Novel imaging approaches in adult asthma and their clinical potential

References

• Zieverink SE, Harper AP, Holden RW, et al. Emergency room radiography of asthma: an efficacy study. Radiology 1982;145(1):27-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro M, Fain SB, Hoffman EA, et al. Lung imaging in asthmatic patients: the picture is clearer. J Allergy Clin. Immunol 2011;128(3):467-78
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szefler SJ, Wenzel S, Brown R, et al. Asthma outcomes: biomarkers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;129(3):S9-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green RH, Brightling CE, McKenna S, et al. Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360(9347):1715-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parr DG. Imaging. Eur Respir Monog 2013;62:146-69
   Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Siddiqui S, Haldar P, et al. Qualitative analysis of high-resolution CT scans in severe asthma. Chest 2009;136(6):1521-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Thoracic Society Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of Asthma. Thorax 2008;63(Suppl 4):iv1-121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proceedings of the ATS workshop on refractory asthma: current understanding, recommendations, and unanswered questions. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162(6):2341-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2014;43(2):343-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishiguro T, Takayanagi N, Takaku Y, et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with repeated isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Intern Med 2013;52(15):1721-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Goel N. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a clinico-serological correlation with radiologic profile. J Asthma 2013;50(7):759-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunnicliffe G, Schomberg L, Walsh S, et al. Airway and parenchymal manifestations of pulmonary aspergillosis. Respir Med 2013;107(8):1113-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, Khan A, Garg M, et al. Pictorial essay: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2011;21(4):242-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mir E, Shah A. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Prim Care Respir J 2012;21(1):111-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirschner AN, Kuhlmann E, Kuzniar TJ. Eosinophilic pleural effusion complicating allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Respiration 2011;82(5):478-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies D, Holmes L, McCumesky G, et al. Aspergillus sensitization is associated with airflow limitation and bronchiectasis in severe asthma. Allergy 2011;66(5):679-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen TH, Hollingsworth H. Images in clinical medicine. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2008;359(6):e7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paganin F, Seneterre E, Chanez P, et al. Computed tomography of the lungs in asthma: influence of disease severity and etiology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153(1):110-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenier P, Mourey-Gerosa I, Benali K, et al. Abnormalities of the airways and lung parenchyma in asthmatics: CT observations in 50 patients and inter- and intra-observer variability. Eur Radiol 1996;6(2):199-206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz S, Ekici A, Ekici M, et al. High-resolution computed tomography findings in elderly patients with asthma. Eur J Radiol 2006;59(2):238-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takemura M, Niimi A, Minakuchi M, et al. Bronchial dilatation in asthma: relation to clinical and sputum indices. Chest 2004;125(4):1352-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch DA, Newell JD, Tschomper BA, et al. Uncomplicated asthma in adults: comparison of CT appearance of the lungs in asthmatic and healthy subjects. Radiology 1993;188(3):829-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch DA. Imaging of asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. Radiol Clin North Am 1998;36(1):129-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bumbacea D, Campbell D, Nguyen L, et al. Parameters associated with persistent airflow obstruction in chronic severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2004;24(1):122-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lataifeh AR, Deas S, Shalin SC, Khasawneh KR. A 62-year-old women with persistent severe asthma, skin rash, and eosinophilia. Chest 2014;146(2):e52-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doo KW, Yong HS, Kang EY. Coronary involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome: a case report with CT findings. Jpn J Radiol 2013;31(12):819-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Cai B, Feng R. Churg-Strauss syndrome presented as paraneoplastic syndrome with thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma: a case report. Rheumatol Int 2012;32(11):3683-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng RE, Xu WB, Shi JH, et al. Pathological and high resolution CT findings in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Chin Med Sci J 2011;26(1):1-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva CI, Müller NL, Fujimoto K, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome: high resolution CT and pathologic findings. J Thorac Imaging 2005;20(2):74-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuiye M, Yoshimura N, Kobayashi A, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome versus chronic eosinophilic pneumonia on high-resolution computed tomographic findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2010;34(1):19-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deveci U, Üstün C, Altınsoy HB, et al. Loeffler’s syndrome mimicking bronchial asthma and pneumonia in a child: case report. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2013;37(4):288-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sato R, Ohshima N, Masuda K, et al. A patient with relapsing polychondritis who had been diagnosed as intractable bronchial asthma. Intern Med 2012;51(13):1773-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dulohery MM, Patel RR, Schneider F, Ryu JH. Lung involvement in hypereosinophilic syndromes. Respir Med 2011;105(1):114-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Macho J, Mancebo-Plaza AB, Crespo-Giménez A, et al. Clinical features of patients inappropriately undiagnosed of pulmonary embolism. Am J Emerg Med 2013;31(12):1646-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent BD, Lane SJ, van Beek EJ, et al. Asthma and cystic fibrosis: a tangled web. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014;49(3):205-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouder C, Bilocca D, Fsdani P, Montefort S. A delayed diagnosis of Mounier-Kuhn syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2014;2014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noori F, Abduljawad S, Suffin DM, et al. Mounier-Kuhn syndrome: a case report. Lung 2010;188(4):353-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navratil M, Vidjak V, Rubić F, et al. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations presenting as difficult-to-control asthma: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2013;7:32
   Google Scholar
• Barreiro TJ, Ghattas C, Valino CA. Iatrogenic tracheal stenosis presenting as persistent asthma. Respir Care 2013;58(9):e107-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alici IO, Kar Kurt O, Dursun AB, et al. Two cases of tracheal disease misdiagnosed as difficult-to-treat asthma. Respir Care 2013;58(11):e133-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ayadi-Kaddour A, Khadhar A, Mlika M, et al. Tracheal tumor treated as asthma. Rev Pneumol Clin 2014;70(6):353-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharadwaj SC, Unruh HW. Leiomyoma of the trachea. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;93(2):669-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, Singh N, Gupta D. Mediastinal mass in an asthmatic patient. Intern Med J 2008;38(5):375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring T, Delivanis D, Kaloudis E, Datta D. A 46-year-old woman with persistent asthma and lung masses. Chest 2014;145(5):1166-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lone GN, Rathore SS, Malik JA, et al. Double aortic arch masquerading as bronchial asthma for five decades. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2012;20(3):338-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaspar L, Mariano A, Caetano S, et al. ‘Asthma’ cured after cardiac surgery. Arch Dis Child 2012;97(5):434-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WT, Brown A, Banham S, et al. An unusual case of refractory asthma. Thorax 2011;66(1):54-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HJ, Pyun BY. Refractory asthma coexisting with a double aortic arch: a case report and literature review. J Asthma 2010;47(10):1165-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushwaha RA, Ranganath TG, Garg R, Anand S. Complete right lung agenesis presenting with bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. BMJ Case Rep 2012;2012
   Google Scholar
• Rasihashemi SZ, Rostambeigi N, Fakhrjou A. Mucinous adenocarcinoma of trachea: a rare case of primary tracheal tumor. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2013;21(3):363-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gill H, Sidhu M. Adenocarcinoma: not all that wheezes is asthma. BMJ Case Rep 2013;2013
   Google Scholar
• Irani F, Kumar B, Reddy P, et al. An endobronchial lipoma mimicking asthma and malignancy. Prim Care Respir J 2010;19(3):281-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan WA, Abbas S, Bright J. Cervical and mediastinal emphysema associated with an asthma exacerbation. BMJ Case Rep 2013;2013
   Google Scholar
• Hanada T, Ishikuro A, Hasegawa Y, et al. Two cases of spontaneous epidural emphysema during asthmatic attack. Respir Investig 2012;50(2):62-5
   Google Scholar
• Adachi T, Oki M, Kajikawa S, Saka H. A case of bronchial asthma complicated by epidural emphysema. Respiration 2012;84(1):69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaoglan A, Cal MA, Orki A, et al. Pneumorrhachis associated with bronchial asthma, subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum. Turk Neurosurg 2011;21(4):666-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faruqi S, Varma R, Greenstone MA, Kastelik JA. Spontaneous pneumo-mediastinum: a rare complication of bronchial asthma. J Asthma 2009;46(9):969-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada F, Ando Y, Tanoue S, et al. Radiological findings in acute Haemophilus influenzae pulmonary infection. Br J Radiol 2012;85(1010):121-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalender WA, Seissler W, Klotz E, Vock P. Spiral volumetric CT with single-breath-hold technique, continuous transport, and continuous scanner rotation. Radiology 1990;176(1):181-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell JDJr, Sieren J, Hoffman EA. Development of quantitative computed tomography lung protocols. J Thorac Imaging 2013;28(5):266-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu H, He HD, Foley WD, Fox SH. Four multidetector-row helical CT: image quality and volume coverage speed. Radiology 2000;215(1):55-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmanci E, Kebapci M, Metintas M, Ozkan R. High-resolution computed tomography findings are correlated with disease severity in asthma. Respiration 2002;69(5):420-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent F, Latrabe V, Raherison C, et al. Functional significance of air trapping detected in moderate asthma. Eur Radiol 2000;10(9):1404-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takemura M, Niimi A, Minakuchi M, et al. Bronchial dilatation in asthma: relation to clinical and sputum indices. Chest 2004;125(4):1352-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CS, Muller NL, Worthy SA, et al. Airway obstruction in asthmatic and healthy individuals: inspiratory and expiratory thin-section CT findings. Radiology 1997;203(2):361-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenier P, Mourey-Gerosa I, Benali K, et al. Abnormalities of the airways and lung parenchyma in asthmatics: CT observations in 50 patients and inter- and intraobserver variability. Eur Radiol 1996;6(2):199-206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paganin F, Trussard V, Seneterre E, et al. Chest radiography and high resolution computed tomography of the lungs in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146(4):1084-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oguzulgen IK, Kervan F, Ozis T, Turktas H. The impact of bronchiectasis in clinical presentation of asthma. South Med J 2007;100(5):468-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niimi A, Matsumoto H, Amitani R, et al. Airway wall thickness in asthma assessed by computed tomography. Relation to clinical indices. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162(4 Pt 1):1518-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Hartley R, Khan UT, et al. Quantitative computed tomography-derived clusters: redefining airway remodeling in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;133(3):729-38.e18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminska M, Foley S, Maghni K, et al. Airway remodeling in subjects with severe asthma with or without chronic persistent airflow obstruction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124(1):45-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aysola RS, Hoffman EA, Gierada D, et al. Airway remodeling measured by multidetector CT is increased in severe asthma and correlates with pathology. Chest 2008;134(6):1183-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montaudon M, Lederlin M, Reich S, et al. Bronchial measurements in patients with asthma: comparison of quantitative thin-section CT findings with those in healthy subjects and correlation with pathologic findings. Radiology 2009;253(3):844-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Siddiqui S, Haldar P, et al. Quantitative analysis of high-resolution computed tomography scans in severe asthma subphenotypes. Thorax 2010;65(9):775-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui S, Gupta S, Cruse G, et al. Airway wall geometry in asthma and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. Allergy 2009;64(6):951-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignola AM, Paganin F, Capieu L, et al. Airway remodelling assessed by sputum and high-resolution computed tomography in asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J 2004;24(6):910-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi M, Niimi A, Matsumoto H, et al. Sputum levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 in asthma: relation to clinical and computed tomography findings. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2008;18(3):202-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montesantos S, Katz I, Fleming J, et al. Airway morphology from high resolution computed tomography in healthy subjects and patients with moderate persistent asthma. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013;296(6):852-66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsumoto H, Niimi A, Takemura M, et al. Relationship of airway wall thickening to an imbalance between matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its inhibitor in asthma. Thorax 2005;60(4):277-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little SA, Sproule MW, Cowan MD, et al. High resolution computed tomographic assessment of airway wall thickness in chronic asthma: reproducibility and relationship with lung function and severity. Thorax 2002;57(3):247-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niimi A, Matsumoto H, Takemura M, et al. Relationship of airway wall thickness to airway sensitivity and airway reactivity in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168(8):983-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okazawa M, Muller N, McNamara AE, et al. Human airway narrowing measured using high resolution computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154(5):1557-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awadh N, Muller NL, Park CS, et al. Airway wall thickness in patients with near fatal asthma and control groups: assessment with high resolution computed tomographic scanning. Thorax 1998;53(4):248-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasahara K, Shiba K, Ozawa T, et al. Correlation between the bronchial subepithelial layer and whole airway wall thickness in patients with asthma. Thorax 2002;57(3):242-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulet L, Belanger M, Carrier G. Airway responsiveness and bronchial-wall thickness in asthma with or without fixed airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152(3):865-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gono H, Fujimoto K, Kawakami S, Kubo K. Evaluation of airway wall thickness and air trapping by HRCT in asymptomatic asthma. Eur Respir J 2003;22(6):965-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busacker A, Newell JDJr, Keefe T, et al. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for the air-trapping asthmatic phenotype as measured by quantitative CT analysis. Chest 2009;135(1):48-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigelman-Aubry C, Capderou A, Grenier PA, et al. Mild intermittent asthma: CT assessment of bronchial cross-sectional area and lung attenuation at controlled lung volume. Radiology 2002;223(1):181-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederlin M, Laurent F, Portron Y, et al. CT attenuation of the bronchial wall in patients with asthma: comparison with geometric parameters and correlation with function and histologic characteristics. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012;199(6):1226-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanai M, Sekizawa K, Ohrui T, et al. Site of airway obstruction in pulmonary disease: direct measurement of intrabronchial pressure. J Appl Physiol 1992;72(3):1016-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft M. The distal airways: are they important in asthma? Eur Respir J 1999;14(6):1403-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guckel C, Wells AU, Taylor DA, et al. Mechanism of mosaic attenuation of the lungs on computed tomography in induced bronchospasm. J Appl Physiol 1999;86(2):701-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coxson HO, Rogers RM, Whittall KP, et al. A quantification of the lung surface area in emphysema using computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159(3):851-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madani A, Zanen J, de Maertelaer V, Gevenois PA. Pulmonary emphysema: objective quantification at multi-detector row CT–comparison with macroscopic and microscopic morphometry. Radiology 2006;238(3):1036-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman KB, Lynch DA, Newman LS, et al. Quantitative computed tomography detects air trapping due to asthma. Chest 1994;106(1):105-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunon-de-Lara JM, Laurent F, Giraud V, et al. Air trapping in mild and moderate asthma: effect of inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119(3):583-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin JG, McNitt-Gray MF, Sorenson SM, et al. Airway hyperreactivity: assessment with helical thin-section CT. Radiology 1998;208(2):321-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bommart S, Marin G, Bourdin A, et al. Relationship between CT air trapping criteria and lung function in small airway impairment quantification. BMC Pulm Med 2014;14:29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim V, Davey A, Comellas AP, et al. Clinical and computed tomographic predictors of chronic bronchitis in COPD: a cross sectional analysis of the COPDGene study. Respir Res 2014;15:52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsunobu F, Mifune T, Ashida K, et al. Influence of age and disease severity on high resolution CT lung densitometry in asthma. Thorax 2001;56(11):851-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda T, Niimi A, Matsumoto H, et al. Role of small airways in asthma: investigation using high-resolution computed tomography. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118(5):1019-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsunobu F, Ashida K, Hosaki Y, et al. Decreased computed tomographic lung density during exacerbation of asthma. Eur Respir J 2003;22(1):106-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme SF, Hoegl S, Nikolaou K, et al. Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion imaging with dual-energy CT. Eur Radiol 2010;20(12):2882-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin JG, Tashkin DP, Kleerup EC, et al. Comparative effects of hydrofluoroalkane and chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation on small airways: assessment with functional helical thin-section computed tomography. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104(6):S258-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidler MR, Kleerup EC, Goldin JG, et al. Montelukast improves regional air-trapping due to small airways obstruction in asthma. Eur Respir J 2006;27(2):307-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• From the Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2015. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.org/
   Google Scholar
• Willemink MJ, Takx RA, de Jong PA, et al. Computed tomography radiation dose reduction: effect of different iterative reconstruction algorithms on image quality. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2014;38(6):815-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler-Heitbrock L, Frankenberger M, Heimbeck I, et al. The EvA study: aims and strategy. Eur Respir J 2012;40(4):823-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemerink GJ, Lamers RJ, Thelissen GR, van Engelshoven JM. Scanner conformity in CT densitometry of the lungs. Radiology 1995;197(3):749-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San Jose Estepar R, Reilly JJ, Silverman EK, Washko GR. Three-dimensional airway measurements and algorithms. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008;5(9):905-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeBacker LA, Vos W, De Backer J, et al. The acute effect of budesonide/formoterol in COPD: a multi-slice computed tomography and lung function study. Eur Respir J 2012;40(2):298-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Backer JW, Vos WG, Devolder A, et al. Computational fluid dynamics can detect changes in airway resistance in asthmatics after acute bronchodilation. J Biomech 2008;41(1):106-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Backer JW, Vos WG, Vinchurkar SC, et al. Validation of computational fluid dynamics in CT-based airway models with SPECT/CT. Radiology 2010;257(3):854-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomen RP, Sheshadri A, Quirk JD, et al. Regional ventilation changes in severe asthma after bronchial thermoplasty with (3)He MR imaging and CT. Radiology 2015;274(1):250-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills GH, Wild JM, Eberle B, Van Beek EJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the lung. Br J Anaesth 2003;91(1):16-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild JM, Marshall H, Bock M, et al. MRI of the lung (1/3): methods. Insights Imaging 2012;3(4):345-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albert MS, Cates GD, Driehuys B, et al. Biological magnetic resonance imaging using laser-polarized 129Xe. Nature 1994;370(6486):199-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal Melo MF, Layfield D, Harris RS, et al. Quantification of regional ventilation-perfusion ratios with PET. J Nucl Med 2003;44(12):1982-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee EY, Sun Y, Zurakowski D, et al. Hyperpolarized 3He MR imaging of the lung: normal range of ventilation defects and PFT correlation in young adults. J Thorac Imaging 2009;24(2):110-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svenningsen S, Kirby M, Starr D, et al. What are ventilation defects in asthma? Thorax 2014;69(1):63-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parraga G, Mathew L, Etemad-Rezai R, et al. Hyperpolarized 3He magnetic resonance imaging of ventilation defects in healthy elderly volunteers: initial findings at 3.0 Tesla. Acad Radiol 2008;15(6):776-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fain S, Schiebler ML, McCormack DG, Parraga G. Imaging of lung function using hyperpolarized helium-3 magnetic resonance imaging: Review of current and emerging translational methods and applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010;32(6):1398-408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samee S, Altes T, Powers P, et al. Imaging the lungs in asthmatic patients by using hyperpolarized helium-3 magnetic resonance: assessment of response to methacholine and exercise challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111(6):1205-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Araki T, Okajima Y, et al. Pulmonary hyperpolarized noble gas MRI: recent advances and perspectives in clinical application. Eur J Radiol 2014;83(7):1282-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costella S, Kirby M, Maksym GN, et al. Regional pulmonary response to a methacholine challenge using hyperpolarized (3)He magnetic resonance imaging. Respirology 2012;17(8):1237-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzeng YS, Lutchen K, Albert M. The difference in ventilation heterogeneity between asthmatic and healthy subjects quantified using hyperpolarized 3He MRI. J Appl Physiol 2009;106(3):813-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger SJ, Niles DJ, Dardzinski B, et al. Hyperpolarized Helium-3 MRI of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction during challenge and therapy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014;39(5):1230-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altes TA, Powers PL, Knight-Scott J, et al. Hyperpolarized 3He MR lung ventilation imaging in asthmatics: preliminary findings. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001;13(3):378-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lange EE, Altes TA, Patrie JT, et al. The variability of regional airflow obstruction within the lungs of patients with asthma: assessment with hyperpolarized helium-3 magnetic resonance imaging. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119(5):1072-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lange EE, Altes TA, Patrie JT, et al. Evaluation of asthma with hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI: correlation with clinical severity and spirometry. Chest 2006;130(4):1055-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fain SB, Gonzalez-Fernandez G, Peterson ET, et al. Evaluation of structure-function relationships in asthma using multidetector CT and hyperpolarized He-3 MRI. Acad Radiol 2008;15(6):753-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland ZI, Cofer GP, Metz G, et al. Hyperpolarized Xe MR imaging of alveolar gas uptake in humans. PLoS ONE 2010;5(8):e12192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morbach AE, Gast KK, Schmiedeskamp J, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI of the lung with hyperpolarized helium-3: a study of reproducibility. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005;21(6):765-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yablonskiy DA, Sukstanskii AL, Leawoods JC, et al. Quantitative in vivo assessment of lung microstructure at the alveolar level with hyperpolarized 3He diffusion MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99(5):3111-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salerno M, Altes TA, Brookeman JR, et al. Rapid hyperpolarized 3He diffusion MRI of healthy and emphysematous human lungs using an optimized interleaved-spiral pulse sequence. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003;17(5):581-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Altes TA, Mugler JP3rd, et al. Assessment of the lung microstructure in patients with asthma using hyperpolarized 3He diffusion MRI at two time scales: comparison with healthy subjects and patients with COPD. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008;28(1):80-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Miller GW, Altes TA, et al. Time dependence of 3He diffusion in the human lung: measurement in the long-time regime using stimulated echoes. Magn Reson Med 2006;56(2):296-309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen XJ, Moller HE, Chawla MS, et al. Spatially resolved measurements of hyperpolarized gas properties in the lung in vivo. Part I: diffusion coefficient. Magn Reson Med 1999;42(4):721-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fain SB, Panth SR, Evans MD, et al. Early emphysematous changes in asymptomatic smokers: detection with 3He MR imaging. Radiology 2006;239(3):875-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saam BT, Yablonskiy DA, Kodibagkar VD, et al. MR imaging of diffusion of (3)He gas in healthy and diseased lungs. Magn Reson Med 2000;44(2):174-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob RE, Minard KR, Laicher G, Timchalk C. 3D 3He diffusion MRI as a local in vivo morphometric tool to evaluate emphysematous rat lungs. J Appl Physiol 2008;105(4):1291-300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz S, Casselbrant I, Piitulainen E, et al. Validity of apparent diffusion coefficient hyperpolarized 3He-MRI using MSCT and pulmonary function tests as references. Eur J Radiol 2009;71(2):257-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauczor HU. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the pulmonary vasculature. A review. Invest Radiol 1998;33(9):606-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatabu H, Tadamura E, Levin DL, et al. Quantitative assessment of pulmonary perfusion with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med 1999;42(6):1033-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreitner KF, Ley S, Kauczor HU, et al. Contrast media enhanced three dimensional MR angiography of the pulmonary arteries in patients with chronic recurrent pulmonary embolism–comparison with selective intra-arterial DSA. Rofo 2000;172(2):122-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohno Y, Hatabu H, Higashino T, et al. Dynamic perfusion MRI versus perfusion scintigraphy: prediction of postoperative lung function in patients with lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;182(1):73-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink C, Ley S, Kroeker R, et al. Time-resolved contrast-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography of the chest: combination of parallel imaging with view sharing (TREAT). Invest Radiol 2005;40(1):40-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink C, Puderbach M, Ley S, et al. Time-resolved echo-shared parallel MRA of the lung: observer preference study of image quality in comparison with non-echo-shared sequences. Eur Radiol 2005;15(10):2070-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korosec FR, Frayne R, Grist TM, Mistretta CA. Time-resolved contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography. Magn Reson Med 1996;36(3):345-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley S, Ley-Zaporozhan J. Pulmonary perfusion imaging using MRI: clinical application. Insights Imaging 2012;3(1):61-71
   Google Scholar
• Fink C, Ley S, Risse F, et al. Effect of inspiratory and expiratory breathhold on pulmonary perfusion: assessment by pulmonary perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol 2005;40(2):72-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno Y, Hatabu H, Murase K, et al. Quantitative assessment of regional pulmonary perfusion in the entire lung using three-dimensional ultrafast dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: Preliminary experience in 40 subjects. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004;20(3):353-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno Y, Chen Q, Hatabu H. Oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance ventilation imaging of lung. Eur J Radiol 2001;37(3):164-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno Y, Koyama H, Matsumoto K, et al. Oxygen-enhanced MRI vs. quantitatively assessed thin-section CT: pulmonary functional loss assessment and clinical stage classification of asthmatics. Eur J Radiol 2011;77(1):85-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang WJ, Niven RM, Young SS, et al. Dynamic oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the lung in asthma-Initial experience. Eur J Radiol 2015;84(2):318-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer MC, Spector ZZ, Ishii M, et al. Single-acquisition sequence for the measurement of oxygen partial pressure by hyperpolarized gas MRI. Magn Reson Med 2004;52(4):766-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizi RR, Baumgardner JE, Ishii M, et al. Determination of regional VA/Q by hyperpolarized 3He MRI. Magn Reson Med 2004;52(1):65-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller GW, Mugler JP3rd, Altes TA, et al. A short-breath-hold technique for lung pO2 mapping with 3He MRI. Magn Reson Med 2010;63(1):127-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobst BJ, Triphan SM, Sedlaczek O, et al. Functional lung MRI in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: comparison of t1 mapping, oxygen-enhanced t1 mapping and dynamic contrast enhanced perfusion. PLoS One 2015;10(3):e0121520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mai VM, Berr SS. MR perfusion imaging of pulmonary parenchyma using pulsed arterial spin labeling techniques: FAIRER and FAIR. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999;9(3):483-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai TJ, Prisk GK, Holverda S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging quantification of pulmonary perfusion using calibrated arterial spin labeling. J Vis Exp 2011;51
   Google Scholar
• Gaass T, Dinkel J, Bauman G, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced MRI of the pulmonary blood volume using two-compartment-modeled T1 -relaxation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012;36(2):397-404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolar DS, Levin DL, Hopkins SR, et al. Quantification of regional pulmonary blood flow using ASL-FAIRER. Magn Reson Med 2006;55(6):1308-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman G, Puderbach M, Deimling M, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced perfusion and ventilation assessment of the human lung by means of Fourier decomposition in proton MRI. Magn Reson Med 2009;62(3):656-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman G, Lutzen U, Ullrich M, et al. Pulmonary functional imaging: qualitative comparison of Fourier decomposition MR imaging with SPECT/CT in porcine lung. Radiology 2011;260(2):551-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman G, Eichinger M, Deimling M, et al. Non-contrast-enhanced lung perfusion MRI in comparison to contrast-enhanced MRI perfusion in young cystic fibrosis patients. Meeting Abstracts 2010
   Google Scholar
• Tahir BA, Swift AJ, Marshall H, et al. A method for quantitative analysis of regional lung ventilation using deformable image registration of CT and hybrid hyperpolarized gas/(1)H MRI. Phys Med Biol 2014;59(23):7267-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacFall JR, Charles HC, Black RD, et al. Human lung air spaces: potential for MR imaging with hyperpolarized He-3. Radiology 1996;200(2):553-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodhouse N, Wild JM, van Beek EJ, et al. Assessment of hyperpolarized 3He lung MRI for regional evaluation of interventional therapy: a pilot study in pediatric cystic fibrosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009;30(5):981-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz S, Casselbrant I, Piitulainen E, et al. Hyperpolarized 3He apparent diffusion coefficient MRI of the lung: reproducibility and volume dependency in healthy volunteers and patients with emphysema. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008;27(4):763-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew L, Kirby M, Etemad-Rezai R, et al. Hyperpolarized (3)He magnetic resonance imaging: preliminary evaluation of phenotyping potential in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Radiol 2011;79(1):140-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew L, Gaede S, Wheatley A, et al. Detection of longitudinal lung structural and functional changes after diagnosis of radiation-induced lung injury using hyperpolarized 3He magnetic resonance imaging. Med Phys 2010;37(1):22-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrington de Gonzalez A, Mahesh M, Kim KP, et al. Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007. Arch Intern Med 2009;169(22):2071-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driehuys B, Martinez-Jimenez S, Cleveland ZI, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: safety and tolerability of hyperpolarized 129Xe MR imaging in healthy volunteers and patients. Radiology 2012;262(1):279-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart N, Norquay G, Marshall H, Wild J. Feasibility of high quality lung MRI with naturally-abundant hyperpolarised 129Xe. Eur Respir J 2014;44(58):S1729
   Google Scholar
• Shaw TJ, Wakely SL, Peebles CR, et al. Endobronchial ultrasound to assess airway wall thickening: validation in vitro and in vivo. Eur Respir J 2004;23(6):813-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soja J, Grzanka P, Sladek K, et al. The use of endobronchial ultrasonography in assessment of bronchial wall remodeling in patients with asthma. Chest 2009;136(3):797-804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimoto JG, Brezinski ME, Tearney GJ, et al. Optical biopsy and imaging using optical coherence tomography. Nat Med 1995;1(9):970-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tearney GJ, Brezinski ME, Bouma BE, et al. In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography. Science 1997;276(5321):2037-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coxson HO, Quiney B, Sin DD, et al. Airway wall thickness assessed using computed tomography and optical coherence tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177(11):1201-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin RA, Williamson JP, Phillips MJ, et al. Applying anatomical optical coherence tomography to quantitative 3D imaging of the lower airway. Opt Express 2008;16(22):17521-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble PB, West AR, McLaughlin RA, et al. Airway narrowing assessed by anatomical optical coherence tomography in vitro: dynamic airway wall morphology and function. J Appl Physiol 2010;108(2):401-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson C, Lee SW, Ahn YC, et al. Investigating in vivo airway wall mechanics during tidal breathing with optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 2011;16(10):106011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen L, Anthony M, Pierre L, et al. Optical coherence tomography imaging of asthmatic airways before and after thermoplasty. Am Thor Soc 2013
   Google Scholar
• Melo MF, Harris RS, Layfield JD, Venegas JG. Topographic basis of bimodal ventilation-perfusion distributions during bronchoconstriction in sheep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171(7):714-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venegas JG, Winkler T, Musch G, et al. Self-organized patchiness in asthma as a prelude to catastrophic shifts. Nature 2005;434(7034):777-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anafi RC, Wilson TA. Airway stability and heterogeneity in the constricted lung. J Appl Physiol 2001;91(3):1185-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris RS, Venegas JG, Wongviriyawong C, et al. 18F-FDG uptake rate is a biomarker of eosinophilic inflammation and airway response in asthma. J Nucl Med 2011;52(11):1713-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones HA, Marino PS, Shakur BH, Morrell NW. In vivo assessment of lung inflammatory cell activity in patients with COPD and asthma. Eur Respir J 2003;21(4):567-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris RS, Winkler T, Tgavalekos N, et al. Regional pulmonary perfusion, inflation, and ventilation defects in bronchoconstricted patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174(3):245-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King GG, Harris B, Mahadev S. V/Q SPECT: utility for investigation of pulmonary physiology. Semin Nucl Med 2010;40(6):467-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennen HJ, Boerman OC, Oyen WJ, Corstens FH. Imaging infection/inflammation in the new millennium. Eur J Nucl Med 2001;28(2):241-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacquier-Sarlin MR, Polla BS, Slosman DO. Oxido-reductive state: the major determinant for cellular retention of technetium-99m-HMPAO. J Nucl Med 1996;37(8):1413-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratanamaneechat S, Neumann DR, Difilippo FP, et al. Redox imaging of inflammation in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189(6):743-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farahi N, Loutsios C, Simmonds RP, et al. Measurement of eosinophil kinetics in healthy volunteers. Methods Mol Biol 2014;1178:165-76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korideck H, Peterson JD. Noninvasive quantitative tomography of the therapeutic response to dexamethasone in ovalbumin-induced murine asthma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009;329(3):882-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntziachristos V. Optical imaging of molecular signatures in pulmonary inflammation. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009;6(5):416-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilderbrand SA, Weissleder R. Near-infrared fluorescence: application to in vivo molecular imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010;14(1):71-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrowes KS, Swan AJ, Warren NJ, Tawhai MH. Towards a virtual lung: multi-scale, multi-physics modelling of the pulmonary system. Philos Trans. A Math Phys Eng Sci 2008;366(1879):3247-63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airway Disease PRedicting Outcomes through Patient Specific Computational Modelling (AirPROM). Project reference: 270194. European Commission 2014
   Google Scholar
• FLUIDDA introduces proprietary functional respiratory imaging (FRI) technology that provides a unique entry point into personalized medicine for respiratory diseases. Available from: http://www.fluidda.com/en
   Google Scholar