Role of radiolabeled octreotide therapy in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

References

• Kloppel G, Perren A, Heitz PU. The gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cell system and its tumors: the WHO classification. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1014, 13–27 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M. A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer97(4), 934–959 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willams ED, Sandler M. The classification of carcinoid tumours. Lancet1, 238–239 (1963).
   Google Scholar
• Moertel CG, Sauer WG, Dockerty MB, Baggenstoss AH. Life history of the carcinoid tumor of the small intestine. Cancer14, 901–912 (1961).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wautot V, Vercherat C, Lespinasse J et al. Germline mutation profile of MEN1 in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: search for correlation between phenotype and the functional domains of the MEN1 protein. Hum. Mutat.20(1), 35–47 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modlin IM, Kidd M, Latich I, Zikusoka MN, Shapiro MD. Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids. Gastroenterology128(6), 1717–1751 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller JE, Connolly HM, Rubin J, Seward JB, Modesto K, Pellikka PA. Factors associated with progression of carcinoid heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med.348(11), 1005–1015 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor JE, Theveniau MA, Bashirzadeh R, Reisine T, Eden PA. Detection of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) in established tumors and tumor cell lines: evidence for SSTR2 heterogeneity. Peptides15(7), 1229–1236 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corness JD, Demchyshyn LL, Seeman P et al. A human somatostatin receptor (SSTR3), located on chromosome 22, displays preferential affinity for somatostatin-14 like peptides. FEBS Lett.321(2–3), 279–284 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Yamada Y, Kagimoto S, Kubota A et al. Cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of a fourth (hSSTR4) and a fifth (hSSTR5) human somatostatin receptor subtype. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.195(2), 844–852 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Song J, Bruno JF, Berelowitz M. Molecular cloning and sequencing of a human somatostatin receptor, hSSTR4. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.193(2), 648–652 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rohrer L, Raulf F, Bruns C, Buettner R, Hofstaedter F, Schule R. Cloning and characterization of a fourth human somatostatin receptor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA90(9), 4196–4200 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demchyshyn LL, Srikant CB, Sunahara RK et al. Cloning and expression of a human somatostatin-14-selective receptor variant (somatostatin receptor 4) located on chromosome 20. Mol. Pharmacol.43(6), 894–901 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoyer D, Bell GI, Berelowitz M et al. Classification and nomenclature of somatostatin receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.16(3), 86–88 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reubi JC, Kvols LK, Waser B et al. Detection of somatostatin receptors in surgical and percutaneous needle biopsy samples of carcinoids and islet cell carcinomas. Cancer Res.50(18), 5969–5977 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reubi JC, Krenning E, Lamberts SW, Kvols L. Somatostatin receptors in malignant tissues. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.37(6), 1073–1077 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reubi JC, Waser B, Khosla S et al. In vitro and in vivo detection of somatostatin receptors in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.74(5), 1082–1089 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Waser B, Mengod G. Expression and localization of somatostatin receptor SSTR1, SSTR2, and SSTR3 messenger RNAs in primary human tumors using in situ hybridization. Cancer Res.54(13), 3455–3459 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota A, Yamada Y, Kagimoto S et al. Identification of somatostatin receptor subtypes and an implication for the efficacy of somatostatin analogue SMS 201–995 in treatment of human endocrine tumors. J. Clin. Invest.93(3), 1321–1325 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reubi JC, Laissue J, Krenning E, Lamberts SW. Somatostatin receptors in human cancer: incidence, characteristics, functional correlates and clinical implications. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.43(1–3), 27–35 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reubi JC, Chayvialle JA, Franc B, Cohen R, Calmettes C, Modigliani E. Somatostatin receptors and somatostatin content in medullary thyroid carcinomas. Lab. Invest.64(4), 567–573 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruns C, Weckbecker G, Raulf F et al. Molecular pharmacology of somatostatin-receptor subtypes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.733, 138–146 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamberts SW, van der Lely AJ, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ. Octreotide. N. Engl. J. Med.334(4), 246–254 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberts SW, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM et al. Parallel in vivo and in vitro detection of functional somatostatin receptors in human endocrine pancreatic tumors: consequences with regard to diagnosis, localization, and therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.71(3), 566–574 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schally AV. Oncological applications of somatostatin analogues. Cancer Res.48 (24 Pt 1), 6977–6985 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer W, Briner U, Doepfner W et al. SMS 201–995: a very potent and selective octapeptide analogue of somatostatin with prolonged action. Life Sci.31(11), 1133–1140 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor DT, Deftos LJ. Secretion of chromogranin A by peptide-producing endocrine neoplasms. N. Engl. J. Med.314(18), 1145–1151 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardill JE, Erikkson B. The importance of the measurement of circulating markers in patients with neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas and gut. Endocr. Relat. Cancer10(4), 459–462 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Seregni E, Ferrari L, Bajetta E, Martinetti A, Bombardieri E. Clinical significance of blood chromogranin A measurement in neuroendocrine tumours. Ann. Oncol.12(Suppl. 2), S69–S72 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Krenning EP, Bakker WH, Breeman WA et al. Localisation of endocrine-related tumours with radioiodinated analogue of somatostatin. Lancet1(8632), 242–244 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]- and [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide: the Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.20(8), 716–731 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frilling A, Malago M, Martin H, Broelsch CE. Use of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy to image extrahepatic metastases of neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery124(6), 1000–1004 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Oei HY et al. Somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy in gastroenteropancreatic tumors. An overview of European results. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.733416–424 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• John M, Meyerhof W, Richter D et al. Positive somatostatin receptor scintigraphy correlates with the presence of somatostatin receptor subtype 2. Gut38(1), 33–39 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson O, Kolby L, Wangberg B et al. Comparative studies on the expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes, outcome of octreotide scintigraphy and response to octreotide treatment in patients with carcinoid tumours. Br. J. Cancer77(4), 632–637 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvols LK, Brown ML, O’Connor MK et al. Evaluation of a radiolabeled somatostatin analog (I-123 octreotide) in the detection and localization of carcinoid and islet cell tumors. Radiology187(1), 129–133 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibril F, Reynolds JC, Lubensky IA et al. Ability of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy to identify patients with gastric carcinoids: a prospective study. J. Nucl. Med.41(10), 1646–1656 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ricke J, Klose KJ, Mignon M, Oberg K, Wiedenmann B. Standardisation of imaging in neuroendocrine tumours: results of a European delphi process. Eur. J. Radiol.37(1), 8–17 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dromain C, de Baere T, Lumbroso J et al. Detection of liver metastases from endocrine tumors: a prospective comparison of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. J. Clin. Oncol.23(1), 70–78 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reubi JC, Schar JC, Waser B et al. Affinity profiles for human somatostatin receptor subtypes SST1-SST5 of somatostatin radiotracers selected for scintigraphic and radiotherapeutic use. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.27(3), 273–282 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofmann M, Maecke H, Borner R et al. Biokinetics and imaging with the somatostatin receptor PET radioligand (68)Ga-DOTATOC: preliminary data. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.28(12), 1751–1757 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kowalski J, Henze M, Schuhmacher J, Macke HR, Hofmann M, Haberkorn U. Evaluation of positron emission tomography imaging using [68Ga]-DOTA-D Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-Octreotide in comparison to [111In]-DTPAOC SPECT. First results in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Mol. Imaging Biol.5(1), 42–48 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Jong M, Bakker WH, Krenning EP et al. Yttrium-90 and indium-111 labelling, receptor binding and biodistribution of [DOTA0,d-Phe1,Tyr3]octreotide, a promising somatostatin analogue for radionuclide therapy. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.24(4), 368–371 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwekkeboom DJ, Kooij PP, Bakker WH, Macke HR, Krenning EP. Comparison of 111In-DOTA-Tyr3-octreotide and 111In-DTPA-octreotide in the same patients: biodistribution, kinetics, organ and tumor uptake. J. Nucl. Med.40(5), 762–767 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maecke HR, Hofmann M, Haberkorn U. (68)Ga-labeled peptides in tumor imaging. J. Nucl. Med.46(Suppl. 1), S172–S178 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain RS, Canes D, Brown KT et al. Hepatic neuroendocrine metastases: does intervention alter outcomes? J. Am. Coll. Surg.190(4), 432–445 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Jaeck D, Oussoultzoglou E, Bachellier P et al. Hepatic metastases of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: safe hepatic surgery. World J. Surg.25(6), 689–692 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Carty SE, Jensen RT, Norton JA. Prospective study of aggressive resection of metastatic pancreatic endocrine tumors. Surgery112(6), 1024–1031 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Touzios JG, Kiely JM, Pitt SC et al. Neuroendocrine hepatic metastases: does aggressive management improve survival? Ann. Surg.241(5), 776–783 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dousset B, Saint-Marc O, Pitre J, Soubrane O, Houssin D, Chapuis Y. Metastatic endocrine tumors: medical treatment, surgical resection, or liver transplantation. World J. Surg.20(7), 908–914 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Norton JA, Warren RS, Kelly MG, Zuraek MB, Jensen RT. Aggressive surgery for metastatic liver neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery134(6), 1057–1063 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias D, Lasser P, Ducreux M et al. Liver resection (and associated extrahepatic resections) for metastatic well-differentiated endocrine tumors: a 15-year single center prospective study. Surgery133(4), 375–382 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarmiento JM, Que FG. Hepatic surgery for metastases from neuroendocrine tumors. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am.12(1), 231–242 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellman P, Lundstrom T, Ohrvall U et al. Effect of surgery on the outcome of midgut carcinoid disease with lymph node and liver metastases. World J. Surg.26(8), 991–997 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frilling A, Rogiers X, Malago M, Liedke OM, Kaun M, Broelsch CE. Treatment of liver metastases in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Langenbecks Arch. Surg.383(1), 62–70 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Frilling A, Malago M, Weber F et al. Liver transplantation for patients with metastatic endocrine tumors: single-center experience with 15 patients. Liver Transpl.12(7), 1089–1096 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• van Vilsteren FG, Baskin-Bey ES, Nagorney DM et al. Liver transplantation for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cancers: defining selection criteria to improve survival. Liver Transpl.12(3), 448–456 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welin SV, Janson ET, Sundin A et al. High-dose treatment with a long-acting somatostatin analogue in patients with advanced midgut carcinoid tumours. Eur. J. Endocrinol.151(1), 107–112 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruszniewski P, O’Toole D. Ablative therapies for liver metastases of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology80(Suppl. 1), 74–78 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Schnirer II, Yao JC, Ajani JA. Carcinoid – a comprehensive review. Acta Oncol.42(7), 672–692 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberg K, Kvols L, Caplin M et al. Consensus report on the use of somatostatin analogs for the management of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system. Ann. Oncol.15(6), 966–973 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberg K, Eriksson B, Janson ET. The clinical use of interferons in the management of neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.733 471–478 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Hoekstra R, Dumez H, Eskens FA et al. Phase I and pharmacologic study of PKI166, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res.11(19 Pt 1), 6908–6915 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao JC. Molecular targeted therapy for carcinoid and islet-cell carcinoma. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.21(1), 163–172 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruers TJ, de Jong KP, Ijzermans JN. Radiofrequency for the treatment of liver tumours. Dig. Surg.22(4), 245–253 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Berber E, Flesher N, Siperstein AE. Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of neuroendocrine liver metastases. World J. Surg.26(8), 985–990 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Johnson MM, Murthy R et al. Hepatic arterial embolization and chemoembolization for the treatment of patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors: variables affecting response rates and survival. Cancer104(8), 1590–1602 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Toole D, Maire F, Ruszniewski P. Ablative therapies for liver metastases of digestive endocrine tumours. Endocr. Relat. Cancer10(4), 463–468 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comaru-Schally AM, Schally AV. A clinical overview of carcinoid tumors: perspectives for improvement in treatment using peptide analogs (review). Int. J. Oncol.26(2), 301–309 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Schally AV, Nagy A. New approaches to treatment of various cancers based on cytotoxic analogs of LHRH, somatostatin and bombesin. Life Sci.72(21), 2305–2320 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krenning EP, de Jong M, Kooij PP et al. Radiolabelled somatostatin analogue(s) for peptide receptor scintigraphy and radionuclide therapy. Ann. Oncol.10(Suppl. 2), S23–S29 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fjalling M, Andersson P, Forssell-Aronsson E et al. Systemic radionuclide therapy using indium-111-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide in midgut carcinoid syndrome. J. Nucl. Med.37(9), 1519–1521 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy KE, Woltering EA, Espenan GD, Cronin M, Maloney TJ, Anthony LB. In situ radiotherapy with 111In-pentetreotide: initial observations and future directions. Cancer J. Sci. Am.4(2), 94–102 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pasieka JL, McEwan AJ, Rorstad O. The palliative role of 131I-MIBG and 111In-octreotide therapy in patients with metastatic progressive neuroendocrine neoplasms. Surgery136(6), 1218–1226 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkema R, de JM, Bakker WH et al. Phase I study of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with [In-DTPA]octreotide: the Rotterdam experience. Semin. Nucl. Med.32(2), 110–122 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buscombe JR, Caplin ME, Hilson AJ. Long-term efficacy of high-activity 111 In-pentetreotide therapy in patients with disseminated neuroendocrine tumors. J. Nucl. Med.44(1), 1–6 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, Kooij PP et al. Cholecystokinin receptor imaging using an octapeptide DTPA-CCK analogue in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.27(9), 1312–1317 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Kwekkeboom DJ, Mueller-Brand J, Paganelli G et al. Overview of results of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with 3 radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. J. Nucl. Med.46(Suppl. 1), S62–S66 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otte A, Jermann E, Behe M et al. DOTATOC: a powerful new tool for receptor-mediated radionuclide therapy. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.24(7), 792–795 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otte A, Mueller-Brand J, Dellas S, Nitzsche EU, Herrmann R, Maecke HR. Yttrium-90-labelled somatostatin-analogue for cancer treatment. Lancet351(9100), 417–418 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otte A, Herrmann R, Heppeler A et al. Yttrium-90 DOTATOC: first clinical results. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.26(11), 1439–1447 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paganelli G, Zoboli S, Cremonesi M et al. Receptor-mediated radiotherapy with 90Y-DOTA-D-Phe1-Tyr3-octreotide. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.28(4), 426–434 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stolz B, Weckbecker G, Smith-Jones PM, Albert R, Raulf F, Bruns C. The somatostatin receptor-targeted radiotherapeutic [90Y-DOTA-D-Phe1, Tyr3]octreotide (90Y-SMT 487) eradicates experimental rat pancreatic CA 20948 tumours. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.25(7), 668–674 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Jong M, Breeman WA, Bernard BF et al. Tumor response after [90Y-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide radionuclide therapy in a transplantable rat tumor model is dependent on tumor size. J. Nucl. Med.42(12), 1841–1846 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldherr C, Pless M, Maecke HR, Haldemann A, Mueller-Brand J. The clinical value of [90Y-DOTA]-d-Phe1-Tyr3-octreotide (90Y-DOTATOC) in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours: a clinical Phase II study. Ann. Oncol.12(7), 941–945 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodei L, Cremonesi M, Grana C et al. Receptor radionuclide therapy with 90Y-[DOTA]0-Tyr3-octreotide (90Y-DOTATOC) in neuroendocrine tumours. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging31(7), 1038–1046 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll S, Nickeleit V, Mueller-Brand J, Brunner FP, Maecke HR, Mihatsch MJ. A new cause of renal thrombotic microangiopathy: yttrium 90-DOTATOC internal radiotherapy. Am. J. Kidney Dis.37(4), 847–851 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinol M, Bodei L, Cremonesi M, Paganelli G. Receptor-mediated radiotherapy with Y-DOTA-DPhe-Tyr-octreotide: the experience of the European Institute of Oncology Group. Semin. Nucl. Med.32(2), 141–147 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong M, Kwekkeboom D, Valkema R, Krenning EP. Radiolabelled peptides for tumour therapy: current status and future directions. Plenary lecture at the EANM 2002. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging30(3), 463–469 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltsas GA, Papadogias D, Makras P, Grossman AB. Treatment of advanced neuroendocrine tumours with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues. Endocr. Relat. Cancer12(4), 683–699 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reubi JC. Peptide receptors as molecular targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Endocr. Rev.24(4), 389–427 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkema R, Pauwels S, Kvols LK et al. Survival and response after peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with [90Y-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide in patients with advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Semin. Nucl. Med.36(2), 147–156 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leimer M, Kurtaran A, Smith-Jones P et al. Response to treatment with yttrium 90-DOTA-lanreotide of a patient with metastatic gastrinoma. J. Nucl. Med.39(12), 2090–2094 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Virgolini I, Britton K, Buscombe J, Moncayo R, Paganelli G, Riva P. In- and Y-DOTA-lanreotide: results and implications of the MAURITIUS trial. Semin. Nucl. Med.32(2), 148–155 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virgolini I, Kurtaran A, Angelberger P, Raderer M, Havlik E, Smith-Jones P. “MAURITIUS”: tumour dose in patients with advanced carcinoma. Ital. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.31(Suppl. 2), S227–S230 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Forrer F, Uusijarvi H, Storch D, Maecke HR, Mueller-Brand J. Treatment with 177Lu-DOTATOC of patients with relapse of neuroendocrine tumors after treatment with 90Y-DOTATOC. J. Nucl. Med.46(8), 1310–1316 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, Kooij PP et al. [177Lu-DOTAOTyr3]octreotate: comparison with [111In-DTPAo]octreotide in patients. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.28(9), 1319–1325 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, Kam BL et al. Treatment of patients with gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) tumours with the novel radiolabelled somatostatin analogue [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging30(3), 417–422 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teunissen JJ, Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP. Quality of life in patients with gastroenteropancreatic tumors treated with [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate. J. Clin. Oncol.22(13), 2724–2729 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwekkeboom DJ, Teunissen JJ, Bakker WH et al. Radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177Lu DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate in patients with endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J. Clin. Oncol.23(12), 2754–2762 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong M, Breeman WA, Valkema R, Bernard BF, Krenning EP. Combination radionuclide therapy using 177Lu- and 90Y-labeled somatostatin analogs. J. Nucl. Med.46(Suppl. 1), S13–S17 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frilling A, Weber F, Saner F et al. Treatment with 90Y- and 177Lu-DOTATOC in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery140(6), 968–976 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldherr C, Pless M, Maecke HR et al. Tumor response and clinical benefit in neuroendocrine tumors after 7.4 GBq (90Y-DOTATOC. J. Nucl. Med.43(5), 610–616 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatal JF, Le Bodic MF, Kraeber-Bodere F, Rousseau C, Resche I. Nuclear medicine applications for neuroendocrine tumors. World J. Surg.24(11), 1285–1289 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Rindi G, Kloppel G, Alhman H et al. TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system 2. Virchows Arch.449(4), 395–401 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar