78
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Current management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

, &
Pages 549-558 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease from pathogenesis to management: an update. Obes. Rev. 11(6), 430–445 (2010).
  • Barrera F, George J. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: more than just ectopic fat accumulation. Drug Discov. Today 10(1–2), e47–e54 (2013).
  • Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Liu YC, McCullough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology 116(6), 1413–1419 (1999).
  • Adams LA, Angulo P, Lindor KD. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. CMAJ 172(7), 899–905 (2005).
  • Saglam K, Kilic R, Yilmaz MI, Gulec M, Baykal Y, Kutlu M. Insulin resistance in patients with steatohepatitis. Hepatogastroenterology 50(50), 456–459 (2003).
  • Luyckx FH, Lefebvre PJ, Scheen AJ. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: association with obesity and insulin resistance, and influence of weight loss. Diabetes Metab. 26(2), 98–106 (2000).
  • Comert B, Mas MR, Erdem H et al. Insulin resistance in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig. Liver Dis. 33(4), 353–358 (2001).
  • Knobler H, Schattner A, Zhornicki T et al. Fatty liver--an additional and treatable feature of the insulin resistance syndrome. QJM 92(2), 73–79 (1999).
  • Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 50(8), 1844–1850 (2001).
  • Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin. Liver Dis. 9(4), 617–634; vi (2005).
  • Choudhury J, Sanyal AJ. Insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin. Liver Dis. 8(3), 575–594(2004).
  • Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M. Need for a three-focused approach to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 53(5), 1773; author reply 1774 (2011).
  • Stepanova M, Younossi ZM. Independent association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease in the US population. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10(6), 646–650 (2012).
  • Rafiq N, Bai C, Fang Y et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7(2), 234–238 (2009).
  • Stepanova M, Rafiq N, Younossi ZM. Components of metabolic syndrome are independent predictors of mortality in patients with chronic liver disease: a population-based study. Gut 59(10), 1410–1415 (2010).
  • Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 129(1), 113–121 (2005).
  • Ong JP, Pitts A, Younossi ZM. Increased overall mortality and liver-related mortality in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol. 49(4), 608–612 (2008).
  • Brea A, Mosquera D, Martin E, Arizti A, Cordero JL, Ros E. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with carotid atherosclerosis: a case-control study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25(5), 1045–1050 (2005).
  • McCullough AJ. Update on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 34(3), 255–262 (2002).
  • Mulhall BP, Younossi ZM. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol. 7(6), 423–430 (2004).
  • Ong JP, Elariny H, Collantes R et al. Predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis in morbidly obese patients. Obes. Surg. 15(3), 310–315 (2005).
  • Mofrad P, Contos MJ, Haque M et al. Clinical and histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with normal ALT values. Hepatology 37(6), 1286–1292 (2003).
  • Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Lee KE et al. Metabolic significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese, nondiabetic adults. Arch. Intern. Med. 164(19), 2169–2175 (2004).
  • Brudevold R, Hole T, Hammerstrom J. Hyperferritinemia is associated with insulin resistance and fatty liver in patients without iron overload. PLoS ONE 3(10), e3547(2008).
  • Bugianesi E, Manzini P, D'Antico S et al. Relative contribution of iron burden, HFE mutations, and insulin resistance to fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver. Hepatology 39(1), 179–187 (2004).
  • Fargion S, Mattioli M, Fracanzani AL et al. Hyperferritinemia, iron overload, and multiple metabolic alterations identify patients at risk for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96(8), 2448–2455 (2001).
  • Day CP, James OF. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits”? Gastroenterology 114(4), 842–845 (1998).
  • Vuppalanchi R, Gould RJ, Wilson LA et al. Clinical significance of serum autoantibodies in patients with NAFLD: results from the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis clinical research network. Hepatol. Int. (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Saadeh S, Younossi ZM, Remer EM et al. The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 123(3), 745–850 (2002).
  • Schwenzer NF, Springer F, Schraml C, Stefan N, Machann J, Schick F. Non-invasive assessment and quantification of liver steatosis by ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance. J. Hepatol. 51(3), 433–445 (2009).
  • Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Liu YC et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: assessment of variability in pathologic interpretations. Mod. Pathol. 11(6), 560–565 (1998).
  • Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bacon BR. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94(9), 2467–2474 (1999).
  • Gramlich T, Kleiner DE, McCullough AJ, Matteoni CA, Boparai N, Younossi ZM. Pathologic features associated with fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hum. Pathol. 35(2), 196–199 (2004).
  • Wieckowska A, McCullough AJ, Feldstein AE. Noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: present and future. Hepatology 46(2), 582–589 (2007).
  • Younossi ZM, Jarrar M, Nugent C et al. A novel diagnostic biomarker panel for obesity-related nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Obes. Surg. 18(11), 1430–1437 (2008).
  • Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 346(16), 1221–1231 (2002).
  • Falck-Ytter Y, Younossi ZM, Marchesini G, McCullough AJ. Clinical features and natural history of nonalcoholic steatosis syndromes. Semin. Liver Dis. 21(1), 17–26 (2001).
  • Tran TT, Changsri C, Shackleton CR et al. Living donor liver transplantation: histological abnormalities found on liver biopsies of apparently healthy potential donors. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21(2), 381–383 (2006).
  • Minervini MI, Ruppert K, Fontes P et al. Liver biopsy findings from healthy potential living liver donors: reasons for disqualification, silent diseases and correlation with liver injury tests. J. Hepatol. 50(3), 501–510 (2009).
  • Ryan CK, Johnson LA, Germin BI, Marcos A. One hundred consecutive hepatic biopsies in the workup of living donors for right lobe liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 8(12), 1114–1122 (2002).
  • Dhingra R, Sullivan L, Jacques PF et al. Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community. Circulation 116(5), 480–488 (2007).
  • Abdelmalek MF, Suzuki A, Guy C et al. Increased fructose consumption is associated with fibrosis severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 51(6), 1961–1971 (2010).
  • Maersk M, Belza A, Stodkilde-Jorgensen H et al. Sucrose-sweetened beverages increase fat storage in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat depot: a 6-mo randomized intervention study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95(2), 283–289 (2012).
  • Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Su GL, Conjeevaram HS, Emick DM, Lok AS. NAFLD may be a common underlying liver disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Hepatology 36(6), 1349–1354 (2002).
  • Aller R, De Luis DA, Izaola O et al. Lys656Asn polymorphism of leptin receptor, leptin levels and insulin resistance in patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 16(3), 335–341 (2012).
  • Zain SM, Mohamed Z, Mahadeva S et al. Impact of leptin receptor gene variants on risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its interaction with adiponutrin gene. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 28(5), 873–879 (2013).
  • Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 30(6), 1356–1362 (1999).
  • Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Matteoni CA, Boparai N, McCullough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2(3), 262–265 (2004).
  • Targher G, Day CP, Bonora E. Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 363(14), 1341–1350 (2010).
  • Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R et al. Relations between carotid artery wall thickness and liver histology in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Care 29(6), 1325–1330 (2006).
  • Malhi H, Gores GJ. Molecular mechanisms of lipotoxicity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin. Liver Dis. 28(4), 360–369 (2008).
  • Chitturi S, Farrell GC. Etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin. Liver Dis. 21(1), 27–41 (2001).
  • Lewis GF, Carpentier A, Adeli K, Giacca A. Disordered fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Endocr. Rev. 23(2), 201–229 (2002).
  • Ukkola O, Santaniemi M. Adiponectin: a link between excess adiposity and associated comorbidities? J. Mol. Med. 80(11), 696–702 (2002).
  • Kaplan LM. Leptin, obesity, and liver disease. Gastroenterology 115(4), 997–1001 (1998).
  • Kowdley KV, Pratt DS. Adiponectin--tipping the scales from NAFLD to NASH? Gastroenterology 128(2), 511–513; author reply 513(2005).
  • National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. NIH Publication No. 98–4083, Bethesda, MD, USA(1998).
  • Medina J, Fernandez-Salazar LI, Garcia-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R. Approach to the pathogenesis and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Diabetes care 27(8), 2057–2066 (2004).
  • Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Coffee and tea consumption are associated with a lower incidence of chronic liver disease in the United States. Gastroenterology 129(6), 1928–1936 (2005).
  • Birerdinc A, Stepanova M, Pawloski L, Younossi ZM. Caffeine is protective in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 35(1), 76–82 (2012).
  • Yamauchi R, Kobayashi M, Matsuda Y et al. Coffee and caffeine ameliorate hyperglycemia, fatty liver, and inflammatory adipocytokine expression in spontaneously diabetic KK-Ay mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58(9), 5597–5603 (2010).
  • Solga SF, Diehl AM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: lumen-liver interactions and possible role for probiotics. J. Hepatol. 38(5), 681–687 (2003).
  • Li Z, Yang S, Lin H et al. Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 37(2), 343–350 (2003).
  • Shanab AA, Scully P, Crosbie O et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association with toll-like receptor 4 expression and plasma levels of interleukin 8. Dig. Dis. Sci. 56(5), 1524–1534 (2011).
  • Loguercio C, Federico A, Tuccillo C et al. Beneficial effects of a probiotic VSL#3 on parameters of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 39(6), 540–543 (2005).
  • Graham DJ, Drinkard CR, Shatin D. Incidence of idiopathic acute liver failure and hospitalized liver injury in patients treated with troglitazone. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98(1), 175–179 (2003).
  • Boettcher E, Csako G, Pucino F, Wesley R, Loomba R. Meta-analysis: pioglitazone improves liver histology and fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 35(1), 66–75 (2012).
  • Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Wajcberg E, Bajaj M, Mandarino LJ, DeFronzo RA. Effect of pioglitazone on circulating adipocytokine levels and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89(9), 4312–4319 (2004).
  • Karlsson HK, Hallsten K, Bjornholm M et al. Effects of metformin and rosiglitazone treatment on insulin signaling and glucose uptake in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Diabetes 54(5), 1459–1467 (2005).
  • Promrat K, Lutchman G, Uwaifo GI et al. A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 39(1), 188–196 (2004).
  • Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(18), 1675–1685 (2010).
  • Mazza A, Fruci B, Garinis GA, Giuliano S, Malaguarnera R, Belfiore A. The role of metformin in the management of NAFLD. Exp. Diabetes Res. 2012, 716404(2012).
  • Ekstedt M, Franzen LE, Mathiesen UL, Holmqvist M, Bodemar G, Kechagias S. Statins in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronically elevated liver enzymes: a histopathological follow-up study. J. Hepatol. 47(1), 135–141 (2007).
  • Bhardwaj SS, Chalasani N. Lipid-lowering agents that cause drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Clin. Liver Dis. 11(3), 597–613; vii (2007).
  • Onofrei MD, Butler KL, Fuke DC, Miller HB. Safety of statin therapy in patients with preexisting liver disease. Pharmacotherapy 28(4), 522–529 (2008).
  • Hyogo H, Tazuma S, Arihiro K et al. Efficacy of atorvastatin for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with dyslipidemia. Metabolism 57(12), 1711–1718 (2008).
  • Kashi MR, Torres DM, Harrison SA. Current and emerging therapies in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin. Liver Dis. 28(4), 396–406 (2008).
  • Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 317(20), 1237–1245 (1987).
  • Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P et al. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366(9500), 1849–1861 (2005).
  • Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation 102(1), 21–27 (2000).
  • Laurin J, Lindor KD, Crippin JS et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid or clofibrate in the treatment of non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Hepatology 23(6), 1464–1467 (1996).
  • Scott R, O'Brien R, Fulcher G et al. Effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabetes Care 32(3), 493–498 (2009).
  • Bugianesi E, Gentilcore E, Manini R et al. A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100(5), 1082–1090 (2005).
  • Tziomalos K, Krassas GE, Tzotzas T. The use of sibutramine in the management of obesity and related disorders: an update. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 5(1), 441–452 (2009).
  • Sam AH, Salem V, Ghatei MA. Rimonabant: from RIO to Ban. J. Obes. 2011, 432607(2011).
  • Patel PN, Pathak R. Rimonabant: a novel selective cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist for treatment of obesity. Am. J. Health. Syst. Pharm. 64(5), 481–489 (2007).
  • Ibanez P, Solis N, Pizarro M et al. Effect of losartan on early liver fibrosis development in a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22(6), 846–851 (2007).
  • Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Hepatology 55(6), 2005–2023 (2012).
  • Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 306(14), 1549–1556 (2011).
  • Foster T, Budoff MJ, Saab S, Ahmadi N, Gordon C, Guerci AD. Atorvastatin and antioxidants for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the St Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 106(1), 71–77 (2011).
  • Matafome P, Louro T, Rodrigues L et al. Metformin and atorvastatin combination further protect the liver in type 2 diabetes with hyperlipidaemia. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 27(1), 54–62 (2011).
  • Lindor KD, Kowdley KV, Heathcote EJ et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a randomized trial. Hepatology 39(3), 770–778 (2004).
  • Adams LA, Angulo P, Petz J, Keach J, Lindor KD. A pilot trial of high-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol. Int. 4(3), 628–633 (2010).
  • Klein S, Mittendorfer B, Eagon JC et al. Gastric bypass surgery improves metabolic and hepatic abnormalities associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 130(6), 1564–1572 (2006).
  • Mathurin P, Hollebecque A, Arnalsteen L et al. Prospective study of the long-term effects of bariatric surgery on liver injury in patients without advanced disease. Gastroenterology 137(2), 532–540 (2009).
  • Moretto M, Kupski C, da Silva VD, Padoin AV, Mottin CC. Effect of bariatric surgery on liver fibrosis. Obes. Surg. 22(7), 1044–1049 (2012).
  • Silverman EM, Sapala JA, Appelman HD. Regression of hepatic steatosis in morbidly obese persons after gastric bypass. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 104(1), 23–31 (1995).
  • Stratopoulos C, Papakonstantinou A, Terzis I et al. Changes in liver histology accompanying massive weight loss after gastroplasty for morbid obesity. Obes. Surg. 15(8), 1154–1160 (2005).
  • Weiner RA. Surgical treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig. Dis. 28(1), 274–279 (2010).
  • Kral JG, Thung SN, Biron S et al. Effects of surgical treatment of the metabolic syndrome on liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Surgery 135(1), 48–58 (2004).
  • Dixon JB, Bhathal PS, Hughes NR, O'Brien PE. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: improvement in liver histological analysis with weight loss. Hepatology 39(6), 1647–1654 (2004).
  • Jones Nielsen JD, Laverty AA, Millett C, Mainous AG 3rd, Majeed A, Saxena S. Rising obesity-related hospital admissions among children and young people in England: national time trends study. PLoS ONE 8(6), e65764(2013).
  • Hebert JR, Allison DB, Archer E, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Scientific decision making, policy decisions, and the obesity pandemic. Mayo Clin. Proc. 88(6), 593–604 (2013).
  • Deldin AR, Lee S. Role of physical activity in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 38(8), 805–812 (2013).
  • Bozic MA, Subbarao G, Molleston JP. Pediatric nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 28(4), 448–458 (2013).
  • Mager DR, Yap J, Rodriguez-Dimitrescu C, Mazurak V, Ball G, Gilmour S. Anthropometric measures of visceral and subcutaneous fat are important in the determination of metabolic dysregulation in boys and girls at risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 28(1), 101–111 (2013).
  • Ovchinsky N, Lavine JE. A critical appraisal of advances in pediatric nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Semin. Liver Dis. 32(4), 317–324 (2012).
  • Giorgio V, Prono F, Graziano F, Nobili V. Pediatric non alcoholic fatty liver disease: old and new concepts on development, progression, metabolic insight and potential treatment targets. BMC Pediatr. 13, 40(2013).
  • Raychaudhuri M, Sanyal D. Childhood obesity: determinants, evaluation, and prevention. Indian. J. Endocrinol. Metab. 16(Suppl. 2), S192–S194 (2012).
  • Yin Z, Moore JB, Johnson MH, Vernon MM, Gutin B. The impact of a 3-year after-school obesity prevention program in elementary school children. Child Obes. 8(1), 60–70 (2012).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.