid amide hydrolase is located preferentially in large neurons in the rat central nervous system as revealed by immunohistochemistry. Neurosci. Lett.254, 137–140 (1998).
  • Bilfinger TV, Salzet M, Fimiani C, Deutsch DG, Tramu G, Stefano GB. Pharmacological evidence for anandamide amidase in human cardiac and vascular tissues. Int. J. Cardiol.64, S15–S22 (1998).
  • Matias I, Gonthier MP, Orlando P et al. Regulation, function and dysregulation of endocannabinoids in models of adipose and β-pancreatic cells and in obesity and hyperglycemia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2679 (2006).
  • Engeli S, Bohnke J, Feldpausch M et al. Activation of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in human obesity. Diabetes54, 2838–2843 (2005).
  • Deutsch DG, Ueda N, Yamamoto S. The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids66, 201–210 (2002).
  • Bisogno T, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. Fatty acid amide hydrolase, an enzyme with many bioactive substrates. Possible therapeutic implications. Curr. Pharm. Des.8, 533–547 (2002).
  • Dinh TP, Carpenter D, Leslie FM et al. Brain monoglyceride lipase participating in endocannabinoid inactivation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA99, 10819–10824 (2002).
  • Ligresti A, Morera E, Van Der Stelt M et al. Further evidence for the existence of a specific process for the membrane transport of anandamide. Biochem. J.380, 265–272 (2004).
  • Glaser ST, Kaczocha M, Deutsch DG. Anandamide transport: a critical review. Life Sci.77, 1584–1604 (2005).
  • Moore SA, Nomikos GG, Dickason-Chesterfield AK et al. Identification of a high-affinity binding site involved in the transport of endocannabinoids. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA,102, 17852–17857 (2005).
  • Schiano Moriello A, Balas L, Ligresti A et al. Development of the first potential covalent inhibitors of anandamide cellular uptake. J. Med. Chem.49(7), 2320–2332 (2006).
  • Russo E, Guy GW. A tale of two cannabinoids: the therapeutic rationale for combining tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Med. Hypotheses66, 234–246 (2006).
  • Foltin RW, Brady JV, Fischman MW. Behavioral analysis of marijuana effects on food intake in humans. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.25, 577–582 (1986).
  • Abel EL. Effects of marihuana on the solution of anagrams, memory and appetite. Nature231, 260–261 (1971).
  • Greenberg I, Kuehnle J, Mendelson JH, Bernstein JG. Effects of marihuana use on body weight and caloric intake in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl.)49, 79–84 (1976).
  • Corey S. Recent developments in the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids. P. R. Health Sci. J.24, 19–26 (2005).
  • Williams CM, Kirkham TC. Anandamide induces overeating: mediation by central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl)143, 315–317 (1999).
  • Kirkham TC, Williams CM, Fezza F, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoid levels in rat limbic forebrain and hypothalamus in relation to fasting, feeding and satiation: stimulation of eating by 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. Br. J. Pharmacol.136, 550–557 (2002).
  • Gallate JE, Saharov T, Mallet PE, McGregor IS. Increased motivation for beer in rats following administration of a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol.370, 233–240 (1999).
  • Koch JE. δ9-THC stimulates food intake in Lewis rats: effects on chow, high-fat and sweet high-fat diets. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.68, 539–543 (2001).
  • Williams CM, Rogers PJ, Kirkham TC. Hyperphagia in pre-fed rats following oral δ-THC. Physiol. Behav.65, 343–346 (1998).
  • Gonzalez S, Manzanares J, Berrendero F et al. Identification of endocannabinoids and cannabinoid CB1 receptor mRNA in the pituitary gland. Neuroendocrinology70, 137–145 (1999).
  • Robbe D, Kopf M, Remaury A, Bockaert J, Manzoni OJ. Endogenous cannabinoids mediate long-term synaptic depression in the nucleus accumbens Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA99, 8384–8388 (2002).
  • Burdyga G, Lal S, Varro A, Dimaline R, Thompson DG, Dockray GJ. Expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors by vagal afferent neurons is inhibited by cholecystokinin. J. Neurosci.24, 2708–2715 (2004).
  • Partosoedarso ER, Abrahams TP, Scullion RT, Moerschbaecher JM, Hornby PJ. Cannabinoid1 receptor in the dorsal vagal complex modulates lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation in ferrets. J. Physiol.550(Pt 1), 149–158 (2003).
  • Hanus L, Avraham Y, Ben-Shushan D, Zolotarev O, Berry EM, Mechoulam R. Short-term fasting and prolonged semistarvation have opposite effects on 2-AG levels in mouse brain. Brain Res.983, 144–151 (2003).
  • Gomez R, Navarro M, Ferrer B et al. A peripheral mechanism for CB1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent modulation of feeding. J. Neurosci.22, 9612–9617 (2002).
  • Murillo-Rodriguez E, Desarnaud F, Prospero-Garcia O. Diurnal variation of arachidonoylethanolamine, palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide in the brain of the rat. Life Sci. DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.028 (2006).
  • Di Marzo V, Goparaju SK, Wang L et al. Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake. Nature410, 822–825 (2001).
  • Maccarrone M, Di Rienzo M, Finazzi-Agro A, Rossi A. Leptin activates the anandamide hydrolase promoter in human T lymphocytes through STAT3. J. Biol. Chem.278, 13318–13324 (2003).
  • Maccarrone M, Fride E, Bisogno T et al. Upregulation of the endocannabinoid system in the uterus of leptin knockout (ob/ob) mice and implications for fertility. Mol. Hum. Reprod.11, 21–28 (2005).
  • Monteleone P, Matias I, Martiadis V, De Petrocellis L, Maj M, Di Marzo V. Blood levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide are increased in anorexia nervosa and in binge-eating disorder, but not in bulimia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology30, 1216–1221 (2005).
  • Tucci SA, Rogers EK, Korbonits M, Kirkham TC. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 blocks the orexigenic effects of intrahypothalamic ghrelin. Br. J. Pharmacol.143, 520–533 (2004).
  • Poncelet M, Maruani J, Calassi R, Soubrie P. Overeating, alcohol and sucrose consumption decrease in CB1 receptor deleted mice. Neurosci. Lett.343, 216–218 (2003).
  • Colombo G, Agabio R, Diaz G, Lobina C, Reali R, Gessa GL. Appetite suppression and weight loss after the cannabinoid antagonist SR 141716. Life Sci.63, PL113–PL117 (1998).
  • Di Marzo V, Melck D, Bisogno T, De Petrocellis L. Endocannabinoids: endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands with neuromodulatory action. Trends Neurosci.21, 521–528 (1998).
  • Cota D, Marsicano G, Tschop M et al. The endogenous cannabinoid system affects energy balance via central orexigenic drive and peripheral lipogenesis. J. Clin. Invest.112, 423–431 (2003).
  • Osei-Hyiaman D, Depetrillo M, Harvey-White J et al. Cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript is involved in the orexigenic effect of endogenous anandamide. Neuroendocrinology81, 273–282 (2005).
  • Lam TK, Schwartz GJ, Rossetti L. Hypothalamic sensing of fatty acids. Nat. Neurosci.8, 579–584 (2005).
  • Di S, Malcher-Lopes R, Halmos KC, Tasker JG. Nongenomic glucocorticoid inhibition via endocannabinoid release in the hypothalamus: a fast feedback mechanism. J. Eurosci.23, 4850–4857 (2003).
  • Di S, Malcher-Lopes R, Marcheselli VL, Bazan NG, Tasker JG. Rapid glucocorticoid-mediated endocannabinoid release and opposing regulation of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid inputs to hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. Endocrinology146, 4292–4301 (2005).
  • Jo YH, Chen YJ, Chua SC Jr, Talmage DA, Role LW. Integration of endocannabinoid and leptin signaling in an appetite-related neural circuit. Neuron48, 1055–1066 (2005).
  • Hentges ST, Low MJ, Williams JT. Differential regulation of synaptic inputs by constitutively released endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids. J. Neurosci.25, 9746–9751 (2005).
  • Verty AN, McFarlane JR, McGregor IS, Mallet PE. Evidence for an interaction between CB1 cannabinoid and melanocortin MCR-4 receptors in regulating food intake. Endocrinology145, 3224–3231 (2004).
  • Gamber KM, Macarthur H, Westfall TC. Cannabinoids augment the release of neuropeptide Y in the rat hypothalamus. Neuropharmacology49, 646–652 (2005).
  • Himmi T, Perrin J, El Ouazzani T, Orsini JC. Neuronal responses to cannabinoid receptor ligands in the solitary tract nucleus. Eur. J. Pharmacol.359, 49–54 (1998).
  • Burdyga G, Varro A, Dimaline R, Thompson DG, Dockray GJ. Ghrelin receptors in rat and human nodose ganglia: putative role in regulating cannabinoid (CB1) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH-1) receptor abundance. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. DOI:10.1152/ajpgi.00543.2005 (2006).
  • Cota D, Tschop MH, Horvath TL, Levine AS. Cannabinoids, opioids and eating behavior: The molecular face of hedonism? Brain Res. Rev. DOI:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.10.004 (2006).
  • Tzavara ET, Li DL, Moutsimilli L et al. Endocannabinoids activate transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptors to reduce hyperdopaminergia-related hyperactivity: therapeutic implications. Biol. Psychiatry DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.019 (2006).
  • Heffner TG, Hartman JA, Seiden LS. Feeding increases dopamine metabolism in the rat brain. Science208, 1168–1170 (1980).
  • Patel S, Rademacher DJ, Hillard CJ. Differential regulation of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol within the limbic forebrain by dopamine receptor activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.306, 880–888 (2003).
  • Kirkham TC, Williams CM. Synergistic efects of opioid and cannabinoid antagonists on food intake. Psychopharmacology (Berl.)153, 267–270 (2001).
  • Vigano D, Valenti M, Cascio MG, Di Marzo V, Parolaro D, Rubino T. Changes in endocannabinoid levels in a rat model of behavioural sensitization to morphine. Eur. J. Neurosci.20, 1849–1857 (2004).
  • Valenti M, Vigano D, Cascio MG et al. Differential diurnal variations of anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol levels in rat brain. Cell Mol. Life Sci.61, 945–950 (2004).
  • Melis M, Pistis M, Perra S, Muntoni AL, Pillolla G, Gessa GL. Endocannabinoids mediate presynaptic inhibition of glutamatergic transmission in rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons through activation of CB1 receptors. J. Neurosi.24, 53–62 (2004).
  • Riegel AC, Lupica CR. Independent presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms regulate endocannabinoid signaling at multiple synapses in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci.24, 11070–11078 (2004).
  • Maldonado R, Valverde O, Berrendero F. Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in drug addiction. Trends Neurosci. DOI:10.1016/j.tins.2006.01.008 (2006).
  • Coutts AA, Izzo AA. The gastrointestinal pharmacology of cannabinoids: an update. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol.4, 572–579 (2004).
  • Osei-Hyiaman D, DePetrillo M, Pacher P et al. Endocannabinoid activation at hepatic CB1 receptors stimulates fatty acid synthesis and contributes to diet-induced obesity. J. Clin. Invest.115, 1298–1305 (2005).
  • Bensaid M, Gary-Bobo M, Esclangon A et al. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 increases Acrp30 mRNA expression in adipose tissue of obese fa/fa rats and in cultured adipocyte cells. Mol. Pharmacol.63, 908–914 (2003).
  • Roche R, Hoareau L, Bes-Houtmann S et al. Presence of the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, in human omental and subcutaneous adipocytes. Histochem. Cell Biol. DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0127-4 (2006).
  • Pagotto U, Marsicano G, Cota D, Lutz B, Pasquali R. The emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in endocrine regulation and energy balance. Endocr. Rev. DOI: 10.1210/er.2005-0009 (2006).
  • Juan-Pico P, Fuentes E, Javier Bermudez-Silva F, Cannabinoid receptors regulate Ca2+ signals and insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cell. Cell Calcium39(2), 155–162 (2005).
  • Gary-Bobo M, Elachouri G, Scatton B, Le Fur G, Oury-Donat F, Bensaid M. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (SR141716) inhibits cell proliferation and increases markers of adipocyte maturation in cultured mouse 3T3 F442A preadipocytes. Mol. Pharmacol.69, 471–478 (2006).
  • Bouaboula M, Hilairet S, Marchand J, Fajas L, Le Fur G, Casellas P. Anandamide induced PPARγ transcriptional activation and 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Eur. J. Pharmacol.517, 174–181 (2005).
  • Bermudez-Siva FJ, Serrano A, Diaz-Molina FJ et al. Activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors induces glucose intolerance in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol.531, 282–284 (2006).
  • Liu B, Hobbs C, Doherty P, Jones PM, Persaud SJ. Diacylglycerol lipase and cannabinoid receptor expression and function in pancreatic β-cells. 41st EASD Annual Meeting. Athens, Greece (2005).
  • McLaughlin PJ, Winston K, Swezey L et al. The cannabinoid CB1 antagonists SR 141716A and AM 251 suppress food intake and food-reinforced behavior in a variety of tasks in rats. Behav. Pharmacol.14, 583–588 (2003).
  • Rinaldi-Carmona M, Barth F, Heaulme M et al. SR141716A, a potent and selective antagonist of the brain cannabinoid receptor. FEBS Lett.350, 240–244 (1994).
  • Chambers AP, Sharkey KA, Koopmans HS. Cannabinoid (CB)1 receptor antagonist, AM 251, causes a sustained reduction of daily food intake in the rat. Physiol. Behav.82, 863–869 (2004).
  • Ravinet Trillou C, Arnone M, Delgorge C et al. Anti-obesity effect of SR141716, a CB1 receptor antagonist, in diet-induced obese mice. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.284,R345–R353 (2003).
  • Ravinet Trillou C, Delgorge C, Menet C, Arnone M, Soubrie P. CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout in mice leads to leanness, resistance to diet-induced obesity and enhanced leptin sensitivity. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.28, 640–648 (2004).
  • Poirier B, Bidouard JP, Cadrouvele C et al. The anti-obesity effect of rimonabant is associated with an improved serum lipid profile. Diabetes Obes. Metab.7, 65–72 (2005).
  • Jbilo O, Ravinet-Trillou C, Arnone M et al. The CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant reverses the diet-induced obesity phenotype through the regulation of lipolysis and energy balance. FASEB J.19, 1567–1569 (2005).
  • Di Marzo V, Matias I. Endocannabinoid control of food intake and energy balance. Nat. Neurosci.8, 585–589 (2005).
  • Harrold JA, Elliott JC, King PJ, Widdowson PS, Williams G. Down-regulation of cannabinoid-1 (CB-1) receptors in specific extrahypothalamic regions of rats with dietary obesity: a role for endogenous cannabinoids in driving appetite for palatable food? Brain Res.952, 232–238 (2002).
  • Liu YL, Connoley IP, Wilson CA, Stock MJ. Effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 on oxygen consumption and soleus muscle glucose uptake in Lep(ob)/Lep(ob) mice. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)29, 183–187 (2005).
  • Berger A, Crozier G, Bisogno T, Cavaliere P, Innis S, Di Marzo V. Anandamide and diet: inclusion of dietary arachidonate and docosahexaenoate leads to increased brain levels of the corresponding N-acylethanolamines in piglets. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98, 6402–6406 (2001).
  • Watanabe S, Doshi M, Hamazaki T. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency elevates and n-3 PUFA enrichment reduces brain 2-arachidonoylglycerol level in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essen. Fatty Acids69, 51–59 (2003).
  • Matias I, Leonhardt M, Lesage J et al. Effect of maternal under-nutrition on pup body weight and hypothalamic endocannabinoid levels. Cell Mol. Life Sci.60, 382–389 (2003).
  • Petersen G, Sorensen C, Schmid PC et al. Intestinal levels of anandamide and oleoylethanolamide in food-deprived rats are regulated through their precursors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta.1761(2), 143–150 (2006).
  • Sipe JC, Waalen J, Gerber A, Beutler E. Overweight and obesity associated with a missense polymorphism in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)29, 755–759 (2005).
  • Van Gaal LF, Rissanen AM, Scheen AJ, Ziegler O, Rossner S, the RIO-Europe Study Group. Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet365, 1389–1397 (2005).
  • Despres JP, Golay A, Sjostrom L, the Rimonabant in Obesity-Lipids Study Group. Effects of rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. N. Engl. J. Med.353, 2121–2134 (2005).
  • Pi-Sunyer FX, Aronne LJ, Heshmati HM, Devin J, Rosenstock J, RIO-North America Study Group. Effect of rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, on weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients: RIO-North America: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA295, 761–775 (2006).
  • Centonze D, Battista N, Rossi S et al. A critical interaction between dopamine D2 receptors and endocannabinoids mediates the effects of cocaine on striatal GABAergic transmission. Neuropsychopharmacology29, 1488–1497 (2004).
  • Giuffrida A, Parsons LH, Kerr TM et al. Dopamine activation of endogenous cannabinoid signaling in dorsal striatum. Nat. Neurosci.2, 358–363 (1999).
  • Verty AN, McGregor IS, Mallet PE. Consumption of high carbohydrate, high fat, and normal chow is equally suppressed by a cannabinoid receptor antagonist in non-deprived rats. Neurosci. Lett.354, 217–220 (2004).
  • Jarrett MM, Limebeer CL, Parker LA. Effect of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on sucrose palatability as measured by the taste reactivity test. Physiol Behav.86, 475–479 (2005).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.