Pimecrolimus, a topical calcineurin inhibitor for atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin diseases

References

• Leung DY, Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet361(9352), 151–160 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichenfield LF, Hanifin JM, Luger TA, Stevens SR, Pride HB. Consensus conference on pediatric atopic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.49(6), 1088–1095 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furue M, Terao H, Rikihisa W et al. Clinical dose and adverse effects of topical steroids in daily management of atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol.148(1), 128–133 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills CM, Marks R. Side effects of topical glucocorticoids. Curr. Prob. Dermatol.21, 122–131 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER et al. Guidelines of care for the use of topical glucocorticosteroids. American Academy of Dermatology. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.35(4), 615–619 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spergel JM, Paller AS. Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol.112(6 Suppl.), S118–S127 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor B, Wadsworth J, Wadsworth M, Peckham C. Changes in the reported prevalence of childhood eczema since the 1939–45 war. Lancet2(8414), 1255–1257 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Larsen FS, Hanifin JM. Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Immunol. Aller. Clin. N. Am.22(1), 1–24 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay J, Gawkrodger DJ, Mortimer MJ, Jaron AG. The prevalence of childhood atopic eczema in a general population. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.30(1), 35–39 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paller AS, McAlister RO, Doyle JJ, Jackson A. Perceptions of physicians and pediatric patients about atopic dermatitis, its impact, and its treatment. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila.)41(5), 323–332 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp AS. Atopic eczema: its social and financial costs. J. Paediatr. Child Health35(3), 229–231 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender BG, Leung SB, Leung DY. Actigraphy assessment of sleep disturbance in patients with atopic dermatitis: an objective life quality measure. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol.111(3), 598–602 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl RE, Bernhisel-Broadbent J, Scanlon-Holdford S, Sampson HA, Lupo M. Sleep disturbances in children with atopic dermatitis. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.149(8), 856–860 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams HC, Strachan DP. The natural history of childhood eczema: observations from the British 1958 birth cohort study. Br. J. Dermatol.139(5), 834–839 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuthrich B. Clinical aspects, epidemiology, and prognosis of atopic dermatitis. Ann. Aller. Asthma Immunol.83(5), 464–470 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson D, Sjoberg O, Foucard T. Development of allergies and asthma in infants and young children with atopic dermatitis – a prospective follow-up to 7 years of age. Allergy55(3), 240–245 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paller A. Might intervention in atopic eczema early in life halt the atopic march? Rationale for research with Elidel. Pediatr. Dermatol.21(3), 310 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Schafer-Korting M, Kleuser B, Ahmed M, Holtje HD, Korting HC. Glucocorticoids for human skin: new aspects of the mechanism of action. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol.18(3), 103–114 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes J, Rustin M. Corticosteroids. Clin. Dermatol.15(5), 715–721 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller JA, Munro DD. Topical corticosteroids: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs19(2), 119–134 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charman CR, Morris AD, Williams HC. Topical corticosteroid phobia in patients with atopic eczema. Br. J. Dermatol.142(5), 931–936 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode HH. Dwarfism following long-term topical corticosteroid therapy. JAMA244(8), 813–814 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpeinen M, Salo OP, Leisti S. Effect of percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone on adrenocortical responsiveness in infants with severe skin disease. Br. J. Dermatol.115(4), 475–484 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aalto-Korte K, Turpeinen M. Pharmacokinetics of topical hydrocortisone at plasma level after applications once or twice daily in patients with widespread dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol.133(2), 259–263 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• du Vivier A, Stoughton RB. Tachyphylaxis to the action of topically applied corticosteroids. Arch. Dermatol.111(5), 581–583 (1975).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Capella GL, Casa-Alberighi OD, Finzi AF. Therapeutic concepts in clinical dermatology: cyclosporine A in immunomediated and other dermatoses. Int. J. Dermatol.40(9), 551–561 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Billich A, Aschauer H, Aszodi A, Stuetz A. Percutaneous absorption of drugs used in atopic eczema: pimecrolimus permeates less through skin than corticosteroids and tacrolimus. Int. J. Pharm.269(1), 29–35 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalthoff FS, Chung J, Musser P, Stuetz A. Pimecrolimus does not affect the differentiation, maturation and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, in contrast to corticosteroids. Clin. Exp. Immunol.133(3), 350–359 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassberger M, Baumruker T, Enz A et al. A novel anti-inflammatory drug, SDZ ASM 981, for the treatment of skin diseases: in vitro pharmacology. Br. J. Dermatol.141(2), 264–273 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meingassner JG, Stutz A. Immunosuppressive macrolides of the type FK 506: a novel class of topical agents for treatment of skin diseases? J. Invest. Dermatol.98(6), 851–855 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meingassner JG, Grassberger M, Fahrngruber H, Moore HD, Schuurman H, Stutz A. A novel anti-inflammatory drug, SDZ ASM 981, for the topical and oral treatment of skin diseases: in vivo pharmacology. Br. J. Dermatol.137(4), 568–576 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalthoff FS, Chung J, Stuetz A. Pimecrolimus inhibits up-regulation of OX40 and synthesis of inflammatory cytokines upon secondary T cell activation by allogeneic dendritic cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol.130(1), 85–92 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoetzenecker W, Ecker R, Kopp T, Stuetz A, Stingl G, Elbe-Burger A. Pimecrolimus leads to an apoptosis-induced depletion of T cells but not Langerhans cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol.115(6), 1276–1283 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultsch T, Muller KD, Meingassner JG, Grassberger M, Schopf RE, Knop J. Ascomycin macrolactam derivative SDZ ASM 981 inhibits the release of granule-associated mediators and of newly synthesized cytokines in RBL 2H3 mast cells in an immunophilin-dependent manner. Arch. Dermatol. Res.290(9), 501–507 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuberbier T, Chong SU, Grunow K, Guhl S, Welker P, Grassberger M et al. The ascomycin macrolactam pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) is a potent inhibitor of mediator release from human dermal mast cells and peripheral blood basophils. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol.108(2), 275–280 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meingassner JG, Kowalsky E, Schwendinger H, Elbe-Burger A, Stutz A. Pimecrolimus does not affect Langerhans cells in murine epidermis. Br. J. Dermatol.149(4), 853–857 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoetzenecker W, Meingassner JG, Ecker R, Stingl G, Stuetz A, Elbe-Burger A. Corticosteroids but not pimecrolimus affect viability, maturation and immune function of murine epidermal Langerhans cells. J. Invest. Dermatol.122(3), 673–684 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicari AP, Caux C, Trinchieri G. Tumour escape from immune surveillance through dendritic cell inactivation. Semin Cancer Biol.12(1), 33–42 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe J, Macaubas C, Monger TM et al. Antigen-specific responses to diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis vaccine in human infants are initially Th2 polarized. Infect. Immun.68(7), 3873–3877 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak N, Bieber T, Leung DY. Immune mechanisms leading to atopic dermatitis. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol.112(6 Suppl.), S128–S139 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hultsch T, Kapp A, Spergel J. Immunomodulation and safety of topical calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Dermatology211(2), 174–187 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meingassner JG, Fahrngruber H, Bavandi A. Pimecrolimus inhibits the elicitation phase but does not suppress the sensitization phase in murine contact hypersensitivity, in contrast to tacrolimus and cyclosporine A. J. Invest. Dermatol.121(1), 77–80 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper J, Green A, Scott G et al. First experience of topical SDZ ASM 981 in children with atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol.144(4), 781–787 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leent EJM, Ebelin ME, Burtin P, Dorobek B, Spuls PI, Bos JD. Low systemic exposure after repeated topical application of pimecrolimus (Elidel®), SDZASM981) in patients with atopic dermatitis. Dermatology204(1), 63–68 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen BR, Lakhanpaul M, Morris A et al. Systemic exposure, tolerability, and efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% in atopic dermatitis patients. Arch. Dis. Child.88(11), 969–973 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaci D, Steinmeyer K, Ebelin ME, Scott G, Kaufmann R. Occlusive treatment of chronic hand dermatitis with pimecrolimus cream 1% results in low systemic exposure, is well tolerated, safe, and effective. An open study. Dermatology207(1), 37–42 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling M, Gottlieb A, Pariser D et al. A randomized study of the safety, absorption and efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% applied twice or four times daily in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Dermatol. Treat.16(3), 142–148 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staab D, Pariser D, Gottlieb AB et al. Low systemic absorption and good tolerability of pimecrolimus, administered as 1% cream (Elidel) in infants with atopic dermatitis – a multicenter, 3-week, open-label study. Pediatr. Dermatol.22(5), 465–471 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul C, Cork M, Rossi AB, Papp KA, Barbier N, de Prost Y. Safety and tolerability of 1% pimecrolimus cream among infants: experience with 1133 patients treated for up to 2 years. Pediatrics117(1), E118–E128 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappersberger K, Komar M, Ebelin ME et al. Pimecrolimus identifies a common genomic anti-inflammatory profile, is clinically highly effective in psoriasis and is well tolerated. J. Invest. Dermatol.119(4), 876–887 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff K, Fleming C, Hanifin J et al. Efficacy and tolerability of three different doses of oral pimecrolimus in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Br. J. Dermatol.152(6), 1296–1303 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb AB, Griffiths CE, Ho VC et al. Oral pimecrolimus in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque-type psoriasis: a double-blind, multicentre, randomized, dose-finding trial. Br. J. Dermatol.152(6), 1219–1227 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichenfield LF, Lucky AW, Boguniewicz M et al. Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus (ASM 981) cream 1% in the treatment of mild and moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.46(4), 495–504 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho VC, Gupta A, Kaufmann R et al. Safety and efficacy of nonsteroid pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants. J. Pediatr.142(2), 155–162 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meurer M, Folster-Holst R, Wozel G, Weidinger G, Junger M, Brautigam M. Pimecrolimus cream in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis in adults: a six-month study. Dermatology205(3), 271–277 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meurer M, Fartasch M, Albrecht G et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% in adults with moderate atopic dermatitis. Dermatology208(4), 365–372 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahn U, Bos JD, Goodfield M et al. Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatrics110(1 Pt 1), E2 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapp A, Papp K, Bingham A et al. Long-term management of atopic dermatitis in infants with topical pimecrolimus, a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol.110(2), 277–284 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp KA, Werfel T, Folster-Holst R et al. Long-term control of atopic dermatitis with pimecrolimus cream 1% in infants and young children: a two-year study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.52(2), 240–246 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp K, Staab D, Harper J et al. Effect of pimecrolimus cream 1% on the long-term course of pediatric atopic dermatitis. Int. J. Dermatol.43(12), 978–983 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boguniewicz M, Eichenfield LF, Hultsch T. Current management of atopic dermatitis and interruption of the atopic march. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol.112(6 Suppl.), S140–S150 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robert C, Kupper TS. Inflammatory skin diseases, T cells, and immune surveillance. N. Engl. J. Med.341(24), 1817–1828 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crutchfield CE, III. Pimecrolimus: a new treatment for seborrheic dermatitis. Cutis70(4), 207–208 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brownell I, Quan LT, Hsu S. Topical pimecrolimus in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. Dermatol. Online J. 9(3), 13 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rallis E, Nasiopoulou A, Kouskoukis C, Koumantaki E. Pimecrolimus cream 1% can be an effective treatment for seborrheic dermatitis of the face and trunk. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res.30(5–6), 191–195 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warshaw E, Wohlhuter J, Drake D et al. Randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled efficacy trial of pimecrolimus cream 1% for the treatment of moderate to severe facial seborrheic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol.125(1), A3 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Rigopoulos D, Ioannides D, Kalogeromitros D, Gregoriou S, Katsambas A. Pimecrolimus cream 1% vs. betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1% cream in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis. A randomized open-label clinical trial. Br. J. Dermatol.151(5), 1071–1075 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrowietz U, Graeber M, Brautigam M et al. The novel ascomycin derivative SDZ ASM 981 is effective for psoriasis when used topically under occlusion. Br. J. Dermatol.139(6), 992–996 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gribetz C, Ling M, Lebwohl M et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of intertriginous psoriasis: a double-blind, randomized study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.51(5), 731–738 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsito DV, Fowler JF Jr, Marks JG Jr et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1%: a potential new treatment for chronic hand dermatitis. Cutis73(1), 31–38 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayoral FA, Gonzalez C, Shah NS, Arciniegas C. Repigmentation of vitiligo with pimecrolimus cream: a case report. Dermatology207(3), 322–323 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter A, Gambichler T, Breuckmann F et al. Pimecrolimus 1% cream for cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.51(3), 407–410 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabawski E. Treatment of cutaneous lupus with Elidel. Dermatol. Online J.8(2), 25 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein AT, Marinoff SC, Christopher K. Pimecrolimus for the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus in a premenarchal girl. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol.17(1), 35–37 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larangeira de Almeida H Jr. Successful treatment of chronic actinic dermatitis with topical pimecrolimus. Int. J. Dermatol.44(4), 343–344 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ziemer M, Gruhn B, Thiele JJ, Elsner P. Treatment of extensive chronic cutaneous graft-versus-host disease in an infant with topical pimecrolimus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.50(6), 946–948 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmook T, Kraft J, Benninghoff B et al. Treatment of cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease with topical pimecrolimus. Bone Marrow Transplant.36(1), 87–88 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esquivel-Pedraza L, Fernandez-Cuevas L, Ortiz-Pedroza G, Reyes-Gutierrez E, Orozco-Topete R. Treatment of oral lichen planus with topical pimecrolimus 1% cream. Br. J. Dermatol.150(4), 771–773 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dissemond J, Schroter S, Franckson T, Herbig S, Goos M. Pimecrolimus in an adhesive ointment as a new treatment option for oral lichen planus. Br. J. Dermatol.150(4), 782–784 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift JC, Rees TD, Plemons JM, Hallmon WW, Wright JC. The effectiveness of 1% pimecrolimus cream in the treatment of oral erosive lichen planus. J. Periodontol.76(4), 627–635 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oji V, Beljan G, Beier K, Traupe H, Luger TA. Topical pimecrolimus: a novel therapeutic option for Netherton syndrome. Br. J. Dermatol.153(5), 1067–1068 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amichai B. Psoriasis of the glans penis in a child successfully treated with Elidel (pimecrolimus) cream. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.18(6), 742–743 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black RJ. Vulval eczema associated with propolis sensitization from topical therapies treated successfully with pimecrolimus cream. Clin. Exp. Dermatol.30(1), 91–92 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bohm M, Bonsmann G, Luger TA. Resolution of lichen aureus in a 10-year-old child after topical pimecrolimus. Br. J. Dermatol.151(2), 519–520 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu CY. The use of 1% pimecrolimus cream for the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea. Br. J. Dermatol.152(2), 396–399 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SJ, Love EW. Steroid-free pimecrolimus (Elidel) for monotherapy of lichen planus. J. Drugs Dermatol.3(5), 563–564 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sulit DJ, Harford R, O’Neill JT. Discrete papular form of lichen myxedematosus: a case report and review of the literature. Cutis75(2), 105–112 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tzung TY, Wu JC. Topical calcineurin inhibitors in treating Jessner’s lymphocytic infiltration of the skin: report of a case. Br. J. Dermatol.152(2), 383–384 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigopoulos D, Prantsidis A, Christofidou E, Ioannides D, Gregoriou S, Katsambas A. Pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare. Br. J. Dermatol.152(6), 1364–1365 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arican O, Ciralik H, Sasmaz S. Unsuccessful treatment of extragenital lichen sclerosus with topical 1% pimecrolimus cream. J. Dermatol.31(12), 1014–1017 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos JD. Topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are not associated with skin atrophy. Br. J. Dermatol.146(2), 342 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Queille-Roussel C, Paul C, Duteil L et al. The new topical ascomycin derivative SDZ ASM 981 does not induce skin atrophy when applied to normal skin for 4 weeks: a randomized, double-blind controlled study. Br. J. Dermatol.144(3), 507–513 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elidel®, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ, USA (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Kempers S, Boguniewicz M, Carter E, Jarratt M, Pariser D, Stewart D et al. A randomized investigator-blinded study comparing pimecrolimus cream 1% with tacrolimus ointment 0.03% in the treatment of pediatric patients with moderate atopic dermatitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.51(4), 515–525 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luger TA, Lahfa M, Folster-Holst R, Gulliver WP, Allen R, Molloy S et al. Long-term safety and tolerability of pimecrolimus cream 1% and topical corticosteroids in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. J. Dermatol. Treat.15(3), 169–178 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonifazi E, Garofalo L, Pisani V, Meneghini CL. Role of some infectious agents in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. Suppl. (Stockh.)114, 98–100 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• David TJ, Longson M. Herpes simplex infections in atopic eczema. Arch. Dis. Child.60(4), 338–343 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lubbe J, Stucky L, Saurat JH. Rosaceiform dermatitis with follicular Demodex after treatment of facial atopic dermatitis with 1% pimecrolimus cream. Dermatology207(2), 205–207 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Segura S, Romero D, Carrera C, Iranzo P, Estrach T. Eczema herpeticum during treatment of atopic dermatitis with 1% pimecrolimus cream. Acta Derm. Venereol.85(6), 524–525 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tran C, Antille C, Sorg O, Saurat HJ, Lubbe J. Effects of topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus, pimecrolimus) on UVB-induced DNA-damage in mouse and human skin in vivo. Poster presented at: Annual meeting of Swiss Academy of Dermatology and venereology Basel, Switzerland (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Doelker I, Tran C, Sorg O, Surat J-H, Lubbe J. Kinetics of cyclobutane dipyrimidine dimer production and clearance in the skin of UV-irradiated skin pretreated with topical calcineurin inhibitors of corticosteroids in normal and atopic patients. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.19(Suppl. 2), 1–45 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Bieber T, Cork M, Ellis C et al. Consensus statement on the safety profile of topical calcineurin inhibitors. Dermatology211(2), 77–78 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ring J, Barker J, Behrendt H et al. Review of the potential photo-cocarcinogenicity of topical calcineurin inhibitors. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.19(6), 663–671 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonacier L, Spergel J, Charlesworth EN, Weldon D, Beltrani V, Bernhisel-Broadbent J et al. Report of the topical calcineurin inhibitor task force of the american college of allergy, asthma and immunology and the american academy of allergy, asthma and immunology. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol.115(6), 1249–1253 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp KA, Breuer K, Meurer M, Ortonne JP, Potter PC, de Prost Y et al. Long-term treatment of atopic dermatitis with pimecrolimus cream 1% in infants does not interfere with the development of protective antibodies after vaccination. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.52(2), 247–253 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America’s April 5, 2005, letter to the FDA. Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, Chicago, IL, USA (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Bindslev-Jensen C, Zuberbier T, Eigenmann P, Wahn I. Finding a balance on precaution. EAACI Newsletter6, 14 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• JDGG (German Dermatology Society). Statement issued by the German Dermatology Society (DDG) in response to the US FDA’s decision concerning the use of pimecrolimus cream and tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). JDDG. 3(6), 415 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Girolomoni G, Gelmetti C, Vierucci A. The safety profile of topical pimecrolimus in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol.36, 126–130 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Inflammatory Skin Disease Institute. FDA announces it is adding a "black box warning label on the eczema medications pimecrolimus (elidel) and tacrolimus (protopic), Portland, OR, USA (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann R, Folster-Holst R, Hoger P et al. Onset of action of pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of atopic eczema in infants. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol.114(5), 1183–1188 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuetz A, Grassberger M, Meingassner JG. Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) – preclinical pharmacologic profile and skin selectivity. Semin Cutan. Med. Surg.20(4), 233–241 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar