A guide to lymphedema

References

• Moffatt CJ, Franks PJ, Doherty DC et al. Lymphoedema: an underestimated health problem. Q. J. Med.96, 731–738 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Földi M. Insufficiency of lymph flow. In: Lymphangiology. Földi M, Casley-Smith JR (Eds). Schatteuer, Stuttgart, Germany, 195–213 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Tiwari A, Myint F, Hamilton G. Management of lower limb lymphoedema in the United Kingdom. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg.31(3), 311–315 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Smeltzer DM, Stickler GB, Schirger A. Primary lymphedema in children and adolescents: a follow-up study and review. Pediatrics76(2), 206–218 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark B, Sitzia J, Harlow W. Incidence and risk of arm oedema following treatment for breast cancer: a three-year follow-up study. Q. J. Med.98(5), 343–348 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Mortimer PS, Levick JR. Chronic peripheral oedema: the critical role of the lymphatic system. Clin. Med.4(5), 448–453 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubik S, Manestar M. Anatomy of the lymph capillaries and precollectors of the skin. In: The Initial Lymphatics. Bollinger A, Partsch H, Wolfe JJN (Eds). Thieme, Stuttgart, Germany, 66–74 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• De Long TG, Simmons RL. Role of lymphatic vessels in bacterial clearance from early soft tissue infection. Arch. Surg.117, 123–128 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Yoffey JM, Courtice JM. Lymphatics, Lymph and the Lymphomyeloid Complex. New York Academic Press, NY, USA (1970).
   Google Scholar
• Karkkainen MJ, Haiko P, Sainio K et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor C is required for sprouting of the first lymphatic vessels from embryonic veins. Nat. Immunol.5(1), 74–80 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte MH, Erickson R, Bernas M et al. Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity in familial Milroy lymphedema. Lymphology31(4), 145–155 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Ferrell RE, Levinson KL, Esman JH et al. Hereditary lymphedema: evidence for linkage and genetic heterogeneity. Hum. Mol. Genet.7(13), 2073–2078 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Evans AL, Brice G, Sotirova V et al. Mapping of primary congenital lymphedema to the 5q35.3 region. Am. J. Hum. Genet.64(2), 547–555 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Karkkainen MJ, Ferrell RE, Lawrence EC et al. Missense mutations interfere with VEGFR-3 signalling in primary lymphoedema. Nat. Genet.25, 153–159 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler MG, Dagenais SL, Rockson SG et al. A novel VEGFR3 mutation causes Milroy disease. Am. J. Med. Genet. A.143(11), 1212–1217 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Brice G, Mansour S, Bell R et al. Analysis of the phenotypic abnormalities in lymphoedema distichiasis syndrome in 74 patients with FOXC-2 mutations or linkage to 16q.24. J. Med. Genet.39, 478–483 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Fang J, Dagenais SL, Erikson RP et al. Mutations in FOXC-2 (MFH-1) a forkhead family transcription factor are responsible for hereditary lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Genet.67, 1382–1388 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finegold DN, Kimak MA, Lawrence EC et al. Truncating mutations in FOXC2 cause multiple lymphedema syndromes. Hum. Mol. Genet.10(11), 1185–1189 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kriederman BM, Myloyde TL, Witte MH et al.FOXC2 haploinsufficient mice are a model for human autosomal dominant lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet.12(10), 1179–1185 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sholto-Douglas-Vernon C, Bell R, Brice G et al. Lymphoedema-distichiasis and FOXC2, unreported mutations, de novo mutation estimate, families without coding mutations. Hum. Genet.117(2–3), 238–242 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Meige H. Dystrophie oedemateuse héréditaire. Presse Méd.6, 341–343 (1898).
   Google Scholar
• Zhou XP, Hampel H, Thiele H et al. Association of germline mutation in the PTEN tumour suppressor gene and Proteus and Proteus-like syndrome. Lancet358, 210–211 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortimer PS. Disorders of lymphatic vessels. In: Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology (7th Edition). Burns DA, Breathnach SM, Cox NH, Griffiths CEM (Eds). Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Cox NH. Oedema as a risk factor for multiple episodes of cellulitis/erysipelas of the lower leg: a series with community follow up. Br. J. Dermatol.155(5), 947–950 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoberl C, Partsch H. Erysipelas and lymphoedema: hen or egg? Hautkrankheiten62, 56–62 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• de Almeida AB, Freedman DO. Epidemiology and immunopathology of bancroftian filariasis. Microbes Infect.1(12), 1015–1022 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiely PD, Bland JM, Joseph AE et al. Upper limb lymphatic function in inflammatory arthritis. J. Rheumatol.22, 214–217 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Nagai Y, Aoyama K, Endo Y et al. Lymphedema of the extremities developed as the initial manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur. J. Dermatol.17(2), 175–176 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Sakorafas GH, Peros G, Cataliotti L et al. Lymphedema following axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. Surg. Oncol.15(3), 153–165 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneddon I, Church R. Practical Dermatology (4th Edition). Edward Arnold, London, UK, 166 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Mortimer PS. Managing lymphoedema. Clin. Exp. Dermatol.20, 98–106 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Stemmer R. Ein klinisches Zeichen zur Früh-und Differentialdiagnose des Lymphödems. Vasa5, 261–262 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• International Society of Lymphology. The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphoedema. Consensus document of the International Society of Lymphology. Lymphology36(2), 84–91 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheatley DC, Wastie ML, Whitaker SC et al. Lymphoscintigraphy and colour Doppler sonography in the assessment of leg oedema of unknown cause. Br. J. Radiol69, 1117–1124 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Kinmonth JB. Lymphangiography in man. Clin. Sci.11, 13–20 (1952).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart G, Gaunt J. Croft DN et al. Isotope lymphography: a new method of investigating the role of lymphatics. Br. J. Surg.72, 906–909 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Proby CM, Gane JN, Joseph AE et al. Investigation of the swollen limb with isotope lymphography. Br. J. Dermatol.123, 29–38 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Lymphoedema Framework. Best practice for the management of lymphoedema, international consensus. MEP Ltd, London, UK (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Allen EU, Hines EA. Lipoedema of the legs. A syndrome characterized by fat legs and orthostatic oedema. Proc. Staff Mayo Clinic15, 1984–1987 (1940).
   Google Scholar
• Wold LE, Hines EA, Allen EV. Lipoedema of the legs. Ann. Intern. Med.34, 1243–1250 (1949).
   Google Scholar
• Amann-Vesti BR, Franzeck UK, Bollinger A. Microlymphatic aneurysms in patients with lipedema. Lymphology34(4), 170–175 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Harwood CA, Bull RH, Evans J et al. Lymphatic and venous function in lipoedema. Br. J. Dermatol.134, 1–6 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Beninson J, Edelglass JW. Lipedema – the non-lymphatic masquerader. Angiology35(8), 506–510 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Ketterings C. Lipodystrophy and its treatment. Ann. Plast. Surg.21(6), 536–543 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Jager G, Doller W, Roth R. Quality-of-life and body image impairments in patients with lymphedema. Lymphology39(4), 193–200 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyszel A, Malyszczak K, Pyszel K et al. Disability, psychological distress and quality of life in breast cancer survivors with arm lymphoedema. Lymphology39(4), 185–192 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignes S, Dupuy A. Recurrence of lymphoedema-associated cellulitis (erysipelas) under prophylactic antibiotherapy: a retrospective cohort study. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.20(7), 818–822 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart FW, Treves N. Lymphangiosarcoma in postmastectomy lymphoedema. Cancer1, 64–81 (1948).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskas JJ, Shelley WB, Wood MG. Lymphangiosarcoma arising in congenital lymphedema. Arch. Dermatol.111(1), 86–89 (1975).
   Google Scholar
• Offori TW, Platt CC, Stephens M et al. Angiosarcoma in congenital hereditary lymphoedema (Milroy’s disease) – diagnostic beacons and a review of the literature. Clin. Exp. Dermatol.18(2), 174–177 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Dürr HR, Pellengahr C, Nerlich A et al. Stewart–Treves syndrome as a rare complication of a hereditary lymphedema. Vasa33(1), 42–45 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taghian A, de Vathaire F, Terrier P et al. Long-term risk of sarcoma following radiation treatment for breast cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.21(2), 361–367 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peyron N, Dandurand M, Guillot B. Malignant tumors as complications of lymphedema. J. Mal. Vasc.18(4), 293–298 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grobmyer SR, Daly JM, Glotzbach RE et al. Role of surgery in the management of postmastectomy extremity angiosarcoma (Stewart–Treves syndrome). J. Surg. Oncol.73(3), 182–188 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Abraham JA, Hornicek FJ, Kaufman AM et al. Treatment and outcome of 82 patients with angiosarcoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol.14(6), 1953–1967 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson PM, Pessoa CM, Lupton GP et al. Basal cell carcinomas arising in chronic lymphoedema. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol.14, 781–783 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Epstein JL, Mendelsohn G. Squamous carcinoma of the foot arising in association with longstanding verrucous hyperplasia in a patient with congential lymphoedema. Cancer54, 943–947 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Hills RJ, Ive FA. Cutaneous secondary follicular centre cell lymphoma in association with lymphoedema praecox. Br. J. Dermatol.129, 186–189 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartal AH, Pinsky CM. Malignant melanoma appearing in a postmastectomy lymphoedematous arm: a novel association of double primary tumours. J. Surg. Oncol.30, 16–18 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Merimsky O, Chaitchik S. Kaposi’s sarcoma on a lymphoedematous arm following radical mastectomy. Tumori78, 407–408 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Shreiber H, Barry FM, Russell WC et al. Stewart–Treves syndrome: a lethal complication of post mastectomy lymphoedema and regional immune deficiency. Arch. Surg.114, 82–85 (1979).
   Google Scholar
• Franks PJ, Moffatt CJ, Doherty DC et al. Assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with lymphedema of the lower limb. Wound Repair Regen.14(2), 110–118 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foldi E, Foldi M, Weissleder H. Conservative treatment of lymphoedema of the limbs. Angiology36, 171–180 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheville Al, McGarvey CL, Petrek JA et al. Lymphedema management. Semin. Radiat. Oncol.13(3), 290–301 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Badger CMA, Peacock JL, Mortimer PS. A randomized, controlled, parallel group clinical trial comparing multi-layer bandaging followed by hosiery versus hosiery alone in the treatment of patients with lymphoedema of the limb. Cancer88, 2832–2837 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Clark M, Krimmel G. Lymphoedema and the construction and classification of compression hosiery. In: Lymphoedema Framework. Template for Practice: Compression Hosiery in Lymphoedema. MEP Ltd, London, UK, 2–4 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Marston W, Vowden K. Compression therapy: a guide to safe practice. In: European Wound Management Association (EWMA). Position Document: Understanding Compression Therapy. MEP Ltd, London, UK, 11–17 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Szuba A, Achalu R, Rockson SG. Decongestive lymphatic therapy for patients with breast carcinoma-associated lymphedema. A randomized, prospective study of a role for adjunctive intermittent pneumatic compression. Cancer95(11), 2260–2267 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikomi F, Schmid-Schonbein GW. Lymph transport in the skin. Clin. Dermatol.13, 419–427 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Mortimer PS, Simmonds R, Rezvani M et al. Measurement of skin lymph flow by an isotope clearance technique: reliability, reproducibility effect of injection dynamics and lymph flow enhancement. J. Invest. Dermatol.95, 677–682 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Mortimer PS, Badger C, Clarke I, Pallett J. A double blind randomized, parallel group, placebo-controlled trial of O-(-β hydroxyethyl)-rutosides in chronic arm oedema resulting from breast cancer treatment. Phlebology10, 51–55 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Loprinzi CL, Kugler JW, Sloan JA et al. Lack of effect of coumarin in women with lymphoedema after treatment for breast cancer. N. Eng. J. Med.340, 346–350 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sistrunk WE. Modification of the operation for elephantiasis. JAMA71, 800 (1918).
   Google Scholar
• Charles H. A System of Treatment Latham , English TC (Eds). Churchill, London, UK (1912).
   Google Scholar
• Gloviczki P. Principles of surgical treatment of chronic lymphoedema. Int. Angiol.18(1), 42–46 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Carrell T, Burnand K. Surgery and lymphoedema. In: Lymphoedema. Twycross R, Jenns K, Todd J (Eds). Radcliffe Medical Press, Oxford, UK, 285–292 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith HS, De los Santos R, Beattie GJ. Relief of chronic lymphoedema by omental transportation. Ann Surg.166, 573–585 (1967).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugnaire MR. Linfangioplastia mesenterica en el tratamiento de las elephantiasis de las membros inferiors. Angiologia20, 146–152 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• Kinmonth JB. The Lymphatics: Surgery, Lymphography and Diseases of the Chyle and Lymph Systems. Edward Arnold, London, UK (1982).
   Google Scholar