Turner syndrome: update on current therapies

References

• Nielsen J, Wohlert M. Chromosome abnormalities found among 34,910 newborn children: results from a 13-year incidence study in Arhus, Denmark. Hum. Genet.87(1), 81–83 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravholt CH, Juul S, Naeraa RW, Hansen J. Morbidity in Turner syndrome. J. Clin. Epidemiol.51(2), 147–158 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakalov VK, Cooley MM, Quon MJ et al. Impaired insulin secretion in the Turner metabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89(7), 3516–3520 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovet JF. The psychoeducational characteristics of children with Turner syndrome. J. Learn. Disabil.26(5), 333–341 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell HF, Wallis D, Mazzocco MMM et al. Increased prevalence of ADHD in Turner syndrome with no evidence of imprinting effects. J. Pediatr. Psychol.31(9), 945–955 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho VB, Bakalov VK, Cooley M et al. Major vascular anomalies in Turner syndrome: prevalence and magnetic resonance angiographic features. Circulation110(12), 1694–1700 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson-Falk KL, Wright AM, Bakker B, Pitlick PT, Wilson DM, Rosenfeld RG. Cardiovascular evaluation in Turner syndrome: utility of MR imaging. Australas. Radiol.36(3), 204–209 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ostberg JE, Brookes JAS, McCarthy C, Halcox J, Conway GS. A comparison of echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging in cardiovascular screening of adults with Turner syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89(12), 5966–5971 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondy CA: Turner Syndrome Study Group. Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner Syndrome Study Group. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92(1), 10–25 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin AE, Lippe B, Rosenfeld RG. Further delineation of aortic dilation, dissection, and rupture in patients with Turner syndrome. Pediatrics102(1), E12 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matura LA, Rosing DR, Ho V, Bondy CA. Aortic dilatation and dissection in Turner syndrome. Circulation115 (2007) (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• Bondy CA, Van PK, Bakalov VK, Ho VB, Sachdev V, Rosing DR. Prolongation of the QTc interval in Turner syndrome. Medicine85(2), 75–81 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Bondy CA, Ceniceros I, Van PL, Bakalov VK, Rosing DR. Prolonged rate-corrected QT interval and other electrocardiogram abnormalities in girls with Turner syndrome. Pediatrics118(4), E1220–E1225 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Brown CJ, Greally JM. A stain upon the silence: genes escaping X inactivation. Trends Genet.19(8), 432–438 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Blaschke RJ, Rappold GA. SHOX: growth, Leri-Weill and Turner syndromes. Trends Endocrinol. Metab.11(6), 227–230 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranke MB, Pfluger H, Rosendahl W et al. Turner syndrome: spontaneous growth in 150 cases and review of the literature. Eur. J. Pediatr.141(2), 81–88 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rongen-Westerlaken C, Corel L, van den Broeck et al. Reference values for height, height velocity and weight in Turner’s syndrome. Swedish Study Group for GH treatment. Acta Paediatrica86(9), 937–942 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahnke N, Keller E, Landy H; Serono Study Group. Favorable final height outcome in girls with Ullrich-Turner syndrome treated with low-dose growth hormone together with oxandrolone despite starting treatment after 10 years of age. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.15(2), 129–138 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephure DK; Canadian Growth Hormone Advisory Committee. Impact of growth hormone supplementation on adult height in Turner syndrome: results of the Canadian randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(6), 3360–3366 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranke MB, Lindberg A, Chatelain P et al. Prediction of long-term response to recombinant human growth hormone in Turner syndrome: development and validation of mathematical models. KIGS International Board. Kabi International Growth Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.85(11), 4212–4218 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Reiter EO, Blethen SL, Baptista J, Price L. Early initiation of growth hormone treatment allows age-appropriate estrogen use in Turner’s syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86(5), 1936–1941 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Quigley CA, Crowe BJ, Anglin DG, Chipman JJ. Growth hormone and low dose estrogen in Turner syndrome: results of a United States multi-center trial to near-final height. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(5), 2033–2041 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carel JC, Mathivon L, Gendrel C, Chaussain JL. Growth hormone therapy for Turner syndrome: evidence for benefit. Horm. Res.48(Suppl. 5), 31–34 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Sas TC, de Muinck K, Stijnen T et al. Normalization of height in girls with Turner syndrome after long-term growth hormone treatment: results of a randomized dose-response trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.84(12), 4607–4612 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Hofman P, Cutfield WS, Robinson EM, Clavano A, Ambler GR, Cowell C. Factors predictive of response to growth hormone therapy in Turner’s syndrome. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.10(1), 27–33 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Sas TC, Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Stijnen T, Aanstoot HJ, Drop SL. Carbohydrate metabolism during long-term growth hormone (GH) treatment and after discontinuation of GH treatment in girls with Turner syndrome participating in a randomized dose-response study. Dutch Advisory Group on Growth Hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.85(2), 769–775 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld RG, Attie KM, Frane J et al. Growth hormone therapy of Turner’s syndrome: beneficial effect on adult height. J. Pediatr.132(2), 319–324 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carel J-C, Elie C, Ecosse E et al. Self-esteem and social adjustment in young women with Turner syndrome – influence of pubertal management and sexuality: population-based cohort study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91(8), 2972–2979 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfield RL, Devine N, Hunold JJ, Mauras N, Moshang T Jr, Root AW. Salutary effects of combining early very low-dose systemic estradiol with growth hormone therapy in girls with Turner syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(12), 6424–6430 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Pareren YK, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Stijnen T et al. Final height in girls with turner syndrome after long-term growth hormone treatment in three dosages and low dose estrogens. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88(3), 1119–1125 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ankarberg-Lindgren C, Elfving M, Wikland KA, Norjavaara E. Nocturnal application of transdermal estradiol patches produces levels of estradiol that mimic those seen at the onset of spontaneous puberty in girls. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86(7), 3039–3044 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano-Guillen L, Coste J, Ecosse E et al. Adult height and pubertal growth in Turner syndrome after treatment with recombinant growth hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(9), 5197–5204 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piippo S, Lenko H, Kainulainen P, Sipila I. Use of percutaneous estrogen gel for induction of puberty in girls with Turner syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89(7), 3241–3247 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutton EJ, Young J, McInerney-Leo A, Bondy CA, Gollust SE, Biesecker BB. Truth-telling and Turner syndrome: the importance of diagnostic disclosure. J. Pediatr.148(1), 102–107 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanton L, Axelrod L, Bakalov V, Bondy CA. The importance of estrogen replacement in young women with Turner syndrome. J. Womens Health (Larchmt)12(10), 971–977 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakalov V, Chen M, Baron J et al. Bone mineral density and fractures in Turner syndrome. Am. J. Med.115(4), 257–262 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Jobe S, Donohoue P, Di Paola J. Deep venous thrombosis and Turner syndrome. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol.26(4), 272 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Gravholt CH, Lauridsen AL, Brixen K, Mosekilde L, Heickendorff L, Christiansen JS. Marked disproportionality in bone size and mineral, and distinct abnormalities in bone markers and calcitropic hormones in adult turner syndrome: a cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(6), 2798–2808 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtold S, Rauch F, Noelle V et al. Musculoskeletal analyses of the forearm in young women with Turner syndrome: a study using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86(12), 5819–5823 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakalov VK, Axelrod L, Baron J et al. Selective reduction in cortical bone mineral density in turner syndrome independent of ovarian hormone deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88(12), 5717–5722 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan EC, Nelson LM, Bakalov VK et al. Effects of ovarian failure and X-chromosome deletion on body composition and insulin sensitivity in young women. Menopause13(6), 911–916 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovatta O. Pregnancies in women with Turner’s syndrome. Ann. Med.31(2), 106–110 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton E, McInerny-Leo A, Bondy C, Gollust S, Biesecker B. Turner syndrome: four challenges across the lifespan. 139(2), 57–66 Am. J. Med. Genet. (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Foudila T, Soderstrom-Anttila V, Hovatta O. Turner’s syndrome and pregnancies after oocyte donation. Hum. Reprod.14(2), 532–535 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnis MF, Zimon AE, Lalwani SI, Timmreck LS, Klipstein S, Reindollar RH. Risk of death in pregnancy achieved through oocyte donation in patients with Turner syndrome: a national survey. Fertil. Steril.80(3), 498–501 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Practice Committee, American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Increased maternal cardiovascular mortality associated with pregnancy in women with Turner syndrome. Fertil. Steril.83(4), 1074–1075 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gravholt CH, Naeraa RW, Nyholm B et al. Glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular risk factors in adult Turner’s syndrome. The impact of sex hormone replacement. Diabetes Care21(7), 1062–1070 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakalov VK, Cooley MM, Quon MJ et al. Impaired insulin secretion in the Turner metabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89(7), 3516–3520 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross JL, Feuillan P, Long LM, Kowal K, Kushner H, Cutler GB Jr. Lipid abnormalities in Turner syndrome. J. Pediatr.126(2), 242–245 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van PL, Bakalov VK, Bondy CA. Monosomy for the X chromosome is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91, 2867–2870 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooley M, Bakalov V, Bondy CA. Lipid profiles in women with 45,X vs 46,XX primary ovarian failure. JAMA290(16), 2127–2128 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van PL, Bakalov VK, Zinn AR, Bondy CA. Maternal X chromosome, visceral adiposity, and lipid profile. JAMA295(12), 1373–1374 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nathwani NC, Unwin R, Brook CG, Hindmarsh PC. The influence of renal and cardiovascular abnormalities on blood pressure in Turner syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)52(3), 371–377 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathwani NC, Unwin R, Brook CG, Hindmarsh PC. Blood pressure and Turner syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)52(3), 363–370 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravholt CH, Hansen KW, Erlandsen M, Ebbehoj E, Christiansen JS. Nocturnal hypertension and impaired sympathovagal tone in Turner syndrome. J. Hypertens.24(2), 353–360 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr MC, Hokanson JE, Zambon A et al. The contribution of intraabdominal fat to gender differences in hepatic lipase activity and low/high density lipoprotein heterogeneity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86(6), 2831–2837 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JC, Evans LM, Wilkinson I et al. Effects of GH replacement on endothelial function and large-artery stiffness in GH-deficient adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)56(4), 493–501 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carel J-C, Ecosse E, Bastie-Sigeac I et al. Quality of life determinants in young women with Turner’s syndrome after growth hormone treatment: results of the StaTur Population-Based Cohort Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(4), 1992–1997 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Bondy CA, Ceniceros I, Lange E, Bakalov VK. Declining estrogen use in young women with Turner syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med.166(12), 1322 (2006).
   Google Scholar