Fixed-dose combination of pioglitazone and glimepiride in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus

References

• Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature414, 782–787 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajunen P, Koukkunen H, Ketonen M et al. Myocardial infarction in diabetic and non-diabetic persons with and without prior myocardial infarction: the FINAMI Study. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.48, 2519–2524 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Balletshofer BM, Rittig K, Enderle MD et al. Endothelial dysfunction is detectable in young normotensive first-degree relatives of subjects with Type 2 diabetes in association with insulin resistance. Circulation101, 1780–1784 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pankow JS, Jacobs DR Jr, Steinberger J, Moran A, Sinaiko AR. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children of parents with the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome. Diabetes Care27, 775–780 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tenerz A, Norhammar A, Silveira A et al. Diabetes, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome in patients with acute myocardial infarction without previously known diabetes. Diabetes Care26, 2770–2776 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfutzner A, Kann PH, Pfutzner AH et al. Intact and total proinsulin: new aspects for diagnosis and treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Clin. Lab.50, 567–573 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zethelius B, Byberg L, Hales CN, Lithell H, Berne C. Proinsulin and acute insulin response independently predict Type 2 diabetes mellitus in men – report from 27 years of follow-up study. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.46, 20–26 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Mudaliar S, Henry RR. Combination therapy for Type 2 diabetes. Endocr. Pract.5, 208–219 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthews DR, Cull CA, Stratton IM, Holman RR, Turner RC. UKPDS 26: sulphonylurea failure in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients over six years. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Diabet. Med.15, 297–303 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. JAMA281, 2005–2012 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinglos MN, Bethel MA. Oral agent therapy in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care22(Suppl. 3), C61–C64 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Wolffenbuttel BH, van Haeften TW. Prevention of complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Drugs50, 263–288 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayraktar M, Van Thiel DH, Adalar N. A comparison of acarbose versus metformin as an adjuvant therapy in sulfonylurea-treated NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care19, 252–254 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Erle G, Lovise S, Stocchiero C et al. A comparison of preconstituted, fixed combinations of low-dose glyburide plus metformin versus high-dose glyburide alone in the treatment of Type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol.36, 61–65 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosi F, Muggeo M, Brun E et al. Combination treatment with metformin and glibenclamide versus single-drug therapies in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study. Metabolism52, 862–867 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan DM. Clinical practice. Initial management of glycemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med.347, 1342–1349 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen FJ, Neslusan CA, Conklin JE, Song X. Recent antihyperglycemic prescribing trends for US privately insured patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care26, 1847–1851 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabadi UM. Cost-effective management of hyperglycemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes using oral agents. Manag. Care13(7), 48–49, 53–56, 58–59 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korytkowski M, Thomas A, Reid L, Tedesco MB, Gooding WE, Gerich J. Glimepiride improves both first and second phases of insulin secretion in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care25, 1607–1611 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charpentier G, Fleury F, Kabir M, Vaur L, Halimi S. Improved glycaemic control by addition of glimepiride to metformin monotherapy in Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet. Med.18, 828–834 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis SN. The role of glimepiride in the effective management of Type 2 diabetes. J. Diabetes Complicat.18, 367–376 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock J, Samols E, Muchmore DB, Schneider J. Glimepiride, a new once-daily sulfonylurea. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of NIDDM patients. Glimepiride Study Group. Diabetes Care19, 1194–1199 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuen S, Iwaki M, Yasui A, Makishima M, Matsuda M, Shimomura I. Sulfonylurea agents exhibit peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonistic activity. J. Biol. Chem.280, 23653–23659 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueba H, Kuroki M, Hashimoto S et al. Glimepiride induces nitric oxide production in human coronary artery endothelial cells via a PI3-kinase-Akt dependent pathway. Atherosclerosis183, 35–39 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stumvoll M. Thiazolidinediones – some recent developments. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs12, 1179–1187 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camp HS. Thiazolidinediones in diabetes: current status and future outlook. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs4, 406–411 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfutzner A, Forst T. Pioglitazone: an antidiabetic drug with the potency to reduce cardiovascular mortality. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.7, 463–476 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronoff S, Rosenblatt S, Braithwaite S, Egan JW, Mathisen AL, Schneider RL. Pioglitazone hydrochloride monotherapy improves glycemic control in the treatment of patients with Type 2 diabetes: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled dose–response study. The Pioglitazone 001 Study Group. Diabetes Care23, 1605–1611 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herz M, Johns D, Reviriego J, Grossman LD, Godin C, Duran S et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of the effects of pioglitazone on glycemic control and dyslipidemia in oral antihyperglycemic medication-naive patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin. Ther.25, 1074–1095 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt S, Miskin B, Glazer NB, Prince MJ, Robertson KE. The impact of pioglitazone on glycemic control and atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Coron. Artery Dis.12, 413–423 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charbonnel BH, Matthews DR, Schernthaner G, Hanefeld M, Brunetti P. A long-term comparison of pioglitazone and gliclazide in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison trial. Diabet. Med.22, 399–405 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schernthaner G, Matthews DR, Charbonnel B, Hanefeld M, Brunetti P. Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone versus metformin in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double-blind, randomized trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89, 6068–6076 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipnes MS, Krosnick A, Rendell MS, Egan JW, Mathisen AL, Schneider RL. Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with sulfonylurea therapy improves glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Med.111, 10–17 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einhorn D, Rendell M, Rosenzweig J, Egan JW, Mathisen AL, Schneider RL. Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with metformin in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. The Pioglitazone 027 Study Group. Clin. Ther.22, 1395–1409 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derosa G, Cicero AF, Gaddi A et al. Metabolic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with diabetes and metabolic syndrome treated with glimepiride: a twelve-month, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel-group trial. Clin. Ther.26, 744–754 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rendell MS, Glazer NB, Ye Z. Combination therapy with pioglitazone plus metformin or sulfonylurea in patients with Type 2 diabetes: influence of prior antidiabetic drug regimen. J. Diabetes Complicat.17, 211–217 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanefeld M, Brunetti P, Schernthaner GH, Matthews DR, Charbonnel BH; QUARTET Study Group. One-year glycemic control with a sulfonylurea plus pioglitazone versus a sulfonylurea plus metformin in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care27, 141–147 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charbonnel B, Schernthaner G, Brunetti P et al. Long-term efficacy and tolerability of add-on pioglitazone therapy to failing monotherapy compared with addition of gliclazide or metformin in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia48, 1093–1104 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence DB, Ragucci KR, Long LB, Parris BS, Helfer LA. Relationship of oral antihyperglycemic (sulfonylurea or metformin) medication adherence and hemoglobin A1c goal attainment for HMO patients enrolled in a diabetes disease management program. J. Manag. Care Pharm.12, 466–471 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateo JF, Gil-Guillen VF, Mateo E, Orozco D, Carbayo JA, Merino J. Multifactorial approach and adherence to prescribed oral medications in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Int. J. Clin. Pract.60, 422–428 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfornis A. Drug compliance in Type 2 diabetes: role of drug treatment regimens and consequences on their benefits. Diabetes Metab.29, S31–S37 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• McCall AL. Clinical review of glimepiride. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.2, 699–713 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langtry HD, Balfour JA. Glimepiride. A review of its use in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs55, 563–584 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersten S, Desvergne B, Wahli W. Roles of PPARs in health and disease. Nature405, 421–424 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoonjans K, Auwerx J. Thiazolidinediones: an update. Lancet355, 1008–1010 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debril MB, Renaud JP, Fajas L, Auwerx J. The pleiotropic functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. J. Mol. Med.79, 30–47 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlocco D. Muraglitazar (Bristol-Myers Squibb/Merck). Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs6, 427–434 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamber N, Davis TM. Tesaglitazar. IDrugs8, 927–935 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desvergne B, Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: nuclear control of metabolism. Endocr. Rev.20, 649–688 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies PS, Dunn CJ. Pioglitazone. Drugs60, 333–343 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeshiba Y, Kiyota Y, Yamashita K, Yoshimura Y, Motohashi M, Tanayama S. Disposition of the new antidiabetic agent pioglitazone in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Arzneimittelforschung47, 29–35 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prueksaritanont T, Vega JM, Zhao J, Gagliano K, Kuznetsova O, Musser B et al. Interactions between simvastatin and troglitazone or pioglitazone in healthy subjects. J. Clin. Pharmacol.41, 573–581 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki H, Suzuki M, Tane K, Shimada N, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. In vitro inhibitory effects of troglitazone and its metabolites on drug oxidation activities of human cytochrome P450 enzymes: comparison with pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. Xenobiotica30, 61–70 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Matsuda M, Glass L, Mahankali S, Ferrannini E et al. Improved glycemic control and enhanced insulin sensitivity in Type 2 diabetic subjects treated with pioglitazone. Diabetes Care24, 710–719 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betteridge DJ, Verges B. Long-term effects on lipids and lipoproteins of pioglitazone versus gliclazide addition to metformin and pioglitazone versus metformin addition to sulphonylurea in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.48, 2477–2481 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Derosa G, Cicero AF, D’Angelo A et al. Effects of 1 year of treatment with pioglitazone or rosiglitazone added to glimepiride on lipoprotein (a) and homocysteine concentrations in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Clin. Ther.28, 679–688 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts VL, Stewart J, Issa M, Lake B, Melis R. Triple therapy with glimepiride in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled by metformin and a thiazolidinedione: results of a 30-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin. Ther.27, 1535–1547 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcovina SM, Koschinsky ML. Lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol.82, U57–U66 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glader CA, Birgander LS, Stenlund H, Dahlen GH. Is lipoprotein(a) a predictor for survival in patients with established coronary artery disease? Results from a prospective patient cohort study in northern Sweden. J. Intern. Med.252, 27–35 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez A, Khan M, Johnson T, Karunaratne M. Pioglitazone plus a sulphonylurea or metformin is associated with increased lipoprotein particle size in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res.1, 44–50 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfutzner A, Marx N, Lubben G et al. Improvement of cardiovascular risk markers by pioglitazone is independent from glycemic control: results from the pioneer study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.45, 1925–1931 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forst T, Lubben G, Hohberg C et al. Influence of glucose control and improvement of insulin resistance on microvascular blood flow and endothelial function in patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2. Microcirculation12, 543–550 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx N, Libby P, Plutzky J et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and their role in the vessel wall: possible mediators of cardiovascular risk? J. Cardiovasc. Risk8, 203–210 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Juutilainen A, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Type 2 diabetes as a “coronary heart disease equivalent”: an 18-year prospective population-based study in Finnish subjects. Diabetes Care28, 2901–2907 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadhav S, Petrie J, Ferrell W, Cobbe S, Sattar N. Insulin resistance as a contributor to myocardial ischaemia independent of obstructive coronary atheroma: a role for insulin sensitisation? Heart90, 1379–1383 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Goff DC Jr, Zaccaro DJ, Haffner SM, Saad MF. Insulin sensitivity and the risk of incident hypertension: insights from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care26, 805–809 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg HO, Baron AD. Vascular function, insulin resistance and fatty acids. Diabetologia45, 623–634 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfutzner A, Kunt T, Hohberg C et al. Fasting intact proinsulin is a highly specific predictor of insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care27, 682–687 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langenfeld MR, Forst T, Standl E et al. IRIS II Study: Sensitivity and specificity of intact proinsulin, adiponectin, and the proinsulin/adiponectin ratio as markers for insulin resistance. Diabetes Technol. Ther.6, 836–843 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and Type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86, 1930–1935 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T et al. Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J. Biol. Chem.277, 25863–25866 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sourij H, Zweiker R, Wascher TC. Effects of pioglitazone on endothelial function, insulin sensitivity, and glucose control in subjects with coronary artery disease and new-onset Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care29, 1039–1045 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forst T, Hohberg C, Fuellert SD et al. Pharmacological PPARγ stimulation in contrast to β cell stimulation results in an improvement in adiponectin and proinsulin intact levels and reduces intima media thickness in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Horm. Metab. Res.37, 521–527 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horio T, Suzuki M, Takamisawa I et al. Pioglitazone-induced insulin sensitization improves vascular endothelial function in nondiabetic patients with essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens.18, 1626–1630 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito K, Ciotola M, Carleo D et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on endothelial function and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care29, 1071–1076 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh N, Ogawa Y, Usui T et al. Antiatherogenic effect of pioglitazone in Type 2 diabetic patients irrespective of the responsiveness to its antidiabetic effect. Diabetes Care26, 2493–2499 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullert S, Schneider F, Haak E et al. Effects of pioglitazone in nondiabetic patients with arterial hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87, 5503–5506 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshiyama H, Shimono D, Kuwamura N, Minamikawa J, Nakamura Y. Rapid communication: inhibitory effect of pioglitazone on carotid arterial wall thickness in Type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86, 3452–3456 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langenfeld MR, Forst T, Hohberg C et al. Pioglitazone decreases carotid intima-media thickness independently of glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from a controlled randomized study. Circulation111, 2525–2531 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfutzner A, Schneider CA, Forst T. Pioglitazone: an antidiabetic drug with cardiovascular therapeutic effects. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther.4, 445–459 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marx N, Froehlich J, Siam L et al. Antidiabetic PPAR γ-activator rosiglitazone reduces MMP-9 serum levels in Type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.23, 283–288 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzone T, Meyer PM, Feinstein SB et al. Effect of pioglitazone compared with glimepiride on carotid intima-media thickness in Type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA296, 2572–2581 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derosa G, Cicero AF, Dangelo A et al. Thiazolidinedione effects on blood pressure in diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome treated with glimepiride. Hypertens. Res.28, 917–924 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derosa G, Cicero AF, Gaddi A et al. A comparison of the effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone combined with glimepiride on prothrombotic state in Type 2 diabetic patients with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract.69, 5–13 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with Type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet366, 1279–1289 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green JB, Feinglos MN. Are sulfonylureas passe? Curr. Diab. Rep.6, 373–377 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Tan M, Johns D, Gonzalez GG et al. Effects of pioglitazone and glimepiride on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Mexican patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Clin. Ther.26, 680–693 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki Y, Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. Dose-response effect of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care25, 517–523 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu A, Jensen MD, McCann F, Mukhopadhyay D, Joyner MJ, Rizza RA. Effects of pioglitazone versus glipizide on body fat distribution, body water content, and hemodynamics in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care29, 510–514 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadid S, Jensen MD. Effects of pioglitazone versus diet and exercise on metabolic health and fat distribution in upper body obesity. Diabetes Care26, 3148–3152 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Souza CJ, Eckhardt M, Gagen K et al. Effects of pioglitazone on adipose tissue remodeling within the setting of obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes50, 1863–1871 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med.355, 2427–2443 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet368, 1096–1105 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macfarlane DP, Fisher M. Thiazolidinediones in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure: implications of emerging data. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs6, 297–304 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bando Y, Ushiogi Y, Okafuji K, Toya D, Tanaka N, Fujisawa M. Troglitazone combination therapy in obese Type 2 diabetic patients poorly controlled with α-glucosidase inhibitors. J. Int. Med. Res.27, 53–64 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesto RW. Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association: response to Elasy and Griffin. Diabetes Care27, 2096 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Karter AJ, Ahmed AT, Liu J, Moffet HH, Parker MM. Pioglitazone initiation and subsequent hospitalization for congestive heart failure. Diabet. Med.22, 986–993 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajagopalan R, Rosenson RS, Fernandes AW, Khan M, Murray FT. Association between congestive heart failure and hospitalization in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving treatment with insulin or pioglitazone: a retrospective data analysis. Clin. Ther.26, 1400–1410 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl M, Berger W. Higher incidence of severe hypoglycaemia leading to hospital admission in Type 2 diabetic patients treated with long-acting versus short-acting sulphonylureas. Diabet. Med.16, 586–590 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burge MR, Sood V, Sobhy TA, Rassam AG, Schade DS. Sulphonylurea-induced hypoglycaemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review. Diabetes Obes. Metab.1, 199–206 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar