Imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: options, uses and optimization

References

• Colebatch AN, Edwards CJ, Østergaard M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging of the joints in the clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(6):804-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt WA, Schicke B, Ostendorf B, et al. Low-field MRI versus ultrasound: which is more sensitive in detecting inflammation and bone damage in MCP and MTP joints in mild or moderate rheumatoid arthritis? Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013;31(1):91-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Døhn UM, Ejbjerg BJ, Court-Payen M, et al. Are bone erosions detected by magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography true erosions? A comparison with computed tomography in rheumatoid arthritis metacarpophalangeal joints. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8(4):R110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauppi MJ, Neva MH, Laiho K, et al. Rheumatoid atlantoaxial subluxation can be prevented by intensive use of traditional disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. J Rheumatol 2009;36(2):273-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellicci PM, Ranawat CS, Tsairis P, Bryan WJ. A prospective study of the progression of rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1981;63(3):342-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi S, Suzuki A, Koike T, et al. Current prevalence and characteristics of cervical spine instability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the era of biologics. Mod Rheumatol 2014;24(6):904-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbrocker O, Traeger CH, Batterman RC. Therapeutic criteria in rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Med Assoc 1949;140(8):659-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp JT, Lidsky MD, Collins LC, Moreland J. Methods of scoring the progression of radiologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation of radiologic, clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Arthritis Rheum 1971;14(6):706-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp JT, Young DY, Bluhm GB, et al. How many joints in the hands and wrists should be included in a score of radiologic abnormalities used to assess rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum 1985;28(12):1326-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genant HK. Methods of assessing radiographic change in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 1983;75(6A):35-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genant HK, Jiang Y, Peterfy C, et al. Assessment of rheumatoid arthritis using a modified scoring method on digitized and original radiographs. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41(9):1583-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde DM, van Riel PL, Nuver-Zwart IH, et al. Effects of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine on progression of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1989;1(8646):1036-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D. How to read radiographs according to the Sharp/van der Heijde method. J Rheumatol 1999;26(3):743-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen A, Dale K, Eek M. Radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions by standard reference films. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1977;18(4):481-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larsen A. How to apply Larsen score in evaluating radiographs of rheumatoid arthritis in long-term studies. J Rheumatol 1995;22(10):1974-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rau R, Herborn G. A modified version of Larsen’s scoring method to assess radiologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1995;22(10):1976-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott DL, Houssien DA, Laasonen L. Proposed modification to Larsen’s scoring methods for hand and wrist radiographs. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34(1):56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edmonds J, Saudan A, Lassere M, Scott D. Introduction to reading radiographs by the Scott modification of the Larsen method. J Rheumatol 1999;26(3):740-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D, Dankert T, Nieman F, et al. Reliability and sensitivity to change of a simplification of the Sharp/van der Heijde radiological assessment in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999;38(10):941-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry D, Stewart N, Benton N, et al. Detection of erosions in the rheumatoid hand; a comparative study of multidetector computerized tomography versus magnetic resonance scanning. J Rheumatol 2005;32(2):256-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Døhn UM, Ejbjerg BJ, Hasselquist M, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis bone erosion volumes on CT and MRI: reliability and correlations with erosion scores on CT, MRI and radiography. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66(10):1388-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Døhn UM, Terslev L, Szkudlarek M, et al. Detection, scoring and volume assessment of bone erosions by ultrasonography in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with CT. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(4):530-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller Døhn U, Boonen A, Hetland ML, et al. Erosive progression is minimal, but erosion healing rare, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab. A 1 year investigator-initiated follow-up study using high-resolution computed tomography as the primary outcome measure. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(10):1585-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stach CM, Bäuerle M, Englbrecht M, et al. Periarticular bone structure in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy individuals assessed by high-resolution computed tomography. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(2):330-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouque-Aubert A, Boutroy S, Marotte H, et al. Assessment of hand bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis by high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(9):1671-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finzel S, Ohrndorf S, Englbrecht M, et al. A detailed comparative study of high-resolution ultrasound and micro-computed tomography for detection of arthritic bone erosions. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63(5):1231-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Töpfer D, Finzel S, Museyko O, et al. Segmentation and quantification of bone erosions in high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography datasets of the metacarpophalangeal joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53(1):65-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer HB, Sveinsson M, Kongtorp AK, Kvien TK. A 78-joints ultrasonographic assessment is associated with clinical assessments and is highly responsive to improvement in a longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis starting adalimumab treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(7):1349-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi W, Gaywood I, Pande I, Filippucci E. From DAS 28 to SAS 1. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012;30(5):649-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield RJ, Green MJ, Marzo-Ortega H, et al. Should oligoarthritis be reclassified? Ultrasound reveals a high prevalence of subclinical disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63(4):382-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield RJ, Balint PV, Szkudlarek M, et al. Musculoskeletal ultrasound including definitions for ultrasonographic pathology. J Rheumatol 2005;32(12):2485-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šenolt L, Grassi W, Szodoray P. Laboratory biomarkers or imaging in the diagnostics of rheumatoid arthritis? BMC Med 2014;12:49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wakefield RJ, Gibbon WW, Conaghan PG, et al. The value of sonography in the detection of bone erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with conventional radiography. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(12):2762-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tămaş MM, Filippucci E, Becciolini A, et al. Bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: ultrasound findings in the early stage of the disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53(6):1100-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippucci E, Gabba A, Di Geso L, et al. Hand tendon involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: an ultrasound study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012;41(6):752-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruyn GA, Möller I, Garrido J, et al. Reliability testing of tendon disease using two different scanning methods in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51(9):1655-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naredo E, D’Agostino MA, Wakefield RJ, et al. Reliability of a consensus-based ultrasound score for tenosynovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(8):1328-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruyn GA, Hanova P, Iagnocco A, et al. Ultrasound definition of tendon damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a OMERACT consensus-based ultrasound score focussing on the diagnostic reliability. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73(11):1929-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippucci E, da Luz KR, Di Geso L, et al. Interobserver reliability of ultrasonography in the assessment of cartilage damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(10):1845-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandl P, Supp G, Baksa G, et al. Relationship between radiographic joint space narrowing, sonographic cartilage thickness and anatomy in rheumatoid arthritis and control joints. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Zufferey P, Tamborrini G, Gabay C, et al. Recommendations for the use of ultrasound in rheumatoid arthritis: literature review and SONAR score experience. Swiss Med Wkly 2013;143:w13861
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Backhaus M, Kamradt T, Sandrock D, et al. Arthritis of the finger joints: a comprehensive approach comparing conventional radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(6):1232-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szkudlarek M, Court-Payen M, Strandberg C, et al. Power Doppler ultrasonography for assessment of synovitis in the metacarpophalangeal joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44(9):2018-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qvistgaard E, Røgind H, Torp-Pedersen S, et al. Quantitative ultrasonography in rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation of inflammation by Doppler technique. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60(7):690-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukae J, Kon Y, Henmi M, et al. Change of synovial vascularity in a single finger joint assessed by power doppler sonography correlated with radiographic change in rheumatoid arthritis: comparative study of a novel quantitative score with a semiquantitative score. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62(5):657-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szkudlarek M, Court-Payen M, Jacobsen S, et al. Interobserver agreement in ultrasonography of the finger and toe joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(4):955-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippucci E, Iagnocco A, Salaffi F, et al. Power Doppler sonography monitoring of synovial perfusion at the wrist joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65(11):1433-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naredo E, Möller I, Cruz A, et al. Power Doppler ultrasonographic monitoring of response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(8):2248-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandl P, Balint PV, Brault Y, et al. Clinical and ultrasound-based composite disease activity indices in rheumatoid arthritis: results from a multicenter, randomized study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013;65(6):879-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naredo E, Valor L, De la Torre I, et al. Ultrasound joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis in clinical remission: how many and which joints should be assessed? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013;65(4):512-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terslev L, Ellegaard K, Christensen R, et al. Head-to-head comparison of quantitative and semi-quantitative ultrasound scoring systems for rheumatoid arthritis: reliability, agreement and construct validity. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51(11):2034-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backhaus M, Ohrndorf S, Kellner H, et al. Evaluation of a novel 7-joint ultrasound score in daily rheumatologic practice: a pilot project. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61(9):1194-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iagnocco A, Naredo E, Wakefield R, et al. Responsiveness in rheumatoid arthritis. a report from the OMERACT 11 ultrasound workshop. J Rheumatol 2014;41(2):379-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naredo E, Rodríguez M, Campos C, et al. Validity, reproducibility, and responsiveness of a twelve-joint simplified power doppler ultrasonographic assessment of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59(4):515-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naredo E, Bonilla G, Gamero F, et al. Assessment of inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative study of clinical evaluation with grey scale and power Doppler ultrasonography. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64(3):375-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scirè CA, Montecucco C, Codullo V, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of joint involvement in early rheumatoid arthritis in clinical remission: power Doppler signal predicts short-term relapse. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48(9):1092-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer HB, Kvien TK. Comparisons of 7- to 78-joint ultrasonography scores: all different joint combinations show equal response to adalimumab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13(3):R78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandl P, Naredo E, Wakefield RJ, et al. A systematic literature review analysis of ultrasound joint count and scoring systems to assess synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis according to the OMERACT filter. J Rheumatol 2011;38(9):2055-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Stadt LA, Bos WH, Meursinge Reynders M, et al. The value of ultrasonography in predicting arthritis in auto-antibody positive arthralgia patients: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12(3):R98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeston JE, Wakefield RJ, Conaghan PG, et al. A diagnostic algorithm for persistence of very early inflammatory arthritis: the utility of power Doppler ultrasound when added to conventional assessment tools. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(2):417-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagomi D, Ikeda K, Okubo A, et al. Ultrasound can improve the accuracy of the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League against rheumatism classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis to predict the requirement for methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65(4):890-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terslev L, Torp-Pedersen S, Qvistgaard E, et al. Effects of treatment with etanercept (Enbrel, TNRF:Fc) on rheumatoid arthritis evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62(2):178-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor PC, Steuer A, Gruber J, et al. Comparison of ultrasonographic assessment of synovitis and joint vascularity with radiographic evaluation in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of infliximab therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(4):1107-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor PC, Steuer A, Gruber J, et al. Ultrasonographic and radiographic results from a two-year controlled trial of immediate or one-year-delayed addition of infliximab to ongoing methotrexate therapy in patients with erosive early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(1):47-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naredo E, Collado P, Cruz A, et al. Longitudinal power Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of joint inflammatory activity in early rheumatoid arthritis: predictive value in disease activity and radiologic progression. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57(1):116-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funck-Brentano T, Gandjbakhch F, Etchepare F, et al. Prediction of radiographic damage in early arthritis by sonographic erosions and power Doppler signal: a longitudinal observational study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013;65(6):896-902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AK, Quinn MA, Karim Z, et al. Presence of significant synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis patients with disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-induced clinical remission: evidence from an imaging study may explain structural progression. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(12):3761-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foltz V, Gandjbakhch F, Etchepare F, et al. Power Doppler ultrasound, but not low-field magnetic resonance imaging, predicts relapse and radiographic disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients with low levels of disease activity. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(1):67-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimi R, Hama M, Takase K, et al. Ultrasonography is a potent tool for the prediction of progressive joint destruction during clinical remission of rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2013;23(3):456-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AK, Conaghan PG, Karim Z, et al. An explanation for the apparent dissociation between clinical remission and continued structural deterioration in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(10):2958-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleem B, Brown AK, Keen H, et al. Disease remission state in patients treated with the combination of tumor necrosis factor blockade and methotrexate or with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: A clinical and imaging comparative study. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(7):1915-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleem B, Brown AK, Keen H, et al. Should imaging be a component of rheumatoid arthritis remission criteria? A comparison between traditional and modified composite remission scores and imaging assessments. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(5):792-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinella A, Sandri G, Carpenito G, et al. The discrepancy between clinical and ultrasonographic remission in rheumatoid arthritis is not related to therapy or autoantibody status. Rheumatol Int 2012;32(12):3917-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield RJ, Freeston JE, Hensor EM, et al. Delay in imaging versus clinical response: a rationale for prolonged treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor medication in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57(8):1564-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleem B, Keen H, Goeb V, et al. Patients with RA in remission on TNF blockers: when and in whom can TNF blocker therapy be stopped? Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(9):1636-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsa A, de Miguel E, Castillo C, et al. Superiority of SDAI over DAS-28 in assessment of remission in rheumatoid arthritis patients using power Doppler ultrasonography as a gold standard. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49(4):683-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peluso G, Michelutti A, Bosello S, et al. Clinical and ultrasonographic remission determines different chances of relapse in early and long standing rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(1):172-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleem B, Brown AK, Quinn M, et al. Can flare be predicted in DMARD treated RA patients in remission, and is it important? A cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(8):1316-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwamoto T, Ikeda K, Hosokawa J, et al. Prediction of relapse after discontinuation of biologic agents by ultrasonographic assessment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in clinical remission: high predictive values of total gray-scale and power Doppler scores that represent residual synovial inflammation before discontinuation. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014;66(10):1576-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balint PV, Kane D, Hunter J, et al. Ultrasound guided versus conventional joint and soft tissue fluid aspiration in rheumatology practice: a pilot study. J Rheumatol 2002;29(10):2209-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raza K, Lee CY, Pilling D, et al. Ultrasound guidance allows accurate needle placement and aspiration from small joints in patients with early inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42(8):976-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunnington J, Marshall N, Hide G, et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled study of ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection into the joint of patients with inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(7):1862-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Geso L, Filippucci E, Meenagh G, et al. CS injection of tenosynovitis in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis: the role of US. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51(7):1299-303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibbitt WL, Peisajovich A, Michael AA, et al. Does sonographic needle guidance affect the clinical outcome of intraarticular injections? J Rheumatol 2009;36(9):1892-902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iagnocco A, Naredo E. Ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection in rheumatology: accuracy or efficacy? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49(8):1427-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey DB, Fenster A, Williams JC. Clinical utility of three-dimensional US. Radiographics 2000;20(2):559-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benacerraf BR, Benson CB, Abuhamad AZ, et al. Three- and 4-dimensional ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology: proceedings of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine Consensus Conference. J Ultrasound Med 2005;24(12):1587-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane D, Balint PV, Sturrock R, Grassi W. Musculoskeletal ultrasound–a state of the art review in rheumatology. Part 1: Current controversies and issues in the development of musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43(7):823-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippucci E, Meenagh G, Delle Sedie A, et al. Ultrasound imaging for the rheumatologist. XX. Sonographic assessment of hand and wrist joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison between two- and three-dimensional ultrasonography. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009;27(2):197-200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naredo E, Möller I, Acebes C, et al. Three-dimensional volumetric ultrasonography. Does it improve reliabililty of musculoskeletal ultrasound? Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010;28(1):79-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk J, Lange U. Three-dimensional power Doppler sonographic visualization of synovial angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004;31(5):1004-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk J, Strube K, Müller-Ladner U, Lange U. Three dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography confirms early reduction of synovial perfusion after intra-articular steroid injection. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65(3):411-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk J, Strube K, Rumbaur C, et al. Interobserver agreement in two- and three-dimensional power Doppler sonographic assessment of synovial vascularity during anti-inflammatory treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ultraschall Med 2007;28(4):409-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Takemura M, Sato M, et al. Quantitative analysis of vascularization in the finger joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using three-dimensional volumetric ultrasonography with power Doppler. Clin Rheumatol 2012;31(2):299-307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk J, Klingenberger P, Strube K, et al. Three-dimensional Doppler sonographic vascular imaging in regions with increased MR enhancement in inflamed wrists of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2006;73(5):518-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klauser AS, Peetrons P. Developments in musculoskeletal ultrasound and clinical applications. Skeletal Radiol 2010;39(11):1061-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Østergaard M, Peterfy C, Conaghan P, et al. OMERACT Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies. Core set of MRI acquisitions, joint pathology definitions, and the OMERACT RA-MRI scoring system. J Rheumatol 2003;30(6):1385-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostergaard M, Conaghan PG, O’Connor P, et al. Reducing invasiveness, duration, and cost of magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis by omitting intravenous contrast injection – Does it change the assessment of inflammatory and destructive joint changes by the OMERACT RAMRIS? J Rheumatol 2009;36(8):1806-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki T, Yamashita Y, Saito K, et al. Diagnosis of early-stage rheumatoid arthritis: usefulness of unenhanced and gadolinium-enhanced MR images at 3 T. Clin Imaging 2013;37(2):348-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Østergaard M, Møller-Bisgaard S. Optimal use of MRI in clinical trials, clinical care and clinical registries of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2014;32(5 Suppl 85):S-17-22
   Google Scholar
• Wakefield RJ, Freeston JE, O’Connor P, et al. The optimal assessment of the rheumatoid arthritis hindfoot: a comparative study of clinical examination, ultrasound and high field MRI. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67(12):1678-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bøyesen P, Haavardsholm EA, van der Heijde D, et al. Prediction of MRI erosive progression: a comparison of modern imaging modalities in early rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(1):176-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bøyesen P, Haavardsholm EA, Ostergaard M, et al. MRI in early rheumatoid arthritis: synovitis and bone marrow oedema are independent predictors of subsequent radiographic progression. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(3):428-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudoł-Szopińska I, Cwikła JB. Current imaging techniques in rheumatology: MRI, scintigraphy and PET. Pol J Radiol 2013;78(3):48-56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Døhn UM, Ejbjerg B, Boonen A, et al. No overall progression and occasional repair of erosions despite persistent inflammation in adalimumab-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients: results from a longitudinal comparative MRI, ultrasonography, CT and radiography study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(2):252-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Østergaard M, Hansen M, Stoltenberg M, et al. New radiographic bone erosions in the wrists of patients with rheumatoid arthritis are detectable with magnetic resonance imaging a median of two years earlier. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(8):2128-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig H, Lucas D, Meissner R. The wrist: a preliminary report on high-resolution MR imaging. Radiology 1986;160(2):463-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson AJ, Murphy WA, Hardy DC, Totty WG. Transient osteoporosis: transient bone marrow edema? Radiology 1988;167(3):757-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen FM, Stewart N, Crabbe J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis reveals progression of erosions despite clinical improvement. Ann Rheum Dis 1999;58(3):156-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savnik A, Bliddal H, Nyengaard JR, Thomsen HS. MRI of the arthritic finger joints: synovial membrane volume determination, a manual vs a stereologic method. Eur Radiol 2002;12(1):94-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen FM, Benton N, Perry D, et al. Bone edema scored on magnetic resonance imaging scans of the dominant carpus at presentation predicts radiographic joint damage of the hands and feet six years later in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(7):1814-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palosaari K, Vuotila J, Takalo R, et al. Bone oedema predicts erosive progression on wrist MRI in early RA–a 2-yr observational MRI and NC scintigraphy study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45(12):1542-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haavardsholm EA, Bøyesen P, Østergaard M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 84 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: bone marrow oedema predicts erosive progression. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67(6):794-800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetland ML, Ejbjerg B, Hørslev-Petersen K, et al. MRI bone oedema is the strongest predictor of subsequent radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a 2-year randomised controlled trial (CIMESTRA). Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(3):384-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundwiler ML, Maranian P, Brown DH, et al. The utility of MRI in predicting radiographic erosions in the metatarsophalangeal joints of the rheumatoid foot: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11(3):R94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hetland ML, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Junker P, et al. Radiographic progression and remission rates in early rheumatoid arthritis - MRI bone oedema and anti-CCP predicted radiographic progression in the 5-year extension of the double-blind randomised CIMESTRA trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(10):1789-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez-Boj E, Nöbauer-Huhmann I, Hanslik-Schnabel B, et al. Bone erosions and bone marrow edema as defined by magnetic resonance imaging reflect true bone marrow inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56(4):1118-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen FM, Gao A, Ostergaard M, et al. High-grade MRI bone oedema is common within the surgical field in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing joint replacement and is associated with osteitis in subchondral bone. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66(12):1581-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalbeth N, Smith T, Gray S, et al. Cellular characterisation of magnetic resonance imaging bone oedema in rheumatoid arthritis; implications for pathogenesis of erosive disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(2):279-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield RJ, O’Connor PJ, Conaghan PG, et al. Finger tendon disease in untreated early rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57(7):1158-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navalho M, Resende C, Rodrigues AM, et al. Bilateral MR imaging of the hand and wrist in early and very early inflammatory arthritis: tenosynovitis is associated with progression to rheumatoid arthritis. Radiology 2012;264(3):823-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen F, Beckley V, Crabbe J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of tendinopathy in early rheumatoid arthritis predicts tendon rupture at six years. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(3):744-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronga M, Angeretti G, Ferraro S, et al. Imaging of articular cartilage: current concepts. Joints 2014;2(3):137-40
   Google Scholar
• Recht M, Bobic V, Burstein D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001(391 Suppl):S379-96
   Google Scholar
• Haavardsholm EA, Ostergaard M, Ejbjerg BJ, et al. Reliability and sensitivity to change of the OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis magnetic resonance imaging score in a multireader, longitudinal setting. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(12):3860-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen F, Clarke A, McHaffie A, et al. Assessment of cartilage loss at the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis using a new MRI scoring system. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(11):1971-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostergaard M, Bøyesen P, Eshed I, et al. Development and preliminary validation of a magnetic resonance imaging joint space narrowing score for use in rheumatoid arthritis: potential adjunct to the OMERACT RA MRI scoring system. J Rheumatol 2011;38(9):2045-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schirmer C, Scheel AK, Althoff CE, et al. Diagnostic quality and scoring of synovitis, tenosynovitis and erosions in low-field MRI of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with conventional MRI. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66(4):522-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poh MQ, Lassere M, Bird P, Edmonds J. Reliability and longitudinal validity of computer-assisted methods for measuring joint damage progression in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2013;40(1):23-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley AR, Dong J, McHaffie A, et al. Measuring bone erosion and edema in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison of manual segmentation and RAMRIS methods. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011;33(2):364-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chand AS, McHaffie A, Clarke AW, et al. Quantifying synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis using computer-assisted manual segmentation with 3 Tesla MRI scanning. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011;33(5):1106-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boesen M, Kubassova O, Parodi M, et al. Comparison of the manual and computer-aided techniques for evaluation of wrist synovitis using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI on a dedicated scanner. Eur J Radiol 2011;77(2):202-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H, Rivoire J, Hoppe M, et al. Computer-aided and manual quantifications of MRI synovitis, bone marrow edema-like lesions, erosion and cartilage loss in rheumatoid arthritis of the wrist. Skeletal Radiol 2015;44(4):539-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krabben A, Stomp W, van der Heijde DM, et al. MRI of hand and foot joints of patients with anticitrullinated peptide antibody positive arthralgia without clinical arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(9):1540-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamai M, Kawakami A, Uetani M, et al. A prediction rule for disease outcome in patients with undifferentiated arthritis using magnetic resonance imaging of the wrists and finger joints and serologic autoantibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61(6):772-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duer-Jensen A, Hørslev-Petersen K, Hetland ML, et al. Bone edema on magnetic resonance imaging is an independent predictor of rheumatoid arthritis development in patients with early undifferentiated arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63(8):2192-202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado PM, Koevoets R, Bombardier C, van der Heijde DM. The value of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound in undifferentiated arthritis: a systematic review. J Rheumatol Suppl 2011;87:31-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ji L, Li G, Xu Y, et al. Early prediction of rheumatoid arthritis by magnetic resonance imaging in the absence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and radiographic erosions in undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis patients: a prospective study. Int J Rheum Dis 2014; Epub ahead of print
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eshed I, Feist E, Althoff CE, et al. Tenosynovitis of the flexor tendons of the hand detected by MRI: an early indicator of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48(8):887-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(6):964-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker JF, Ostergaard M, Emery P, et al. Early MRI measures independently predict 1-year and 2-year radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: secondary analysis from a large clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73(11):1968-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandjbakhch F, Conaghan PG, Ejbjerg B, et al. Synovitis and osteitis are very frequent in rheumatoid arthritis clinical remission: results from an MRI study of 294 patients in clinical remission or low disease activity state. J Rheumatol 2011;38(9):2039-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durez P, Malghem J, Nzeusseu Toukap A, et al. Treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized magnetic resonance imaging study comparing the effects of methotrexate alone, methotrexate in combination with infliximab, and methotrexate in combination with intravenous pulse methylprednisolone. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56(12):3919-27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Døhn UM, Skjødt H, Hetland ML, et al. No erosive progression revealed by MRI in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with etanercept, even in patients with persistent MRI and clinical signs of joint inflammation. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26(11):1857-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conaghan PG, Emery P, Østergaard M, et al. Assessment by MRI of inflammation and damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients with methotrexate inadequate response receiving golimumab: results of the GO-FORWARD trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(11):1968-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandjbakhch F, Haavardsholm EA, Conaghan PG, et al. Determining a magnetic resonance imaging inflammatory activity acceptable state without subsequent radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: results from a followup MRI study of 254 patients in clinical remission or low disease activity. J Rheumatol 2014;41(2):398-406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar