Evolving management of atopic dermatitis

References

• Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. 92(Suppl.) 44–47 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Eichenfield LF, Hanifin JM, Luger TA, Stevens SR, Pride HB. Consensus conference on pediatric atopic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 49(6), 1088–1095 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sator PG, Schmidt JB, Honigsmann H. Comparison of epidermal hydration and skin surface lipids in healthy individuals and in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 48, 352–358 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams H. Atopic dermatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 2314–2324 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung DYM. Atopic dermatitis: new insights and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 105, 860–876 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamlin SL, Kao J, Frieden IJ et al. Ceramide-dominant barrier repair lipids alleviate childhood atopic dermatitis: changes in barrier function provide a sensitive indication of disease activity. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 47(2), 198–208 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodyear H, Spowart K, Harper J. ‘Wet-wrap’ dressings for the treatment of atopic eczema in children. Br. J. Dermatol. 125, 604 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnopp C, Holtmann C, Stock S et al. Topical steroids under wet-wrap dressings in atopic dermatitis – a vehicle-controlled trial. Dermatology 204, 56–59 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darsow U, Lubbe J, Taieb A et al. Position paper on diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 19, 286–295 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104(3 Pt 2), S114–S122 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzini BM, Ferdani G, Simionetti V et al. Contact sensitization in children. Contact Dermatitis 15, 12–17 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Mortz CG, Andersen KE. Allergic contact dermatitis in children and adolescents. Contact Dermatitis 41, 121–130 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw DW, Eichenfield LF, Shainhouse T, Maibach HI. Allergic contact dermatitis from tacrolimus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 50(6), 962–965 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nassif A, Chan SC, Storrs FJ, Hanifin JM. Abnormal skin irritancy in topic dermatitis and in atopy without dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. 130(11), 1402–1407 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnes PJ. New directions in allergic diseases: mechanism-based anti-inflammatory therapies. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 106(1 Pt 1), 5–16 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander SF, Hebert AA, Allen DB. Safety of fluticasone propionate cream 0.05% for the treatment of severe and extensive atopic dermatitis in children as young as 3 months. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 46(3), 387–393 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charman C, Williams H. The use of corticosteroids and corticosteroid phobia in atopic dermatitis. Clin. Dermatol. 21, 193–200 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas KS, Armstrong S, Avery A et al. Randomized controlled trial of short bursts of a potent topical corticosteroid versus prolonged use of a mild preparation for children with mild or moderate atopic eczema. Br. Med. J. 324(7340), 768 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berth-Jones J, Damstra RJ, Golsch S et al. Multinational Study Group. Twice weekly fluticasone propionate added to emollient maintenance treatment to reduce risk of relapse in atopic dermatitis: randomized, double-blind, parallel group study. Br. Med. J. 326(7403), 1367 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berth-Jones J, Graham-Brown RA, Marks R et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of cyclosporin in adult atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 136(1), 76–81 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protopic, package insert. Fugisawa Healthcare, Inc. Deerfield, IL, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Paller A, Eichenfield LF, Leung DY, Stewart D, Appell M. A 12-week study of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 44, S47–S57 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meingassner JG, Grassberger M, Fahrngruber H, Moore HD, Schuurman H, Stutz A. A novel anti-inflammatory drug, SDZ ASM 981, for the topical and oral treatment of skin diseases: in vivo pharmacology. Br. J. Dermatol. 137, 568–576 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Elidel, package insert. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Fonacier L, Spergel J, Charlesworth E et al. Report of the Topical Calcineurin Inhibitor Task Force of the ACAAI and AAAAI. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115(6), 1249–1253 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper J, Green A, Scott G, Gruendl E, Dorobek B, Cardno M et al. First experience of topical SDZ ASM 981 in children with atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 144, 781–787 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leent EJ, Ebelin ME, Burtin P, Dorobek B, Spuls PI, Bos JD. Low systemic exposure after repeated topical application of pimecrolimus (Elidel, SD Z ASM 981) in patients with atopic dermatitis. Dermatology 204, 63–68 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper J, Smith C, Rubins A et al. A multicenter study of the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus ointment after first and repeated application to children with atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 124, 695–699 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubins A, Gutmane R, Valdmane N, Stevenson P, Foster C, Undre N. Pharmacokinetics of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment after first and repeated application to adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 125(1), 68–71 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alaiti A, Kang S, Fiedler VC et al. Tacrolimus (FK 506) ointment for atopic dermatitis: a Phase I study in adults and children. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 38, 69–76 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Undre NA, Moloney F, Ahmadi S, Stevenson P, Murphy GM. Skin pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus ointment in adult patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 16(Suppl.), S136 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Billich A, Aschauer H, Aszodi A, Stuetz A. Percutaneous absorption of drugs used in atopic eczema: pimecrolimus permeates less through skin than corticosteroids and tacrolimus. Int. J. Pharm. 269(1), 29–35 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultsch T, Kapp A, Spergel J. Immunomodulation and safety of topical calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Dermatology 211, 174–187 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp KA, Breuer K, Meurer M et al. Long-term treatment of atopic dermatitis with pimecrolimus cream 1% in infants does not interfere with the development of protective antibodies after vaccination. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 52, 247–253 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiehm E, Roberts R, Kaplan M, Corren J, Jaracz E, Rico M. Pneumococcal seroconversion after vaccination in children with atopic dermatitis treated with tacrolimus ointment. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 53(2 Suppl 2), S206–S213 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitamo S, Wollenberg A, Schopf E et al. (The European Tacrolimus Ointment Study Group). Safety and efficacy of 1 year of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in adults with atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. 200, (136) 999–1006 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Wahn U, Bos JD, Goodfield M et al. Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatrics 110(1 Pt 1), e2 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis C, Luger T, Abeck D et al. International Consensus Conference on Atopic Dermatitis II (ICCAD II): clinical update and current treatment strategies. Br. J. Dermatol. 148(Suppl.63), 3–10 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouguniewicz M, Eichenfield LF, Hultsch T. Current management of atopic dermatitis and interruption of the atopic march. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 112(6), 140–150 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Dohil MA, Eichenfield LF. A treatment approach for atopic dermatitis. Pediatric Annals. 34(3), 201–210 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidbury R, Hanifin JM. Systemic therapy of atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 25, 559–566 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundmann-Kollmann M, Behrens S, Podda M, Peter RU, Kaufman R, Kerscher M. Phototherapy for atopic eczema with narrow-band UVB. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 40(Pt 1), 995–997 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abeck D, Schmidt T, Fesq H et al. Long term efficacy of medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy in atopic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 42(2), 254–257 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp AS. Cost of illness of atopic dermatitis in children: a societal perspective. Phamacoeconomics 21, 105–113 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichenfield LF. Consensus guidelines in diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis. Allergy 59(Suppl.78), 86–92 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichenfield LF, Hanifin JM, Beck LA et al. Atopic dermatitis and asthma: parallels in the evolution of treatment. Pediatrics 111(3), 608–616 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar