Cancer and fertility preservation in females: where we stand and where we are heading

References

• Blatt J. Pregnancy outcome in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Med. Pediatr. Oncol.33(1), 29–33 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simon B, Lee SJ, Partridge AH, Runowicz CD. Preserving fertility after cancer. CA Cancer J. Clin.55(4), 211–228 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo RA. Potential options for preservation of fertility in women. N. Engl. J. Med.353, 64–73 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltaris T, Weigel M, Mueller A et al. Cancer and fertility preservation: fertility preservation in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res.10(2), 206 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maltaris T, Boehm D, Dittrich R, Seufert R, Koelbl H. Reproduction beyond cancer: a message of hope for young women. Gynecol. Oncol.103, 1109–1121 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J. Clin.55, 10–30 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonmezer M, Oktay K. Fertility preservation in female patients. Hum. Reprod. Update10, 251–266 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnez J, Godin PA, Qu J, Nisolle M. Gonadal cryopreservation in the young patient with gynaecological malignancy. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol.12, 1–9 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Scott RT, Toner JP, Muasher SJ, Oehninger S, Robinson S, Rosenwaks Z. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels on cycle day 3 are predictive of in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertil. Steril.51, 651–654 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson J, Canning J, Kaneko T, Pru JK, Tilly JL. Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary. Nature428, 145–150 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh CS, Sonntag B, Erickson GF. The ovarian life cycle: a contemporary view. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.3, 5–12 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meirow D, Nugent D. The effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on female reproduction. Hum. Reprod. Update7, 535–543 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constine LS, Woolf PD, Cann D et al. Hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction after radiation for brain tumors. N. Engl. J. Med.328, 87–94 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosden RG, Wade JC, Fraser HM, Sandow J, Faddy MJ. Impact of congenital or experimental hypogonadotrophism on the radiation sensitivity of the mouse ovary. Hum. Reprod.12, 2483–2488 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lushbaugh CC, Casarett GW. The effects of gonadal irradiation in clinical radiation therapy: a review. Cancer37, 1111–1125 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarelli AM, Marrett LD, Darlington G. Early menopause and infertility in females after treatment for childhood cancer diagnosed in 1964–1988 in Ontario, Canada. Am. J. Epidemiol.150, 245–254 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace WH, Thomson AB. Preservation of fertility in children treated for cancer. Arch. Dis. Child.88, 493–496 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley HO, Wallace WH. Impact of cancer treatment on uterine function. J. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr.34, 64–68 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins MM, Smith RA. Pregnancy outcomes in childhood cancer survivors: probable effects of abdominal irradiation. Int. J. Cancer43(3), 399–402 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damewood MD, Grochow LB. Prospects for fertility after chemotherapy or radiation for neoplastic disease. Fertil. Steril.45(4), 443–459 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenig E, Mishaeli M, Kalish Y, Lishner M. Pregnancy and radiation. Cancer Treat. Rev.27(1), 1–7 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meirow D, Epstein M, Lewis H, Nugent D, Gosden RG. Administration of cyclophosphamide at different stages of follicular maturation in mice: effects on reproductive performance and fetal malformations. Hum. Reprod.16, 632–637 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meirow D. Ovarian injury and modern options to preserve fertility in female cancer patients treated with high dose radio-chemotherapy for hemato-oncological neoplasias and other cancers. Leuk. Lymph.33, 65–76 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behringer K, Breuer K, Reineke T, et al. Secondary amenorrhea after Hodgkin’s lymphoma is influenced by age at treatment, stage of disease, chemotherapy regimen, and the use of oral contraceptives during therapy: a report from the German Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 7555–7564 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Familiari G, Caggiati A, Nottola SA, Ermini M, Di Benedetto MR, Motta PM. Ultrastructure of human ovarian primordial follicles after combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Hum. Reprod.8, 2080–2087 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oktem O, Oktay K. A novel ovarian xenografting model to characterize the impact of chemotherapy agents on human primordial follicle reserve. Cancer Res.67(21), 10159–10162 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oktem O, Oktay K. Quantitative assessment of the impact of chemotherapy on ovarian follicle reserve and stromal function. Cancer110(10), 2222–2229 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok CC, Lau CS, Wong RW. Risk factors for ovarian failure in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving cyclophosphamide therapy. Arthritis Rheum.41, 831–837 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higdon RE, Marchetti F, Mailhes JB, Phillips GL. The effects of cisplatin on murine metaphase II oocytes. Gynecol. Oncol.47, 348–352 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Mailhes JB. Important biological variables that can influence the degree of chemical-induced aneuploidy in mammalian oocyte and zygotes. Mutat. Res.339, 155–176 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Seli E, Tangir J. Fertility preservation options for female patients with malignancies. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol.173, 299–308 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Maltaris T, Seufert R, Fischl F et al. The effect of cancer treatment on female fertility and strategies for preserving fertility. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol.130, 148–155 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering SJ, Braude PR, Johnson MH, Cant A, Currie J. Transient cooling to room temperature can cause irreversible disruption of the meiotic spindle in the human oocyte. Fertil. Steril.54, 102–108 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gook DA, Osborn SM, Bourne H, Johnston WI. Fertilization of human oocytes following cryopreservation: normal karyotypes and absence of stray chromosomes. Hum. Reprod.9, 684–691 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosden RG. Prospects for oocyte banking and in vitro maturation. J. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr.34, 60–63 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oktay K, Cil AP, Bang H. Efficiency of oocyte cryopreservation: a meta-analysis. Fertil. Steril.86, 70–80 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borini A, Bianchi V, Bonu MA et al. Evidence–based clinical outcome of oocyte slow cooling. Reprod. Biomed. Online15, 175–181 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Chian RC, Buckett WM, Tulandi T, Tan SL. Prospective randomized study of human chorionic gonadotrophin priming before immature oocyte retrieval from unstimulated women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum. Reprod.15, 165–170 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenfeld Z. How to preserve fertility in young women exposed to chemotherapy? The role of GnRH agonist cotreatment in addition to cryopreservation of embrya, oocytes, or ovaries. Oncologist12, 1044–1054 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oktay K, Sonmezer M, Oktem O, Fox K, Emons G, Bang H. Absence of conclusive evidence for the safety and efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue treatment in protecting against chemotherapy-induced gonadal injury. Oncologist12, 1055–1066 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meistrich M, Shetty G. Hormonal suppression for fertility preservation in males and females. Reproduction DOI: 10.1530/REP-08-0096 (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Ataya K, Rao LV, Laurence E, Kimmel R. Luteinizing hormone-releasing agonist inhibits cyclophosphamide induced ovarian follicular depletion in Rhesus monkeys. Biol. Reprod.52, 365–372 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meirow D. Reproduction post-chemotherapy in young cancer patients. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.169, 123–131 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waxman JH, Ahmed R, Smith D et al. Failure to preserve fertility in patients with Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.19, 159–162 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltaris T, Beckmann MW, Binder H et al. The effect of a GnRH agonist on cryopreserved human ovarian grafts in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Reproduction133, 503–509 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Blumenfeld Z. Preservation of fertility and ovarian function and minimalization of chemotherapy associated gonadotoxicity and premature ovarian failure: the role of inhibin-A and -B as markers. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.187, 93–105 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereyra Pacheco B, Mendez Ribas JM, Milone G et al. Use of GnRH analogs for functional protection of the ovary and preservation of fertility during cancer treatment in adolescents: a preliminary report. Gynecol. Oncol.81, 391–397 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox KR, Scialla J, Moore H. Preventing chemotherapy-related amenorrhea using leuprolide during adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.22, 13 (2003) (Abstract 50).
   Google Scholar
• Recchia F, Sica G, De Filippis S, Saggio G, Rosselli M, Rea S. Goserelin as ovarian protection in the adjuvant treatment of premenopausal breast cancer: a Phase II pilot study. Anticancer Drugs13, 417–424 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Mastro L, Catzeddu T, Boni L et al. Prevention of chemotherapy-induced menopause by temporary ovarian suppression with goserelin in young, early breast cancer patients. Ann. Oncol.17, 74–78 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urruticoechea A, Arnedos M, Walsh G, Dowsett M, Smith IE. Ovarian protection with goserelin during adjuvant chemotherapy for pre-menopausal women with early breast cancer (EBC). Breast Cancer Res. Treat.110(3), 411–416 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huser M, Crha I, Ventruba P et al. Prevention of ovarian function damage by a GnRH analogue during chemotherapy in Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Hum. Reprod.23(4), 863–868 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somers EC, Marder W, Christman GM, Ognenovski V, McCune WJ. Use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog for protection against premature ovarian failure during cyclophosphamide therapy in women with severe lupus. Arthritis Rheum.52(9), 2761–2767 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenfeld Z, Avivi I, Eckman A, Epelbaum R, Rowe JM, Dann EJ. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist decreases chemotherapy-induced gonadotoxicity and premature ovarian failure in young female patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. Fertil. Steril.89(1), 166–173 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emons G, Grundker C, Gunthert AR, Westphalen S, Kavanagh J, Verschraegen C. GnRH antagonists in the treatment of gynecological and breast cancers. Endocr. Relat. Cancer10, 291–299 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuzick J, Ambroisine L, Davidson N et al.; LHRH-agonists in Early Breast Cancer Overview group. Use of luteinising-hormone-releasing hormone agonists as adjuvant treatment in premenopausal patients with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised adjuvant trials. Lancet369, 1711–1723 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell A. Current status of adjuvant endocrine therapy for premenopausal patients with primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res.9(Suppl. 1), 12 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Del Mastro L, Venturini M, Sertoli MR, Rosso R. Amenorrhea induced by adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer patients: prognostic role and clinical implications. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.43, 183–190 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawood MY, Ramos J, Khan-Dawood FS. Depot leuprolide acetate versus danazol for treatment of pelvic endometriosis: changes in vertebral bone mass and serum estradiol and calcitonin. Fertil. Steril.63, 1177–1783 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Lee SJ, Schover LR, Partridge AH et al.; American Society of Clinical Oncology. American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on fertility preservation in cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol.24, 2917–2931 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman RM, Sutcliffe SB. Protection of ovarian function by oral contraceptives in women receiving chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Blood58, 849–851 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead E, Shalet SM, Blackledge G, Todd I, Crowther D, Beardwell CG. The effect of combination chemotherapy on ovarian function in women treated for Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer52, 988–993 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montz FJ, Wolff AJ, Gambone JC. Gonadal protection and fecundity rates in cyclophosphamide-treated rats. Cancer Res.51, 2124–2126 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilly JL. Molecular and genetic basis of normal and toxicant-induced apoptosis in female germ cells. Toxicol. Lett.102–103, 497–501 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilly JL. Apoptosis and ovarian function. Rev. Reprod.3, 162–172 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Morita Y, Tilly JL. Oocyte apoptosis: like sand through an hourglass. Dev. Biol.213, 1–17 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita Y, Perez GI, Paris F et al. Oocyte apoptosis is suppressed by disruption of the acid sphingomyelinase gene or by sphingosine-1-phosphate therapy. Nat. Med.10, 1109–1114 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Paris F, Perez GI, Fuks Z et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate preserves fertility in irradiated female mice without propagating genomic damage in offspring. Nat. Med.9, 901–902 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Maltaris T, Koelbl H, Seufert R et al. Gonadal damage and options for fertility preservation in female and male cancer survivors. Asian J. Androl.8, 515–533 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meirow D, Levron J, Eldar-Geva T et al. Pregnancy after transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in a patient with ovarian failure after chemotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med.353, 318–321 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnez J, Dolmans MM, Demylle D et al. Livebirth after orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue. Lancet364, 1405–1410 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demeestere I, Simon P, Emiliani S, Delbaere A, Englert Y. Fertility preservation: successful transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in a young patient previously treated for Hodgkin’s disease. Oncologist12, 1437–1442 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen CY, Rosendahl M, Byskov AG et al. Two successful pregnancies following autotransplantation of frozen/thawed ovarian tissue. Hum. Reprod. (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Dittrich R, Mueller A, Maltaris T et al. Hormonal and histologic findings in human cryopreserved ovarian autografts. Fertil. Steril. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.023 (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Sonmezer M, Shamonki MI, Oktay K. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation: benefits and risks. Cell Tissue Res.322, 125–132 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltaris T, Koelbl H, Fischl F et al.Xenotransplantation of human ovarian tissue pieces in gonadotropin-stimulated SCID mice: the effect of ovariectomy. Anticancer Res.26, 4171–4176 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Maltaris T, Kaya H, Hoffmann I, Mueller A, Beckmann MW, Dittrich R. Comparison of xenografting in SCID mice and LIVE/DEAD assay as a predictor of the developmental potential of cryopreserved ovarian tissue. In Vivo20, 11–16 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltaris T, Beckmann MW, Mueller A, Hoffmann I, Kohl J, Dittrich R. Significant loss of primordial follicles after prolonged gonadotropin stimulation in xenografts of cryopreserved human ovarian tissue in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Fertil. Steril.87, 195–197 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Santen RJ, Song RX, Zhang et al. Adaptive hypersensitivity to estrogen: mechanisms and clinical relevance to aromatase inhibitor therapy in breast cancer treatment. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.95, 155–165 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masamura S, Santner SJ, Heitjan DF, Santen RJ. Estrogen deprivation causes estradiol hypersensitivity in human breast cancer cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.80, 2918–2925 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oktay K, Buyuk E, Libertella N, Akar M, Rosenwaks Z. Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: a prospective controlled comparison of ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen and letrozole for embryo cryopreservation. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 4347–4353 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oktay K, Buyuk E, Davis O, Yermakova I, Veeck L, Rosenwaks Z. Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: IVF and embryo cryopreservation after ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen. Hum. Reprod.18, 90–95 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonmezer M, Oktay K. Fertility preservation in young women undergoing breast cancer therapy. Oncologist11, 422–434 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cudmore DW, Tupper WR. Induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate. A double-blind study. Fertil. Steril.17, 363–373 (1966).
   Google Scholar
• Baum M, Budzar AU, Cuzick J et al.; ATAC Trialists’ Group. Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomized trial. Lancet359, 2131–2139 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurlimann B, Keshaviah A, Coates AS et al.; Breast International Group (BIG) 1–98 Collaborative Group. A comparison of letrozole and tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.353, 2747–2757 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate. Fertil. Steril.75, 305–309 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcone T, Bedaiwy MA. Fertility preservation and pregnancy outcome after malignancy. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol.17, 21–26 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oktay K, Hourvitz A, Sahin G et al. Letrozole reduces estrogen and gonadotropin exposure in women with breast cancer undergoing ovarian stimulation before chemotherapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91, 3885–3890 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azim AA, Costantini-Ferrando M, Lostritto K, Oktay K. Relative potencies of anastrozole and letrozole to suppress estradiol in breast cancer patients undergoing ovarian stimulation before in vitro fertilization. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92, 2197–2200 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partridge AH, Winer EP. Fertility after breast cancer: questions abound. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 4259–4261 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsburg ES, Yanushpolsky EH, Jackson KV. In vitro fertilization for cancer patients and survivors. Fertil. Steril.75, 705–710 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolmans MM, Demylle D, Martinez-Madrid B, Donnez J. Efficacy of in vitro fertilization after chemotherapy. Fertil. Steril.83, 897–901 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meirow D, Schiff E. Appraisal of chemotherapy effects on reproductive outcome according to animal studies and clinical data. J. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr.34, 21–25 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, Trudeau M, Hood N. Risk of menopause during the first year after breast cancer diagnosis. J. Clin. Oncol.17, 2365–2370 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy ZP, Chang CC. Current advances in artificial gametes. Reprod. Biomed. Online11, 332–339 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar