Advances in the topical ocular drug delivery

References

• Urquhart J. Development of the ocusert pilocarpine ocular therapeutic systems – a case history in ophthalmic product development. In: Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems. Robinson JR (Ed.). American Pharmaceutical Association, DC, USA 105 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Liu JH, Kripke DF, Weinreb RN. Comparison of the nocturnal effects of once-daily timolol and latanoprost on intraocular pressure. Am. J. Ophthalmol.138(3), 389–395 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grass GM, Wood RW, Robinson JR. Effects of calcium chelating agents on corneal permeability. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.26, 110–113 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TWY, Robinson JR. Ocular penetration enhancers. In: Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems. (2nd Edition). Mitra AK (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, NY, USA 281–307 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Davies NM, Wang G, Tucker IG. Evaluation of a hydrocortisone/ hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin solution for ocular drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm.156, 201–209 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Loftsson T, Stefansson E. Cyclodextrins in eye drop formulations: enhanced topical delivery of corticosteroids to the eye. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand.80(2), 144–150 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tang-Liu DDS, Burke J. The effect of Azone® on ocular levobunolol absorption: calculating the area under the curve and its standard error using tissue sampling compartments. Pharm. Res.5, 238–241 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillion DJ, Amsden JA, Kensil CR, Recchia J. Structure-function relationship among Quillaja saponins serving as excipients for nasal and ocular delivery of insulin. J. Pharm. Sci.85, 518–524 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung YB, Han K, Nishiura A, Lee VHL. Ocular absorption of Pz-peptide and its effects on the ocular and systemic pharmacokinetics of topically applied drugs in the rabbit. Pharm. Res.15, 1882–1887 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renard G, Bennani N, Lutaj P, Trinquand C. Comparative study of a collagen corneal shield and a subconjunctival injection at the end of cataract surgery. J. Cataract. Refract. Surg.19, 48–51 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willoughby CE, Batterbury M, Kaye SB. Collagen corneal shields. Surv. Ophthalmol.47(2), 174–182 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinmann G, Larson S, Neuhann IM et al. Intraocular concentrations of gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin in the anterior chamber via diffusion through the cornea using collagen shields. Cornea25(2), 209–213 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariprasad SM, Shah GK, Chi J, Prince RA. Determination of aqueous and vitreous concentration of moxifloxacin 0.5% after delivery via a dissolvable corneal collagen shield device. J. Cataract Refract. Surg.31(11), 2142–2146 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myles ME, Loutsch JM, Higaki S, Hill JM. Ocular iontophoresis. In: Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems. (2nd Edition). Mitra AK (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, NY, USA 365–408 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Myles ME, Neumann DM, Hill JM. Recent progress in ocular drug delivery for posterior segment disease: emphasis on transscleral iontophoresis. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.57, 2063–2079 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollmer DL, Szlek MA, Kolb K, Lloyd LB, Parkinson TM. In vivo transscleral iontophoresis to rabbit eyes. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther.18, 549–558 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koevary SB, Nussey J, Lake S. Accumulation of topically applied porcine insulin in the retina and optic nerve in normal and diabetic rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.43, 797–804 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eljarrat-Binstock E, Domb AJ. Iontophoresis: a non-invasive ocular drug delivery. J. Control Release110(3), 479–489 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eljarrat-Binstock E, Raiskup F, Frucht-Pery J, Domb AJ. Transcorneal and transscleral iontophoresis of dexamethasone phosphate using drug loaded hydrogel. J. Control Release106(3), 386–390 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eljarrat-Binstock E, Raiskup F, Stepensky D, Domb AJ, Frucht-Pery J. Delivery of gentamicin to the rabbit eye by drug-loaded hydrogel iontophoresis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.45(8), 2543–2548 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi A. Microparticulates as an ocular drug delivery system. In: Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery. Reddy IK (Ed.). Technomic Publishing Co. Inc., Basel, Switzerland 441–457 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Schulman JA, Peyman GA. Intracameral, intravitreal and retinal drug delivery. In: Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems. (1st Edition). Mitra AK (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, NY, USA 383–425 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Lee VHK, Wood RW, Kreuter J, Harima T, Robinson JR.Ocular drug delivery of progesterone using nanoparticles. J. Microencapsul.3, 213 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kothuri MK, Pinnamaneni S, Das NG, Das SK. Microparticles and nanoparticles in ocular drug delivery. In: Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems. (2nd Edition). Mitra AK (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, NY, USA 437–466 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Wood RW, Li VHK, Kreuter J, Robinson JR. Ocular disposition of poly-hexyl-2-cyano (3–14C) acrylate nanoparticles in albino rabbit. Int. J. Pharm.23, 175 (1985).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter J. Nanoparticles – preparation and applications. In: Microcapsules and Nanocapsules in Medicine and Pharmacy. Don Brow M (Ed.). CRC Press Inc., FL, USA 126–143 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Zimmer A, Kreuter J, Robinson JR. Studies on the transport pathway of PACA nanoparticles in ocular tissues. J. Microencapsul.8, 497 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchal-Haussler L, Fessi H, Devissaguet JP, Hoffman M, Maincent P. Colloidal drug delivery systems for the eye. A comparison of the efficacy of three different polymers: polyisobutylcyanoacrylate, polylactic-coglycolic acid, poly-epsilon-caprolactone. Pharm. Sci.2, 98 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Calvo P, Alonso MJ, Vila-Jato JL, Robinson JR. Improved ocular bioavailability of indomethacin by novel ocular drug carriers. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.48, 1147 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalli R, Peira E, Caputo O, Gasco MR. Solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers of hydrocortisone and progesterone complexes with β-cyclodextrins. Int. J. Pharm.182(1), 59–69 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignatello R, Ricupero N, Bucolo C, Maugeri F, Maltese A, Puglisi G. Preparation and characterization of eudragit retard nanosuspensions for the ocular delivery of cloricromene. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech.7(1), e27 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucolo C, Maltese A, Maugeri F, Busa B, Puglisi G, Pignatello R. Eudragit RL100 nanoparticle system for the ophthalmic delivery of cloricromene. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.56(7), 841–846 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignatello R, Bucolo C, Puglisi G. Ocular tolerability of Eudragit RS100 and RL100 nanosuspensions as carriers for ophthalmic controlled drug delivery. J. Pharm. Sci.91(12), 2636–2641 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucolo C, Maltese A, Puglisi G, Pignatello R. Enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory activity of ibuprofen carried by a Eudragit RS100 nanoparticle suspension. Ophthalmic Res.34(5), 319–323 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignatello R, Bucolo C, Ferrara P, Maltese A, Puleo A, Puglisi G. Eudragit RS100 nanosuspensions for the ophthalmic controlled delivery of ibuprofen. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.16(1–2), 53–61 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignatello R, Bucolo C, Spedalieri G, Maltese A, Puglisi G. Flurbiprofen-loaded acrylate polymer nanosuspensions for ophthalmic application. Biomaterials23(15), 3247–3455 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega E, Egea MA, Valls O, Espina M, Garcia ML. Flurbiprofen loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for ophthalmic administration. J. Pharm. Sci.95(11), 393–405 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Gurtler F, Gurny R. Patent literature review of ophthalmic inserts. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.21(1) 1–18 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refojo MF. Polymers in contact lenses: an overview. Curr. Eye Res.4, 719 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maichuk YF. Ophthalmic drug inserts. Invest. Ophthalmol.14, 87–89 (1975).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honorf M, Weyenberg W, Ludwig A, Bernkop-Schnurch A. Mucoadhesive ocular insert based on thiolated poly (acrylic acid): development and in vivo evaluation in humans. J. Control Release89(3), 419–428 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahe I, Mouly S, Jarrin I et al. Efficacy and safety of three ophthalmic inserts for topical anaesthesia of the cornea. An exploratory comparative dose-ranging, double-blind, randomized trial in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.59(2), 220–226 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Colo G, Zambito Y, Burgalassi S, Serafini A, Saettone MF. Effect of chitosan on in vitro release and ocular delivery of ofloxacin from erodible inserts based on poly (ethylene oxide). Int. J. Pharm.248(1–2), 115–22 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Colo G, Zambito Y. A study of release mechanisms of different ophthalmic drugs from erodible ocular inserts based on poly (ethylene oxide). Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.54(2), 193–199 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Colo G, Burgalassi S, Chetoni P, Fiaschi MP, Zambito Y, Saettone MF. Relevance of polymer molecular weight to the in vitro/in vivo performances of ocular inserts based on poly (ethylene oxide). Int. J. Pharm.220(1–2), 169–77 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Colo G, Burgalassi S, Chetoni P, Fiaschi MP, Zambito Y, Saettone MF. Gel-forming erodible inserts for ocular controlled delivery of ofloxacin. Int. J. Pharm.215(1–2), 101–111 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyenberg W, Bozdag S, Foreman P, Remon JP, Ludwig A. Characterization and in vivo evaluation of ocular minitablets prepared with different bioadhesive Carbopol-starch components. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.62(2), 202–209 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyenberg W, Vermeire A, Dhondt MM et al. Ocular bioerodible minitablets as strategy for the management of microbial keratitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.45(9), 3229–3233 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levet L, Touzeau O, Scheer S, Borderie V, Laroche L. A study of pupil dilation using the Mydriasert ophthalmic insert. J. Fr. Ophtalmol.10, 1099–1108 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Hiratani H, Fujiwara A, Tamiya Y, Mizutani Y, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Ocular release of timolol from molecularly imprinted soft contact lenses. Biomaterials26(11), 1293–1298 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiratani H, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. The nature of backbone monomers determines the performance of imprinted soft contact lenses as timolol drug delivery systems. Biomaterials25(6), 1105–1113 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiratani H, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Timolol uptake and release by imprinted soft contact lenses made of N, N-diethylacrylamide and methacrylic acid. J. Control Release83(2), 223–230 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Hiratani H, Gomez-Amoza JL, Martinez-Pacheco R, Souto C, Concheiro A. Soft contact lenses capable of sustained delivery of timolol. J. Pharm. Sci.91(10), 2182–2192 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulsen D, Chauhan A. Ophthalmic drug delivery through contact lenses. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.45(7), 2342–2347 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulsen D, Li CC, Chauhan A. Dispersion of DMPC liposomes in contact lenses for ophthalmic drug delivery. Curr. Eye Res.30(12), 1071–1080 (2005)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston TP, Dias CS, Mitra AK, Alur H. Mucoadhesive polymers in ophthalmic drug delivery. In: Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems. (2nd Edition). Mitra AK (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, NY, USA 409–435 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Ludwig A. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in ocular drug delivery. Adv. Drug Del. Rev.57, 1595–1639 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart JD.The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.57(11), 1556–1568 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meseguer G, Gurny R, Buri P, Rozier A, Plazonnet B. γ scintigraphic study of precorneal precorneal drainage and assessment of miotic response in rabbits of various ophthalmic formulations containing pilocarpine. Int. J. Pharm.95, 229–234 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thermes F, Rozier A, Plazonnet B, Grove J. Bioadhesion: the effect of polyacrylic acid on the ocular bioavailability of timolol. Int. J. Pharm.81, 59–65 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson JD, Farris L. Sodium hyaluronate and polyvinyl alcohol artificial tear preparations. A comparison in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arch. Ophthalmol.106, 484–487 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snibson GR, Greaves JL, Soper NDW, Tiffany JM, Wilson CG, Bron AJ. Ocular surface residence time of artificial tear solutions. Cornea11, 288–293 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehr CM, Bouwstra JA, Schacht EH, Junginger HE. In vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive properties of chitosan and other natural polymers. Int. J. Pharm.78, 43–48 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Colo G, Zambito Y, Burgalassi S, Nardini I, Saettone MF. Effect of chitosan and of N-carboxymethylchitosan on intraocular penetration of topically applied ofloxacin. Int. J. Pharm.273(1–2), 37–44 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Colo G, Burgalassi S, Zambito Y, Monti D, Chetoni P. Effects of different N-trimethyl chitosans on in vitro/in vivo ofloxacin transcorneal permeation. J. Pharm. Sci.93(11), 2851–2862 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao HJ, Lin HR, Lo YL, Yu SP. Characterization of pilocarpine-loaded chitosan/Carbopol nanoparticles. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.58(2), 179–186 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felt O, Carrel A, Baehni P, Buri P, Gurny R. Chitosan as tear substitute: a wetting agent endowed with antimicrobial efficacy. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther.16(3), 261–70 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lele BS, Hoffman AS. Insoluble ionic complexes of polyacrylic acid with a cationic drug for use as a mucoadhesive, ophthalmic drug delivery system. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed.11(12), 1319–1331 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandri G, Bonferoni MC, Chetoni P et al. Ophthalmic delivery systems based on drug–polymer–polymer ionic ternary interaction: in vitro and in vivo characterization. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.62(1), 59–69 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgalassi S, Chetoni P, Panichi L, Boldrini E, Saettone MF. Xyloglucan as a novel vehicle for timolol: pharmacokinetics and pressure lowering activity in rabbits. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther.16, 497–509 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceulemans J, Vinckier I, Ludwig A. The use of xanthan gum in an ophthalmic dosage form: rheological characterization of the interaction with mucin. J. Pharm. Sci.91, 1117–1127 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meseguer G, Buri P, Plazonnet B, Rozier A, Gurny R. γ scintigraphic comparison of eyedrops containing pilocarpine in healthy volunteers. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther.12, 481–488 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albasini M, Ludwig A. Evaluation of polysaccharides intended for ophthalmic use in ocular dosage forms. Farmaco50, 633–642 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verschueren E, Van Santvliet L, Ludwig A. Evaluation of various carrageenans as ophthalmic viscolysers. STP Pharma. Sci.6, 203–210 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Saettone MF, Monti D, Torracca MT, Chetoni P. Mucoadhesive ophthalmic vehicles: evaluation of polymeric low-viscosity formulations. J. Ocul. Pharmacol.10(1), 83–92 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rozier A, Maznel C, Grove J, Plazonnet B. Gelrite®: a novel, ion activated, in situ gelling polymer for ophthalmic vehicles – effect on bioavailability of timolol. Int. J. Pharm.57, 163–168 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultana Y, Ali A, Aqil M. Ion-activated, Gelrite® based in situ ophthalmic gels of pefloxacin mesylate: comparison with conventional eye drops. Drug Delivery13, 1–5 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito P, Colombo I, Lovrecich M. Investigation of surface properties of some polymers by a thermodynamic and mechanical approach: possibility of predicting mucoadhesion and biocompatibility. Biomaterials15(3), 177–182 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgalassi S, Chetoni P, Panichi L, Boldrini E, Saettone MF. Xyloglucan as a novel vehicle for timolol: pharmacokinetics and pressure. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther.16(6), 497–509 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernkop-Schnuerch A, Schwarz V, Steininger S. Polymers with thiol groups: a new generation of mucoadhesive polymers. Pharm. Res.16, 876–881 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernkop-Schnuerch A, Steininger S. Synthesis and characterization of mucoadhesive thiolated polymers. Int. J. Pharm.194, 239–247 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernkop-Schnuerch A, Scholler S, Biebel RG. Development of controlled release systems based on thiolated polymers. J. Control Release66, 39–48 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kast CE, Bernkop-Schnuerch A. Thiolated polymers-thiomers: development and in vitro evaluation of chitosan-thioglycolic acid conjugates. Biomaterials22, 2345–2352 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernkop-Schnuerch A, Kast CE, Guggi D. Permeation enhancing polymers in oral delivery of hydrophilic macromolecules: thiomer? GSH systems. J. Control Release93, 95–103 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustin AJ, Spitznas M, Kaviani N et al. Oxidative reactions in the tear film of patients suffering from dry eyes. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthamol.233, 694–698 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim H, Buri P, Gurny R. Composition, structure et parameters physiologiques du systeme lacymal impliques dans la conception de formis ophthalmiques. Pharm. Acta Helv.63, 146 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wesslau H. Zur Kenntnis von Acrlysaure entheltenden Copolymer- disdispersionen. II Die Verdichbarkeit Acrylsaure enthaltender Dispersionen. Makromol. Chem.69, 220 (1963).
   Google Scholar
• Gurny R, Ibrahim H, Buri P. The development and use of in situ formed gels: triggered by pH. In: Biopharmaceutics Of Ocular Drug Delivery. Edman P (Ed.). CRC press, FL, USA 81–90 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Miller SC, Donovan MD. Effect of poloxamer 407 gel on the miotic activity of pilocarpine nitrate in rabbits. Int. J. Pharm.12, 147–152 (1982).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasubramaniam J, Kant S, Pandit JK. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the Gelrite gellan gum-based ocular delivery system for indomethacin. Acta Pharm.53(4), 251–261 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shibuya T, Kashiwagi K, Tsukahara S. Comparison of efficacy and tolerability between two gel-forming timolol maleate ophthalmic solutions in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Ophthalmologica217(1), 31–38 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauland AH, Leitner VM, Bernkop-Schnuerch A. Improvement in the in situ gelling properties of deacetylated gellan gum by the immobilization of thiol groups. J. Pharm. Sci.92, 1234–1241 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Lobel E, Trevgoda A, Peled Y. A novel in situ forming drug delivery system from alginates undergoing gelation in the eye. J. Control Release.44, 201–208 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srividya B, Cardoza RM, Amin PD. Sustained ophthalmic delivery of ofloxacin from a pH triggered in situ gelling system. J. Control Release15, 73(2–3), 205–211 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Sultana Y, Aqil M, Ali A, Zafar S. Evaluation of carbopol-methyl cellulose based sustained-release ocular delivery system for pefloxacin mesylate using rabbit eye model. Pharm. Dev. Tech.11, 313–319 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HR, Sung KC, Vong WJ. In situ gelling of alginate/pluronic solutions for ophthalmic delivery of pilocarpine. Biomacromolecules5(6), 2358–2365 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HR, Sung KC. Carbopol/pluronic phase change solutions for ophthalmic drug delivery. J. Control Release69(3), 379–388 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomalia DA, Baker H, Dewald J et al. A new class of polymers: starburst-dendritic macromolecules. Polymer J.17, 117–132 (1985).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomalia DA, Naylor AM, Goddard WAI. Starburst dendrimers: molecular- level control of size, shape, surface chemistry, topology, and flexibility from atoms to macroscopic matter. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.29, 138–175 (1990).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomalia DA. Dendrimer molecules. Sci. Am.5, 42 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Loutsch JM, Ong D, Hill JM. Dendrimers: an innovative and enhanced ocular drug delivery system. In: Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems. (2nd Edition). Mitra AK (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, NY, USA 467–492 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Uppuluri S, Keinath SE, Tomalia DA, Dvornic PR. Rheology of dendrimers: I. Newtonian flow behaviour of medium and highly concentrated solutions of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers in ethylenediamine (EDA) solvent. Macromolecules31, 4498–4510 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandamme TF, Brobeck L. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers as ophthalmic vehicles for ocular delivery of pilocarpine nitrate and tropicamide. J. Control Release102, 23–38 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy IK, Bodor NS. Novel approaches to design and deliver safe and effective anti-glaucoma agents to the eye. Adv. Drug Del. Rev.14, 251–267 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodor N, Simpkins JW. Redox delivery system for brain specific, sustained release of dopamine. Science221, 65–67 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodor N, Farag HH, Brewster ME. Site specific sustained release of drugs to the brain. Science214, 1370–1372 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodor N, Visor G. A site-specific chemical delivery system as a short-acting mydriatic agent. Pharm. Res.1, 168–173 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodor N, Farag HH. Improved delivery through biological membranes. Brain-specific delivery of dopamine with a dihydropyridine pyridinium salt type redox delivery system. J. Med. Chem.26, 528–534 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodor N. Soft drugs: priniciples and methods for the design of safe drugs. Med. Res. Rev.4, 449–469 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodor N, Elkoussi AA. Novel ‘soft’ β-blockers as potential safe antiglaucoma agents. Curr. Eye Res.7, 369–374 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JL, Gilger BC, Robinson MR. Novel approaches to ocular drug delivery. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther.6(2), 195–205 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirucherai GS, Dias C, Mitra AK. Corneal permeation of ganciclovir: mechanism of ganciclovir enhancement by acyl ester prodrug design. J. Ocul. Phamacol. Ther.18(6), 535–548 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juntunen J, Jarvinen T, Niemi R. In-vitro corneal permeation of cannabinoids and their water-soluble phosphate ester prodrugs. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.57(9), 1153–1157 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lallemand F, Perottet P, Felt-Baeyens O et al. A water-soluble prodrug of cyclosporine A for ocular application: a stability study. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.26(1), 124–129 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lallemand F, Furrer P, Felt-Baeyens O et al. A novel water-soluble cyclosporine A prodrug: ocular tolerance and in vivo kinetics. Int. J. Pharm.295(1–2), 7–14 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamilvanan S, Benita S. The potential of lipid emulsions for ocular delivery of lipophilic drugs. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.58, 357–368 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki H, Yamamura K, Nishida K, Nakamura J, Ichikawa M. Delivery of drugs to the eye by topical application. Prog. Retin. Eye Res.15, 583–620 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur IP, Garg A, Aggarwal D. Vesicular sytem in ocular drug delivery: an overview. Int J. Pharm.269(1), 1–14 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortesi R, Argnani R, Esposito E et al. Cationic liposomes as potential carriers for ocular administration of peptides with anti-herpetic activity. Int. J. Pharm.317(1), 90–100 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetoni P, Rossi S, Burgalassi S, Monti D, Mariotti S, Saettone MF. Comparison of liposome-encapsulated acyclovir with acyclovir ointment: ocular pharmacokinetics in rabbits. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther.20(2), 169–77 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monem AS, Ali FM, Ismail MW. Prolonged effect of liposomes encapsulating pilocarpine HCl in normal and glaucomatous rabbits. Int. J. Pharm.198(1), 29–38 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal D, Kaur IP. Improved pharmacodynamics of timolol maleate from a mucoadhesive niosomal ophthalmic drug delivery system. Int. J. Pharm.290(1–2), 155–159 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinedi AS, Mortada ND, Mansour S, Hathout RM. Preparation and evaluation of reverse-phase evaporation and multilamellar niosomes as ophthalmic carriers of acetazolamide. Int. J. Pharm.306(1–2), 71–82 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Sakai Y, Yasueda S, Ohtori A. Stability of latanoprost in an ophthalmic lipid emulsion using polyvinyl alcohol. Int. J. Pharm.305(1–2), 176–179 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv FF, Li N, Zheng LQ, Tung CH. Studies on the stability of the chloramphenicol in the microemulsion free of alcohols. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.62(3), 288–294 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alany RG, Rades T, Nicoll J, Tucker IG, Davies NM. W/O microemulsions for ocular delivery: evaluation of ocular irritation and precorneal retention. J. Control Release111(1–2), 145–152 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suverkrup R, Grunthal S, Krasichkova O et al. The ophthalmic lyophilisate carrier system (OLCS): development of a novel dosage form, freeze-drying technique, and in vitro quality control tests. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.57(2), 269–277 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinslage S, Diestelhorst M, Weichselbaum A. Lyophilisates for drug delivery in ophthalmology. Pharmacokinetics of fluorescein in the human anterior segment. Br. J. Ophthalmol.86(10), 1114–1117 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lux A, Dinslage S, Suverkrup R, Maier S, Diestelhorst M. Three conventional eye drops versus a single lyophilisate. A comparative bioavailability study. J. Fr. Ophtalmol.28(2), 185–189 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinfeld A, Lux A, Maier S, Suverkrup R, Diestelhorst M. Bioavailability of fluorescein from a new drug delivery system in human eyes. Br. J. Ophthalmol.88(1), 48–53 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diestelhorst M, Grunthal S, Süverkrüp R. Dry drops: a new preservative-free drug delivery system. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.237, 394–398 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pijls RT, Sonderkamp T, Daube GW et al. Studies on a new device for drug delivery to the eye. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.59(2), 283–288 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar