5
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: clinical features, prognosis and laboratory findings

Pages 667-678 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Talbot JH. Historical background of discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus (4th Edition). Wallace DJ, Hahn BH (Eds). Lea and Fiebiger, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 3–12 (1993).
  • Wallace DJ. Management of lupus erythematosus: recent insights. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol.14, 212–219 (2002).
  • Callen JP. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a personal approach to management. Australas. J. Dermatol.47, 13–27 (2006).
  • Sontheimer RD, Provost TT. Lupus erythematosus. In: Cutaneous Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases. Sontheimer RD, Provost TT (Eds). William & Wilkins, Baltimore, MO, USA, 1–71 (1996).
  • Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum.25, 1271–1277 (1982).
  • Watanabe T, Tsuchida T. Classification of lupus erythematosus based upon cutaneous manifestations. Dermatological, systemic and laboratory findings in 191 patients. Dermatology190, 277–283 (1996).
  • McCauliffe DP. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg.20, 14–26 (2001).
  • Zecevic RD, Vojvodvic D, Ristic B, Pavlovic MD, Stefanovic D, Karadaglic D. Skin lesion – an indicator of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus? Lupus10, 364–367 (2001).
  • Patel PP, Werth V. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a review. Dermatol. Clin.20, 373–385 (2002).
  • Sticherling M. Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. In: Autoimmune Disease of the Skin – Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Management. Hertl M (Ed.). Springer Wien, NY, USA, 337–364 (2005).
  • Wysenbeek AJ, Leibovici L, Amit M, Weinberger A. Alopecia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relation to disease manifestations. J. Rheumatol.18, 1185–1186 (1991).
  • Burge SM, Frith PA, Juniper RP, Wojnarowska F. Mucosal involvement in systemic and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Dermatol.121, 727–741 (1989).
  • Marks R. Lichen planus and cutaneous lupus erythematosus. In: Retinoids. A Clinician’s Guide. Lowe N, Marks R (Eds). Martin Dunitz, London, UK, 113–117 (1995).
  • Botella R, Alfonso R, Silvestre JF, Ramon R. Discoid lupus erythematosus-like lesions and stomatitis. Arch. Dermatol.135, 847–850 (1999).
  • Perniciaro C, Randle HW, Perry HO. Hypertrophic discoid lupus erythematosus resembling squamous cell carcinoma. Dermatol. Surg.21, 255–257 (1995).
  • Uy HS, Pineda R 2nd, Shore JW, Polcharoen W, Jakobiec FA, Foster CS. Hypertrophic discoid lupus erythematosus of the conjunctiva. Am. J. Ophthalmol.127, 604–605 (1999).
  • Dabski K, Stoll H, Milgrom H. Squamous cell carcinoma complicating late chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. J. Surg. Oncol.32, 233–237 (1986).
  • Millard LG, Barker DJ. Development of squamous cell carcinoma in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Clin. Exp. Dermatol.3, 161–166 (1978).
  • Caproni M, Palleschi GM, Papi C, Fabbri P. Discoid lupus erythematosus lesions developed on lupus erythematosus profundus nodules. Int. J. Dermatol.34, 357–359 (1995).
  • Watanabe T, Tsuchida T. Lupus erythematosus profundus: a cutaneous marker for a distinct clinical subset? Br. J. Dermatol.134, 123–125 (1996).
  • Kundig TM, Trueb RM, Krasovec M. Lupus profundus/panniculitis. Dermatology195, 99–101 (1997).
  • Martens PB, Moder KG, Ahmed I. Lupus panniculitis: clinical perspectives from a case series. J. Rheumatol.26, 68–72 (1999).
  • Su WP, Perniciaro C, Rogers RS 3rd, White JW Jr. Chilblain lupus erythematosus (lupus pernio): clinical review of the Mayo Clinic experience and proposal of diagnostic criteria. Cutis54, 395–399 (1994).
  • Fisher DA, Everett MA. Violaceous rash of dorsal fingers in a woman. Diagnosis: chilblain lupus erythematosus (perniosis). Arch. Dermatol.132, 459–462 (1996).
  • Dekle CL, Mannes KD, Davis LS, Sangueza OP. Lupus tumidus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.41, 250–253 (1999).
  • Ruiz H, Sanchez JL. Tumid lupus erythematosus. Am. J. Dermatopathol.21, 356–360 (1999).
  • Rupec RA, Petropoulou T, Belohradsky BH, Walchner M, Liese JG, Plewig G. Lupus erythematosus tumidus and chronic discoid lupus erythematosus in carriers of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Eur. J. Dermatol.10, 184–189 (2000).
  • Kuhn A, Sonntag M, Ruzicka T, Lehmann P, Megahed M. Histopathologic findings in lupus erythematosus tumidus: review of 80 patients. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.48, 901–908 (2003).
  • Kanda N, Tsuchida T, Watanabe T, Tamaki K. Cutaneous lupus mucinosis: a review of our cases and the possible pathogenesis. J. Cutan. Pathol.24, 553–558 (1997).
  • Sonntag M, Lehmann P, Megahed M, Ruzicka T, Kuhn A. Papulonodular mucinosis associated with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Dermatology206, 326–329 (2003).
  • Williams WL, Ramos-Caro FA. Acute periorbital mucinosis in discoid lupus erythematosus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.41, 871–873 (1999).
  • Watanabe T, Tsuchida T, Ito Y, Kanda N, Ueda Y, Tamaki K. Annular erythema associated with lupus erythematosus/Sjogren’s syndrome. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.36, 214–218 (1997).
  • Sontheimer RD, Thomas JR, Gilliam JN. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch. Dermatol.115, 1409–1415 (1979).
  • Callen JP. Is subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus a subset of systemic lupus erythematosus or a distinct entity? Br. J. Dermatol.144, 450 (2001).
  • Black DR, Hornung CA, Schneider PD, Callen JP. Frequency and severitiy of systemic disease in patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch. Dermatol.138, 1175–1178 (2002).
  • McCauliffe DP. Distinguishing subacute cutaneous from other types of lupus erythematosus. Lancet351, 1527–1528 (1998).
  • Lehmann P, Hölzle E, Kind P, Goerz G, Plewig G. Experimental reproduction of skin lesions in lupus erythematosus by UVA and UVB radiation. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.22, 181–187 (1990).
  • Kind P, Lehmann P, Plewig G. Phototesting in lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol.100, S53–S57 (1993).
  • Hasan T, Nyberg F, Stephansson E et al. Photosensitivity in lupus erythematosus, UV photoprovocation results compared with history of photosensitivity and clinical findings. Br. J. Dermatol.136, 699–705 (1997).
  • Kuhn A, Sonntag M, Richter-Hintz D et al. Phototesting in lupus erythematosus: a 15-year experience. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.45, 86–95 (2001).
  • Nyberg F, Hasan T, Puska P et al. Occurrence of polymorphous light eruption in lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Dermatol.136, 217–221 (1997).
  • Millard TP, Kondeatis E, Vaughan RW et al. Polymorphic light eruption and the HLA DRB1*0301 extended haplotype are independent risk factors for cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus10, 473–479 (2001).
  • Callen JP. Drug-induced cutaneous lupus erythematosus, a distinct syndrome that is frequently unrecognised. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.45, 315–316 (2001).
  • Bleumink GS, ter Borg EJ, Ramselaar CG, Ch Stricker BH. Etanerecept-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology40, 1317–1319 (2001).
  • Bentley DD, Graves JE, Smith DI, Heffernan MP. Efalizumab-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Am. Acad. Dermatol.54, S242–S243 (2006).
  • Bonsmann G, Schiller M, Luger TA, Ständer S. Terbinafine-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.44, 925–931 (2001).
  • Yell JA, Burge SM. The effect of hormonal changes on cutaneous disease in lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Dermatol.129, 18–22 (1993).
  • Wilder RL. Hormones, pregnancy, and autoimmune diseases. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.840, 45–50 (1998).
  • Meier CR, Sturkenboom MCJM, Cohen AS, Jick H. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus or discoid lupus. J. Rheumatol.25, 1515–1519 (1998).
  • Petri M, Kim MY, Kalunian KC et al. Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Eng. J. Med.353, 2550–2558 (2005).
  • Sanchez-Guerrero J, Uribe AG, Jimenez-Santana L et al. A trial of contraceptive methods in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Eng. J. Med.353, 2539–2549 (2005).
  • Kanda N, Tsuchida T, Watanabe T, Tamaki K. Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus in men. Characteristics of the cutaneous manifestations. Dermatology193, 6–10 (1996).
  • Gladman DD, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical features. In: Rheumatology (2nd Edition). Klippel JH, Dieppe PA (Eds). Mosby, St. Louis, MO, USA (1998).
  • Urowitz MB, Gladman DD. How to improve morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology39, 238–244 (2000).
  • Ruffatti A, Veller-Fornasa C, Patrassi GM, Sartori E, Tonello M, Tonetto S. Anticardiolipin antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Clin. Rheumatol.14, 402–404 (1995).
  • Neiman AR, Lee LA, Weston WL, Buyon JP. Cutaneous manifestations of neonatal lupus without heart block: characteristics of mothers and children enrolled in a national registry. J. Pediatr.137, 674–680 (2000).
  • George PM, Tunnessen WW Jr. Childhood discoid lupus erythematosus. Arch. Dermatol.129, 613–617 (1993).
  • Lee LA, Weston WL. Cutaneous lupus erytheamatosus during the neonatal and childhood periods. Lupus6, 132–138 (1997).
  • Wananukul S, Satana D, Pongprasit P. Cutaneous manifestation of childhood systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr. Dermatol.15, 342–346 (1998).
  • Pu SJ, Luo SF, Wu YJJ, Cheng HS, Ho HH. The clinical features and prognosis of lupus with disease onset at age 65 and older. Lupus9, 96–100 (2000).
  • Fumal I, Danchin A, Cosserat F, Barbaud A, Schmutz JL. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus associated with tamoxifen therapy: two cases. Dermatology210, 251–251 (2005).
  • Norris DA, Bennion SD, David-Bajar K. Pathomechanisms of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. In: Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus (4th Edition). Wallace DJ, Hahn BH (Eds). Lea and Fiebiger, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 549–567 (1996).
  • Bielsa I, Herrero C, Ercilla G et al. Immunogenetic findings in cutaneous erythematosus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.25, 251–257 (1991).
  • Millard TP, McGregor JM. Molecular genetics of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clin. Exp. Dermatol.26, 184–191 (2001).
  • Asghar SS, Venneker GT, van Meegen M, Meinardi MM, Hulsmans RF, de Waal LP. Hereditary deficiency of C5 in association with discoid lupus erythematosus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.24, 376–378 (1991).
  • Sullivan KE. Complement deficiency and autoimmunity. Curr. Opin. Pediatr.10, 600–606 (1998).
  • Racila DM, Sontheimer CJ, Sheffield A, Wisnieski JJ, Racila E, Sontheimer RD. Homozygous single nucleotide polmorphism oof the complement C1QA gene is associated with decreased levels of C1q in patients with subcute cataneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus12, 124–132 (2003).
  • Nousari HC, Kimyai-Asadi A, Provost TT. Generalized lupus erythematosus profundus in a patient with genetic partial deficiency of C4. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.41, 362–364 (1999).
  • Lipsker DM, Schreckenberg-Giliot C, Uring-Lambert B et al. Lupus erythematosus associated with genetically determined deficiency of the second component of the complement. Arch. Dermatol.136, 1508–1514 (2000).
  • Werth VP, ZhangW, Dortzbach K, Sullivan K. Association of a promoter polymorphism of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol.115, 726–730 (2000).
  • Gallego H, Crutchfield CE 3rd, Lewis EJ, Gallego HJ. Report of an association between discoid lupus erythematosus and smoking. Cutis63, 231–234 (1999).
  • Orteu DH, Sontheimer RD, Dutz JP. The pathopysiology of photosensitivity in lupus erythematosus. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed.17, 95–113 (2001).
  • Baima B, Sticherling M. Apoptosis in different manifestations of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Dermatol.144, 958–966 (2001).
  • Casiano C, Wu X, Molinaro C. Apoptosis, necrosis, and the genesis of antinuclear antibodies. Autoantigens and autoantibodies: diagnostic tool and clues to understanding autoimmunity. Conrad K, Humbel RL, Meurer M, Shoenfeld Y, Tan EM (Eds). Pabst Science Publishers, Lengerich, Germany, 152–186 (2000).
  • Golan TD, Sigal D, Sabo E, Shemuel Z, Guedj D, Weinberger A. The penetrating potential of autoantibodies into live cells in vitro coincides with the in vivo staining of epidermal nuclei. Lupus6, 18–26 (1997).
  • Provost TT, Watson R, Simmons-O’Brien E. Significance of the anti-Ro (SS-A) antibody in evaluation of patients with cutaneous manifestations of a connective tissue disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.35, 147–169 (1996).
  • Mond CB, Peterson MG, Rothfield NF. Correlation of anti-Ro antibody with photosensitivity rash in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis Rheum.32, 202–204 (1989).
  • Kuhn A, Herrmann M, Kleber S et al. Accumulation of apoptotic cells in the epidermis of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus after ultraviolet irradiation. Arthritis Rheum.54, 939–950 (2006).
  • Casciola-Rosen LA, Anhalt G, Rosen A. Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes. J. Exp. Med.179, 1317–1330 (1994).
  • Tan EM. Autoimmunity and apoptosis. J. Exp. Med.179, 1083–1086 (1994).
  • Sontheimer RD, Bergstresser PR. Epidermal Langerhans cell involvement in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol.79, 237–243 (1982).
  • Denfeld RW, Kind P, Sontheimer RD, Schöpf E, Simon JC. In situ expression of B7 and CD28 receptor families in skin lesions of patients with lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum.40, 814–821 (1997).
  • Janssens AS, Lashley EE, Out-Luiting CJ, Willemze R, Pavel S, de Gruijl FR. UVB-induced leucocyte trafficking in the epidermis of photosensitive lupus erythematosus patients: normal depletion of Langerhans cells. Exp. Dermatol.14, 138–142 (2005).
  • Stein LF, Saed GM, Fivenson DP. T-cell cytokine network in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.36, 191–196 (1997).
  • Volc-Platzer B, Anegg B, Milota S, Pickl W, Fischer G. Accumulation of γ δ T cells in chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol.100, S84–S91 (1993).
  • Furukawa F, Tokura Y, Matsushita K et al. Selective expansions of T cells expressing V β 8 and V β 13 in skin lesions of patients with chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Dermatol.23, 670–676 (1996).
  • Hasan T, Stephansson E, Ranki A. Distribution of naive and memory T-cells in photoprovoked and spontaneous skin lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus and polymorphous light eruption. Acta Derm. Venereol.79, 437–442 (1999).
  • Jacob CO. Tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma: relevance for immune regulation and genetic predisposition to autoimmune disease. Semin. Immunol.4, 147–154 (1992).
  • Middleton MH, Norris DA. Cytokine-induced ICAM-1 expression in human keratinocytes is highly variable in keratinocyte strains from different donors. J. Invest. Dermatol.104, 489–496 (1995).
  • Kuhn A, Sonntag M, Lehmann P, Megahed M, Vestweber D, Ruzicka T. Characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate and expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules in lupus erythematosus tumidus. Arch. Dermatol. Res.294, 6–13 (2002).
  • Wenzel J, Henze S, Worenkamper E et al. Role of the chemokine receptor CCR4 and its ligand thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17 for lymphocyte recruitment in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol.124, 1241–1248 (2005).
  • Popovic K, Ek M, Espinosa A et al. Increased expression of the novel proinflammatory cytokine high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 in skin lesions of patients with lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum.52, 3639–3645 (2005).
  • de Jong EM, van der Vleuten CJ, van Vlijmen-Willems IM. Differences in extracellular matrix proteins, epidermal growth and differentiation in discoid lupus erythematosus, lichen planus and the overlap syndrome. Acta. Derm. Venereol.77, 356–360 (1997).
  • Parodi A, Rebora A. ARA and EADV criteria for classification of systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Dermatology194, 217–220 (1997).
  • Parodi A, Massone C, Cacciapuoti M et al. Measuring the activity of the disease in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Dermatol.142, 457–460 (2000).
  • Tebbe B, Mansmann U, Wollina U et al. Markers in cutaneous lupus erythematosus indicating systemic involvement. A multicenter study on 296 patients. Acta. Derm. Venereol.77, 305–308 (1997).
  • Albrecht J, Taylor L, Berlin JA et al. The CLASI (cutaneous lupus erythematosus disease area and severity index): an outcome instrument for cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J. Invest. Dermatol.125, 889–894 (2005).
  • Tebbe B. Clinical course and prognosis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clin. Dermatol.22, 121–124 (2004).
  • Bernatsky S, Clarke A, Abrahamowicz M, Neville C, Karp I, Pineau CA. A comparison of prospective and retrospective evaluations of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index for systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol.32, 820–823 (2005).
  • Egner W. The use of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of SLE. J. Clin. Pathol.53, 424–432 (2000).
  • Eissfeller P, Sticherling M, Scholz D et al. Comparison of different test systems for simultaneous autoantibody detection in connective tissue diseases. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1050, 327–339 (2005).
  • McCauliffe DP. Cutaneous diseases in adults associated with anti-Ro/SS-A autoantibody production. Lupus6, 158–166 (1997).
  • Fonseca E, Alvarez R, Gonzalez MR, Pascual D. Prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus1, 265–268 (1992).
  • Ackerman AB. Lupus erythematosus. In: Histologic Diagnosis of Inflammatory Skin Diseases (2nd Edition). Ackerman AB (Ed.). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, USA 525–546 (1997).
  • George R, Kurian S, Jacob M, Thomas K. Diagnostic evaluation of the lupus band test in discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. Int. J. Dermatol.34, 170–173 (1995).
  • Cardinali C, Caproni M, Fabbri P. The utility of the lupus band test on sun-protected non-lesional skin for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.17, 427–432 (1999).
  • Magro CM, Crowson AN, Harrist TJ. The use of antibody to C5b-9 in the subclassification of lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Dermatol.134, 855–862 (1996).
  • Zecevic RD, Pavlovic D, Stefanovic D. Lupus band test and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: does it still matter? Clin. Exp. Dermatol.31, 358–360 (2006).
  • Sticherling M. Ciclosporin bei Kollagenosen. In : Ciclosporin in der Dermatologie Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany (2003).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.