Applying emerging science to contraception research: implications for the clinic

References

• United Nations. World Population Prospects: the 2012 Revision. United Nations; New York, US: 2013
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. World CONTRACEPTIVE USE 2011 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2010). United Nations, New York; 2011. Available from: www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wcu2010/WCP_2010/Data.html [Last accessed 20 April 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Daulaire N, Leidl P, Mackin L, et al. Promises to Keep: the toll of unintended pregnancies on women’s lives in the developing World. Global Health Council; Washington, DC: 2002
   Google Scholar
• Tsui AO, McDonald-Mosley R, Burke AE. Family planning and the burden of unintended pregnancies. Epidemiol Rev 2010;32:152-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend JW, Sitruk-Ware R, Williams K, et al. New strategies for providing hormonal contraception in developing countries. Contraception 2011;83:405-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finer LB, Henshaw SK. Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States. 1994;Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2006;38:90-6
   Google Scholar
• Frost JJ, Darroch JE. Factors associated with contraceptive choice and inconsistent method use. United States 2004;Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2008;40:94-104
   Google Scholar
• Martínez-Astorquiza-Ortiz de Zarate T, Díaz-Martín T, Martínez-Astorquiza-Corral T; MIA Study Investigators. Evaluation of factors associated with noncompliance in users of combined hormonal contraceptive methods: a cross-sectional study: results from the MIA study. BMC Womens Health 2013;13:38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgh G, Henshaw S, Singh S, et al. Induced abortion: estimated rates and trends worldwide. Lancet 2007;370:1338-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah I, Ahman E. Unsafe abortion in 2008: global and regional levels and trends. Reprod Health Matters 2010;18:90-101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cates WJr. Family planning: the essential link to achieving all eight millennium development goals. Contraception 2010;81:460-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra A, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, et al. Fertility, family planning, and Reproductive health of U.S. women: data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 2005;23(25):1-160
   Google Scholar
• Trussell J, Portman D. The creeping pearl: why has the rate of contraceptive failure increased in clinical trials of combined hormonal contraceptive pills? Contraception 2013;88:604-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rad M, Kluft C, Ménard J, et al. Comparative effects of a contraceptive vaginal ring delivering a nonandrogenic progestin and continuous ethinyl estradiol and a combined oral contraceptive containing levonorgestrel on hemostasis variables. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195:72-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Meijers JC, et al. Effects of second and third generation oral contraceptives and their respective progestagens on the coagulation system in the absence or presence of the factor V Leiden mutation. Thromb Haemost 2002;87:199-205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegratz I, Lee JH, Kutschera E, et al. Effect of four oral contraceptives on hemostatic parameters. Contraception 2004;70:97-106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parke S, Junge W, Mellinger U, et al. Oral Comparative effects of a four-phasic regimen of estradiol valerate/dienogest versus ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel on haemostatic parameters. Hum Reprod 2008;23:i77
   Google Scholar
• Jensen J. Evaluation of a new estradiol oral contraceptive: estradiol valerate and dienogest. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010;11:1147-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ågren UM, Anttila M, Mäenpää-Liukko K, et al. Effects of a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate and 17β-oestradiol compared with one containing levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol on haemostasis, lipids and carbohydrate metabolism. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2011;16:444-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser M, CoelinghBennink H. Estetrol: a new estrogen in the pill? Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2008;13:17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sitruk-Ware R, Plu-Bureau G, Menard J, et al. Effects of oral and transvaginal ethinyl estradiol on hemostatic factors and hepatic proteins in a randomized, crossover study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:2074-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White T, Ozel B, Jain JK, Stanczyk FZ. Effects of transdermal and oral contraceptives on estrogen-sensitive hepatic proteins. Contraception 2006;74:293-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jick SS, Hagberg KW, Hernandez RK, Kaye JA. Postmarketing study of ORTHO EVRA and levonorgestrel oral contraceptives containing hormonal contraceptives with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol in relation to nonfatal venous thromboembolism. Contraception 2010;81:16-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jick S, Kaye JA, Li L, Jick H. Further results on the risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in users of the contraceptive transdermal patch compared to users of oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and 35 microg of ethinyl estradiol. Contraception 2007;76:4-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junge W, Heger-Mahn D, Trummer D, Merz M. Investigation of the hemostatic effect of a transdermal patch containing 0.55 mg ethinyl estradiol and 2.1 mg gestodene compared with a monophasic oral contraceptive containing 0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol and 0.15 mg levonorgestrel: an open-label, randomized, crossover study. Drugs R D 2013;13:223-33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westhoff CL, Reinecke I, Bangerter K, Merz M. Impact of body mass index on suppression of follicular development and ovulation using a transdermal patch containing 0.55-mg ethinyl estradiol/2.1-mg gestodene: a multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled study over three treatment cycles. Contraception 2014;90(3):272-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiegratz I, Bassol S, Weisberg E, et al. Effect of a low-dose contraceptive patch on efficacy, bleeding pattern, and safety: a 1-year, multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled study. Reprod Sci 2014;10.1177/1933719114532840
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Archer DF, Stanczyk FZ, Rubin A, Foegh M. Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel pharmacokinetics with a low-dose transdermal contraceptive delivery system, AG200-15: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception 2012;85:595-601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foegh M, Archer DF, Stanczyk FZ, et al. Ovarian activity in obese and nonobese women treated with three transdermal contraceptive patches delivering three different doses of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel. Contraception 2013;87:201-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaunitz AM, Mishell DRJr, Foegh M. Comparative phase 3 study of AG200-15, a low-dose estrogen and levonorgestrel contraceptive patch. 2012. Presented at the 60th Annual Clinical Meeting of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, May 5-9, 2012, San Diego, CA. Available from: www.agiletherapeutics.com/pdf/posters/ACOG%20CL12%20Poster%20FINAL.pdf [Last accessed 17 June 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Watson pharmaceuticals. Efficacy and safety study of Norethindrone acetate transdermal delivery system in contraception. Available from: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01140217 [Last accessed 17 June 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Jensen JT. The future of contraception: innovations in contraceptive agents: tomorrow’s hormonal contraceptive agents and their clinical implications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;205:S21-5
   Google Scholar
• De Lignieres B, Basdevant A, Thomas G, et al. Biological effects of estradiol-17 beta in postmenopausal women: oral versus percutaneous administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62:536-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarabin PY, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, et al. Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk. Lancet 2003;362:428-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitruk-Ware R, Merkatz RB, Brache V, et al. A dose-finding, cross-over study to evaluate the effect of a transdermal Nestorone®-Estradiol gel on ovulation suppression in young women. 13th ESC Congress (Lisbon, Portugal); 28 – 31 May, 2014; Poster A189 Eur. J. Contraception & Reprod. Health Care, Abstracts of Posters 2014. Vol 19, No S1: S203
   Google Scholar
• Merkatz RB, Plagianos M, Hoskin E, et al. Acceptability of the nestorone®/ethinyl estradiol contraceptive vaginal ring: development of a model; implications for introduction. Contraception 2014;90(5):514-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Sanchez F, Brache V, Jackanicz T, Faundes A. Evaluation of four different contraceptive vaginal rings: steroid serum levels, luteal activity, bleeding control, and lipid profiles. Contraception 1992;46:387-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieben TO, Roumen FJ, Apter D. Efficacy, cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:585-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath A, Sitruk-Ware R. Progesterone vaginal ring for contraceptive use during lactation. Contraception 2010;82:428-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivin I, Díaz S, Croxatto HB, et al. Contraceptives for lactating women: a comparative trial of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring and the copper T 380A IUD. Contraception 1997;55:225-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitruk-Ware R, Merkatz R, Sussman H, Variano B. A one year contraceptive vaginal ring delivering Nestorone and ethinyl-estradiol, [abstract SS4-2]. Program and abstracts of the 11th Congress of the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health; May 19-22, 2010; The Hague, The Netherlands
   Google Scholar
• A dose-finding study to evaluate the effect of a contraceptive vaginal ring, releasing Nestorone® and Estradiol, on cycle control, ovulation inhibition, and pharmacokinetics in normal cycling women. Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT01586000 Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01586000 [Last accessed on 31 May 2014]
   Google Scholar
• A Dose-Finding Study to Evaluate Ovarian Function and Vaginal Bleeding in Next Generation Rings (P06109/MK-8175A/MK-8342B-012 AM2). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT01709318 Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01709318 [Last accessed on 2 June 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Brache V, Croxatto H, Sitruk-Ware R, et al. Effect of a single vaginal administration of levonorgestrel in Carraguard gel on the ovulatory process: a potential candidate for “dual protection” emergency contraception. Contraception 2007;76:11-16
   Google Scholar
• Brache V, Croxatto H, Kumar N, et al. Effect of sexual intercourse on the absorption of levonorgestrel after vaginal administration of 0.75 mg in Carraguard gel: a randomized, cross-over, pharmacokinetic study. Contraception 2009;79:150-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabbert-Buffet N, Meduri G, Bouchard P, Spitz IM. Selective progesterone receptor modulators and progesterone antagonists: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Hum Reprod Update 2005;11:293-307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nallasamy S, Kim J, Sitruk-Ware R, et al. Ulipristal blocks ovulation by inhibiting progesterone receptor-dependent pathways intrinsic to the ovary. Reprod Sci 2013;20:371-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabbert-Buffet N, Pintiaux-Kairis A, Bouchard P; VA2914 Study Group. Effects of the progesterone receptor modulator VA2914 in a continuous low dose on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and endometrium in normal women: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(9):3582-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01953679 [Last accessed on 10 Sept 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Brache V, Sitruk-Ware R, Williams A, et al. Effects of a novel estrogen-free, progesterone receptor modulator contraceptive vaginal ring on inhibition of ovulation, bleeding patterns and endometrium in normal women. Contraception 2012;85:480-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YM, Jensen J, Brache V, et al. A randomized study on pharmacodynamic effects of vaginal rings delivering the progesterone receptor modulator, Ulipristal acetate. Research for a novel estrogen-free, method of contraception. Contraception 2014;10.1016/j.contraception.2014.08.006
   Google Scholar
• Communal L, Vilasco M, Hugon-Rodin J, et al. Ulipristal acetate does not impact human normal breast tissue. Hum Reprod 2012;9:2785-98
   Google Scholar
• Liu A, Margaill I, Zhang S, et al. Progesterone receptors: a key for neuroprotection in experimental stroke. Endocrinology 2012;153:3747-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Zhao L, She H, et al. Clinically relevant progestins regulate neurogenic and neuroprotective responses in vitro and in vivo. Endocrinology 2010;151:5782-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain R, El-Etr M, Gaci O, et al. Progesterone and Nestorone facilitate axon remyelination: a role for progesterone receptors. Endocrinology 2011;152:3820-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouattara LA, Barnable P, Mawson P, et al. MIV-150-containing intravaginal rings protect macaque vaginal explants against SHIV-RT infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:2841-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fetherston SM, Boyd P, McCoy CF, et al. A silicone elastomer vaginal ring for HIV prevention containing two microbicides with different mechanisms of action. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012;48:406-15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thurman AR, Clark MR, Hurlburt JA, Doncel GF. Intravaginal rings as delivery systems for microbicides and multipurpose prevention technologies. Int J Womens Health 2013;5:695-708
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Major I, Boyd P, Kilbourne-Brook M, et al. A modified SILCS contraceptive diaphragm for long-term controlled release of the HIV microbicide dapivirine. Contraception 2013;88:58-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowdy DW, Sweat MD, Holtgrave DR. Country-wide distribution of the nitrile female condom (FC2) in Brazil and South Africa: a cost-effectiveness analysis. AIDS 2006;20:2091-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukandavire Z, Garira W. Sex-structured HIV/AIDS model to analyse the effects of condom use with application to Zimbabwe. J Math Biol 2007;54:669-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim QA, Karim SSA, Frohlich JA, et al. Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science Express 2010;329:1168-74
   Google Scholar
• Kenney J, Singer R, Derby N, et al. A single dose of a MIV-150/Zinc acetate gel provides 24 h of protection against vaginal simian human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase infection, with more limited protection rectally 8-24 h after gel use. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012;28:1476-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteson KA, Rahn DD, Wheeler TLII, et al. Nonsurgical management of heavy menstrual bleeding: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:632-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uysal A, Taner CE, Mun S, et al. Use of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in the treatment of adenomyosis associated heavy menstrual bleeding. J Pak Med Assoc 2013;63:1349-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Havrilesky LJ, Gierisch JM, Moorman PG, et al. Oral contraceptive use for the primary prevention of ovarian cancer. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2013;212:1-514
   Google Scholar
• Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013;22:1931-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieschlag E, Kumar N, Sitruk-Ware R. 7α-Methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENTR): the Population Council’s contribution to research on male contraception and treatment of hypogonadism. Contraception 2013;87:288-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar N, Didolkar AK, Monder C, et al. The biological activity of 7a-methyl-19-nortestosterone is not amplified in male reproductive tract as is that of testosterone. Endocrinology 1992;130:3677-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundaram K, Kumar N, Bardin CW. 7 alpha-Methyl-19-nortestosterone: an ideal androgen for replacement therapy. Recent Prog Horm Res 1994;49:373-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Eckardstein S, Noe G, Brache V, et al. A clinical trial of 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone implants for possible use as a long-acting contraceptive for men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(11):5232-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain R, Ghoumari AM, Bielecki B, et al. The neural androgen receptor: a therapeutic target for myelin repair in chronic demyelination. Brain 2013;136:132-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, et al. Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1998-2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thonneau PF, Almont T. Contraceptive efficacy of intrauterine devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:248-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skyla. Available from: http://hcp.skyla-us.com/index.php [Last accessed on 3 July 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Gemzell-Danielsson K, Schellschmidt I, Apter D. A randomized, Phase II study describing the efficacy, bleeding profile, and safety of two low-dose levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive systems and Mirena. Fertil Steril 2012;97:616-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikinheimo O, Vani S, Carpén O, et al. Intrauterine release of progesterone antagonist ZK230211 is feasible and results in novel endometrial effects: a pilot study. Hum Reprod 2007;22(9):2515-22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• An explorative trial to explore the safety, acceptability and vaginal bleeding pattern of three etonogestrel-releasing medicated intrauterine systems. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00967746 [Last accessed on 17 June 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Comparative Study of the VeraCept Low-Dose Intrauterine Copper Contraceptive vs. the TCu380 Copper IUD. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02167763 [Last accessed on 3 August 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Baram I, Weinstein A, Trussell J. The IUB, a newly invented IUD: a brief report. Contraception 2014;89:139-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubacher D, Kimani J, Steiner MJ, et al. Contraceptive implants in Kenya: current status and future prospects. Contraception 2007;75:468-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner MJ, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, et al. Sino-implant(II) – a levonorgestrel-releasing two-rod implant: systematic review of the randomized controlled trials. Contraception 2010;81:197-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nexplanon. Available from: www.nexplanon-usa.com [Last accessed on 16 April 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Massai MR, Díaz S, Quinteros E, et al. Contraceptive efficacy and clinical performance of Nestorone implants in postpartum women. Contraception 2001;64:369-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke HM, Mueller MP, Packer C, et al. Provider acceptability of Sayana® Press: results from community health workers and clinic-based providers in Uganda and Senegal. Contraception 2014;89:368-73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Available from: www.fhi360.org/projects/development-longer-acting-injectable-contraceptive [Last accessed on 12 September 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Feero WG, Guttmacher AE, Collins FS. Genomic Medicine — An Updated Primer. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2001-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makris M, Leach M, Beauchamp NJ, et al. Genetic analysis, phenotypic diagnosis, and risk of venous thrombosis in families with inherited deficiencies of protein S. Blood 2000;95:1935-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horakova K, Kolorz M, Bartosova L, et al. Three polymorphisms in promoter of protein C gene with endothelial protein c receptor gene and risk of venous thrombosis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2013;24:814-17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richards JS, Pangas SA. The ovary: basic biology and clinical implications. J Clin Invest 2010;120:963-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy DM, Stouffer RL. Follicular administration of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor can prevent oocyte release without alteration of normal luteal function in rhesus monkeys. Hum Reprod 2002;17:2825-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peluffo MC, Stanley J, Braeuer N, et al. A prostaglandin E2 receptor antagonist prevents pregnancies during a preclinical contraceptive trial with female macaques. Hum Reprod 2014;29(7):1400-12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robker RL, Akison LK, Russell DL. Control of oocyte release by progesterone receptor-regulated gene expression. Nuclear Receptor Signaling 2009;7:e012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richards JS. Perspective: the ovarian follicle. A perspective in 2001. Endocrinology 2001;142:2184-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bata MS, Al-Ramahi M, Salhab AS, et al. Delay of ovulation by meloxicam in healthy cycling volunteers: a placebo controlled, double blind, crossover study. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46:925-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanasiou S, Bourne TH, Khalid A, et al. Effects of Indomethacin in follicular structure, vascularity, and function over the periovulatory period in women. Fertil Steril 1996;65:556-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesam C, Salvatierra AM, Schwartz JL, Croxatto HB. Suppression of follicular rupture with meloxicam, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor: potential for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod 2010;25:368-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz JA. COX-2 inhibition: what we learned–a controversial update on safety data. Pain Med 2013;14:S29-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitriadis E, Menkhorst E. New generation contraceptives: interleukin 11 family cytokines as non-steroidal contraceptive targets. J Reprod Immunol 2011;88:233-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzuk MM, McKeown MR, Filippakopoulos P, et al. Small-Molecule Inhibition of BRDT for Male Contraception. Cell 2012;150:673-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze GE, Clay RJ, Mezza LE, et al. BMS-189453, a novel retinoid receptor antagonist, is a potent testicular toxin. Toxicol Sci 2001;59:297-308
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mok K-W, Mruk DD, Lie PPY, et al. Adjudin, a potential male contraceptive, exerts its effects locally in the seminiferous epithelium of mammalian testes. Reproduction 2011;141:571-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tash JS, Attardi B, Hild SA, et al. A novel potent indazole carboxylic acid derivative blocks spermatogenesis and is contraceptive in rats after a single oral dose. Biol Reprod 2008;78:1127-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Widgren EE, Richardson RT, O’Rand MG. Characterization of an eppin protein complex from human semen and spermatozoa. Biol Reprod 2007;77:476-84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Rand MG, Widgren EE, Beyler S, Richardson RT. Inhibition of human sperm motility by contraceptive anti-eppin antibodies from infertile male monkeys: effect on cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Biol Reprod 2009;80:279-85
   Google Scholar
• Ren D, Xia J. Calcium signaling through CatSper channels in mammalian fertilization. Physiology (Bethesda) 2010;25(3):165-75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elkina YL, Atroshchenko MM, Bragina EE, et al. Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase decreases sperm motility. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2011;76:268-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu LX, He J, Hou L, et al. Biological evaluation of the copper/low-density polyethylene nanocomposite intrauterine device. PLoS One 2013;8:e74128
   Google Scholar
• Sun L, Huang XB, Suo JP, et al. Biological evaluation of a novel copper-containing composite for contraception. Fertil Steril 2011;95:1416-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu J, Li J, Li HG, et al. Comparative study on contraceptive efficacy and clinical performance of the copper/low-density polyethylene nanocomposite IUD and the copper T220C IUD. Contraception 2008;78:319-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia X, Tang Y, Xie C, et al. An approach to give prospective life-span of the copper/low-density-polyethylene nanocomposite intrauterine device. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2011;22:1773-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biesiekierski A, Wang J, Gepreel MA, Wen C. A new look at biomedical Ti-based shape memory alloys. Acta Biomater 2012;8:1661-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu Y, Wang LG, Zhang MH, et al. A new experimental three-dimensional, reticular intrauterine device (3-DRIUD) composed of nitinol and silicone rubber. Contraception 2013;88:31-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ball C, Krogstad E, Chaowanachan T, Woodrow KA. Drug-eluting fibers for HIV-1 inhibition and contraception. PLoS One 2012;7:e49792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalani G, Jung CW, Lee JS, Lim DW. Fabrication and characterization of anisotropic nanofiber scaffolds for advanced drug delivery systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2014;9(Suppl 1):33-49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutradhar KB, Sumi CD. Implantable microchip: the futuristic controlled drug delivery system. Drug Deliv 2014;10.3109/10717544.2014.903579
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guha SK, Ansari S, Anand S, et al. Contraception in male monkeys by intra-vas deferens injection of a pH lowering polymer. Contraception 1985;32:109-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaudhury K, Bhattacharyya AK, Guha SK. Studies on the membrane integrity of human sperm treated with a new injectable male contraceptive. Hum Reprod 2004;19:1826-380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song L, Gu Y, Lu W, et al. A phase II randomized controlled trial of a novel male contraception, an intra-vas device. Int J Androl 2006;29:489-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen JT, Hanna C, Yao S, et al. Blockade of tubal patency following transcervical administration of polidocanol foam: initial studies in rhesus macaques. Contraception 2014;89:540-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore K, Townsend J, Spieler J, et al. Green print for sustainable contraceptive research and development. Contraception 2013;87:347-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar